January 1920 opened with the Treaty of Versailles taking effect and, a week later, the United States going dry: Prohibition banned making, importing, transporting and selling alcohol, though a drink at home stayed legal under federal law. By April the flu pandemic that had infected nearly a third of the world had faded. The map was still being redrawn: Hungary signed away territory at Trianon in June, and in August the Ottoman government signed the Treaty of Sèvres, which was never ratified. That month Poland, which observers had expected to fall, threw the Red Army back from Warsaw, a victory Poles call the Miracle on the Vistula. In September a bomb on a horse-drawn wagon killed more than 30 people on Wall Street, and nobody was ever convicted. In Prague, Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. appeared in print and brought the word robot into English, and in December an earthquake in Haiyuan County, Ningxia, became one of the deadliest China has known.
This page lists all 500 events in our records for 1920: 353 dated to the day, 152 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1920
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
Politics & diplomacyWidely known
The Treaty of Versailles comes into force
· Europe
The treaty with Germany, signed in the Hall of Mirrors on 28 June 1919, took effect on 10 January 1920 after ratification by Germany and three principal Allied powers. Germany had to disarm, cede territory and pay reparations.
Why it is interesting. The United States never ratified it and made a separate peace with Germany.
Notes and dating details
Signed 28 June 1919; the 10 January 1920 date is the date it took effect. Wikidata gives 1920-01-10.
The country went dry on 17 January 1920, a year after the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified, banning the production, import, transport and sale of alcohol. Congress passed the Volstead Act over President Wilson's veto to set enforcement rules.
Why it is interesting. Drinking at home was not a federal crime, and wine for religious use stayed legal.
Notes and dating details
The article says the country went dry on 17 January 1920, one year after the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified on 16 January 1919. French and German Wikipedia give 16 January 1920 for the start. Wikidata gives 1920-01-17.
The H1N1 pandemic, which ran for about two years, wound down by April 1920. An estimated 500 million people, nearly a third of the world, caught the flu, and deaths are put at 17 to 50 million.
Why it is interesting. Wartime censors in the fighting countries suppressed bad news, while newspapers in neutral Spain reported the outbreak openly, which left the flu with the name Spanish.
Notes and dating details
Infobox dates the pandemic February 1918 to April 1920 and April 1920 is used as the end. Wikidata gives December 1920. French Wikipedia says the pandemic ended around early summer 1919, with a last case reported in July 1921, so the end date varies by source.
Hungarian delegates signed at the Grand Trianon palace in Versailles on 4 June 1920, formally ending the First World War between most Allies and Hungary. The treaty imposed territorial changes and recognised the country's new borders.
Why it is interesting. Hungarians often call it the Peace Dictate of Trianon, since Hungary could only accept or reject the terms in full.
On 10 August 1920 the Ottoman Empire and some Allied powers signed a treaty in an exhibition room of a porcelain factory. Large parts of Ottoman land would have passed to France, Britain, Greece and Italy.
Why it is interesting. The treaty was never ratified, and its harsh terms stirred Turkish nationalism and the Turkish War of Independence.
Notes and dating details
Ottoman Empire involved; the treaty was signed in France and the date is Gregorian. Wikidata gives 1920-08-10.
Red Army forces under Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached Warsaw, and on 16 August a Polish counterattack from the south under Józef Piłsudski disrupted their advance. The Red Army withdrew in disorder.
Why it is interesting. Observers expected Poland to fall, yet the counterattack broke the Red Army, and Poles call it the Miracle on the Vistula.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives 12 to 25 August 1920. Wikidata gives only the year 1920, with the same start and end days. German Wikipedia dates the battle 13 to 25 August 1920, so the start day differs by source. Poland used the Gregorian calendar.
Ceasefire ends the main fighting of the Polish-Soviet War
· Europe
Some details uncertain.
A ceasefire took effect on 18 October 1920, ending the main phase of the war between Poland and Soviet Russia. That phase included a Polish capture of Kiev on 7 May and a Soviet advance to Warsaw in August; the Peace of Riga followed in March 1921.
Why it is interesting. Poland's survival looked in doubt that summer, yet an unexpected victory at Warsaw turned the war around.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 1920-10-18 (end 1921-03-01) for the war as a whole. The war ran 14 February 1919 to 18 March 1921; the ending year is variously given as 1920 or 1921 because the ceasefire and the treaty fall in different years.
Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz attempted a coup to overthrow the Weimar Republic and set up an autocratic government, and the legitimate government had to flee Berlin. It collapsed within days.
Why it is interesting. A general strike by large sections of the population brought down the coup.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives 13-18 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03-13.
A bomb on a horse-drawn wagon exploded in Wall Street at 12:01 pm on 16 September 1920, killing 30 people at once and eight more later. Several hundred were hurt.
Why it is interesting. Nobody was ever convicted, and damage from the blast can still be seen at 23 Wall Street.
A magnitude 8.3 earthquake struck Haiyuan County on 16 December 1920, destroying the Lijunbu-Haiyuan-Ganyanchi area at maximum Mercalli intensity XII. NOAA records 235,502 deaths.
Why it is interesting. Estimates of the dead run from 258,707 up to 273,407, making it among the deadliest earthquakes in China.
Notes and dating details
NOAA UTC date 1920-12-16 12:05 (the Wikipedia local time is 19:05, same date). NOAA gives Mw 8.3 and Ms 8.6, and 235,502 deaths; the Wikipedia lead gives a death toll estimate of 258,707 to 273,407. NOAA also links a tsunami record to this event, which is not used.
Armenia and Turkey sign the Treaty of Alexandropol
· Alexandropol, Armenia · Asia
Some details uncertain.
Foreign Minister Alexander Khatisyan signed before dawn on 3 December 1920, closing a Turkish invasion that began on 12 September. Armenia had to drop claims to Western Armenia and give over half its territory to Turkey.
Why it is interesting. The signer no longer represented any government, because Armenia's cabinet had resigned the day before.
Notes and dating details
The infobox and lead give the early hours of 3 December 1920; Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia give 2 December 1920. The article does not label the calendar, but Armenia had used the Gregorian calendar since 1918 and Turkish civil dates used Gregorian days, so the difference is not a calendar shift.
In September 1920 Kâzım Karabekir's XV Corps attacked Western Armenia on Mustafa Kemal's orders, after the nationalists refused to recognise the Treaty of Sèvres. Turkey won, and Armenia gave up Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır.
Why it is interesting. The Treaty of Sèvres had promised Armenia towns such as Trabzon, Erzurum and Van, and Turkish nationalists answered by invading.
Notes and dating details
Start day differs by source: the infobox gives 24 September, Wikidata and French Wikipedia 23 September, the Treaty of Alexandropol article 12 September, and German Wikipedia has fighting around 21 September; the infobox ends the war on 2 December 1920. Armenia had used the Gregorian calendar since 1918 and Turkish civil dates used Gregorian days, so this is a disagreement between sources, not a calendar shift.
With the Treaty of Versailles taking effect, the Second Polish Republic gained access to the Baltic Sea through a corridor. It divided most of Weimar Germany from East Prussia, with the Free City of Danzig to its east.
Notes
This article says the Versailles treaty took effect on 20 January 1920 and German Wikipedia agrees, but the Treaty of Versailles article gives 10 January 1920, so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1920.
Albanian leaders met at Lushnjë in January 1920 to deal with foreign military control and a pro-Italian government at Durrës. Delegates rejected the Durrës government and set up a new cabinet under Sulejman Delvina.
Notes
The English lead gives 21 to 31 January 1920. German Wikipedia gives 28 to 31 January 1920 and Wikidata gives 28 January as the start, so only the month is stored. Albania used the Gregorian calendar from 1912.
The inter-allied body of the Entente powers formed in Paris in January 1920, succeeding the Supreme War Council. Its activity dwindled after the Locarno Treaties were signed in 1925.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920; the English lead and German Wikipedia (end of the Paris Peace Conference) give January 1920. The end date is itself uncertain (1931 or 1935). English and French Wikipedia say it was de facto integrated into the League of Nations, while German Wikipedia says it was de facto subordinate to the League but largely independent.
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played ten matches between 1 January and 3 April 1920. It was the sixth Five Nations since France joined the Home Nations competition.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 1 January to 3 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-01-01 as start and 1920-04-03 as end.
Isaac Asimov was born in Petrovichi, in Soviet Russia, and celebrated his birthday on 2 January 1920. He became an American author and a biochemistry professor at Boston University.
Notes
The article says the actual birth date is unknown and lies between 4 October 1919 and 2 January 1920 inclusive, quoting Asimov on the uncertainty of the Jewish and Julian calendars and the lack of records. Asimov celebrated his birthday on 2 January 1920, which is the date stored; the true date may fall in 1919.
The Reds definitively retook the Volga port of Tsaritsyn on 3 January 1920, ending a long struggle with the Whites. Don Cossacks under Pyotr Krasnov had besieged it three times in 1918-1919.
Notes
Infobox gives July 1918 to January 1920; the body gives 3 January 1920 for the final recapture, attributed to the Southwestern Front. Wikidata gives 1920-01.
A joint Polish and Latvian force attacked the Red Army garrison at Daugavpils, then called Dunaburg, from 3 to 5 January 1920. On 5 January the town was handed over to the Latvian Republic.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 3 to 5 January 1920. Wikidata gives a start of 5 January and an end of 25 January 1920, with 3 January as a start-time claim. French Wikipedia dates the battle from 28 September 1919 to 15 January 1920, so the span differs by source. Latvia and Poland used the Gregorian calendar.
The Spanish realist novelist and politician died in Madrid on 4 January 1920. His output included 31 major novels, 23 plays and 46 historical novels in five series.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 4 January 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-01-04; its place field names a street, whereas the infobox gives Madrid.
The treaty with Germany, signed in the Hall of Mirrors on 28 June 1919, took effect on 10 January 1920 after ratification by Germany and three principal Allied powers. Germany had to disarm, cede territory and pay reparations.
Notes
Signed 28 June 1919; the 10 January 1920 date is the date it took effect. Wikidata gives 1920-01-10.
The Saar Basin comes under League of Nations administration
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
From 1920 to 1935 Britain and France occupied and ran the Saar Basin under a League of Nations mandate, as the Treaty of Versailles took effect. Saarbrücken was the capital.
Notes
The date comes from the infobox (start 10 January, year 1920, marking the Treaty of Versailles taking effect). Wikidata gives 1920 and a tag of sport that does not fit.
The Red Army's South Western Front attacked White forces in southern Ukraine from 11 January to 8 February 1920 and took Odessa on 8 February. White command in Odessa had started evacuating by sea on 3 February with Royal Navy support.
Notes
Wikidata gives 8 February 1920 (the end date); the infobox and lead give 11 January to 8 February 1920.
Security police opened fire on protesters outside the Reichstag in Berlin on 13 January 1920, while the National Assembly debated the Works Councils Act. The death and injury toll is disputed.
Notes
Casualty figures differ: the infobox gives 20 to 42 dead and about 105 injured, and the lead calls the numbers controversial. Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 13 January 1920.
The short-lived socialist state, backed by Lenin's government and proclaimed on 17 December 1918, was headed by Pēteris Stučka. After Riga was retaken on 22 May 1919 its territory shrank to part of Latgale, and Latvian and Polish forces dealt it a final defeat at Daugavpils in early 1920.
Notes
The infobox gives the end as 13 January with year 1920; the history section ties the end to the Battle of Daugavpils in early 1920 without a day. Wikidata gives 1920-01-13.
· North Caucasus, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
The Red Army launches the North Caucasus Operation
War & conflict
The Red Army's Caucasian Front began a strategic offensive on 17 January 1920 aimed at destroying the Whites of South Russia, and it ended on 7 April with their defeat. The Red Army reached the borders of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 17 January to 7 April 1920; Wikidata gives the same start and end.
Federico Fellini was born on 20 January 1920 in Rimini, then a small Adriatic town. He became an Italian film director whose best-known films include La Strada, La Dolce Vita and 8½.
Formal talks began at the Quai d'Orsay on 18 January 1919, with diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities. They produced five peace treaties with the defeated states and created the League of Nations.
The Italian painter and sculptor, who worked mainly in France, died of tubercular meningitis on 24 January 1920 aged 35. He is known for portraits and nudes with strikingly elongated faces, necks and figures.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 24 January 1920. Wikidata gives the Hôpital de la Charité as the place of death; the infobox gives Paris.
The French painter and model, who lived with Amedeo Modigliani as his common-law wife, died by suicide on 26 January 1920, two days after he did. She was in the eighth month of expecting their second child.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 26 January 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-01-26.
The National Palace in Port-au-Prince is completed
Architecture
Building work on the palace, designed by Haitian architect Georges Baussan in 1912, started in May 1914 and finished in January 1920. It served as the official residence of Haiti's president.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-01; the infobox gives completion in January 1920, and the history section says it was finished in 1920.
The strike, begun on 22 September 1919 as the American Federation of Labor tried to organise U.S. Steel through a coalition of 24 unions, collapsed on 8 January 1920. U.S. Steel president Elbert H. Gary led the opposition.
Notes
Wikidata gives the end date 8 January 1920; the infobox and lead agree. The strike article dates Wilson's stroke to 26 September 1919, but the Woodrow Wilson article gives 2 October 1919 for his serious stroke, so no day is stated for it here.
Oscar Micheaux produced, wrote and directed the silent race drama, released on 12 January 1920. An African-American woman travels north to raise money for a poor rural school in the Deep South, and the film depicts racial violence, including lynching.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 12 January 1920; the response section says it was released in January 1920 after a censorship controversy.
The country went dry on 17 January 1920, a year after the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified, banning the production, import, transport and sale of alcohol. Congress passed the Volstead Act over President Wilson's veto to set enforcement rules.
Notes
The article says the country went dry on 17 January 1920, one year after the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified on 16 January 1919. French and German Wikipedia give 16 January 1920 for the start. Wikidata gives 1920-01-17.
Directors of the National Civil Liberties Bureau formed the American Civil Liberties Union under a new name on 19 January 1920. Its founders included Jeannette Rankin, Roger Nash Baldwin, Helen Keller and Jane Addams.
Notes
The infobox and history section give 19 January 1920; another passage says the ACLU was formed in 1919. Wikidata gives 1920.
Jujiro Matsuda founded the company on 30 January 1920 in Hiroshima as Toyo Cork Kogyo, a cork-making factory. It took the name Toyo Kogyo in 1927 and began producing vehicles in 1931.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body all give 30 January 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-01-30.
· Marash, Ottoman Empire (now Kahramanmaraş, Turkey) · Middle East
The Battle of Marash begins
War & conflictSome details uncertain
French forces occupying Marash fought Turkish National Forces linked to Mustafa Kemal, starting on 21 January 1920. After about three weeks the French had to abandon the city.
Notes
Infobox gives 21 January to 12 February 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-01-21 as the start and 1920-02-13 as the end. Turkish and Ottoman sources may carry Rumi dates, but the article states dates without a calendar label, so they are stored as given.
Britain launches its last expedition against the Dervishes
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Britain mounted its last expedition against the Dervish forces in Somaliland in 1920, after planning that began as early as November 1919. An RAF unit built a temporary aerodrome at Berbera by 1 January 1920.
Notes
The infobox gives January to 9 February 1920; Wikidata gives January 1920 with an end of 9 February 1920. One body passage places an attack at Shineleh on 20 July 1920, which conflicts with the rest of the article, so the exact days are not used.
Australia's first prime minister, in office from 1901 to 1903, died on 7 January 1920 at the Hydro Majestic Hotel in Medlow Bath, New South Wales. He had stepped down in 1903 to join the High Court as a founding justice.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 7 January 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-01-07.
The Workers' Opposition emerges in the Russian Communist Party
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A faction called the Workers' Opposition surfaced in 1920 in response to what members saw as growing bureaucracy. Its leaders were Shlyapnikov, Medvedev, Kollontai and Lutovinov, and it wanted trade unions to take over running the national economy.
Notes
The infobox gives February 1920 as the founding. A body section instead places the group's first public appearance as an organised faction in September 1920, so the month is treated as medium confidence. Wikidata gives 1920.
Franke & Heidecke, later Rollei, is entered in the trade register
Technology
The camera firm was entered in the trade register in Braunschweig on 1 February 1920, to make a twin-lens reflex camera. Reinhold Heidecke had conceived a new roll-film camera while working at Voigtländer around 1916.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and history section give 1 February 1920 as the register entry.
Estonia, with allies including the United Kingdom and Finland, defended itself against a Soviet Russian westward offensive, and the war ended in an Estonian victory. The 1920 Treaty of Tartu concluded it.
Notes
Infobox gives the war as 28 November 1918 to 2 February 1920, the day the Treaty of Tartu was signed. Wikidata gives 3 January 1920, the day the article says the ceasefire came into effect.
Estonia and Soviet Russia sign the Treaty of Tartu
Politics & diplomacy
Estonia and Soviet Russia made peace in Tartu on 2 February 1920, ending the Estonian War of Independence. Russia accepted Estonian independence and gave up every sovereign right it had held over the country.
· Ufa Governorate, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
The Pitchfork Uprising
War & conflict
Peasants in eastern Tatarstan and western Bashkortostan rose against Soviet war communism, beginning in the village of Yanga Yelan, where requisitioners had arrested some villagers. The Red Army put the rising down by mid-March 1920.
Notes
Infobox and lead agree on 4 February 1920 as the start and mid-March 1920 as the end. Wikidata gives 1920.
Signed in Paris on 9 February 1920, the treaty recognises Norwegian sovereignty over the Arctic archipelago then called Spitsbergen. Signatories gained equal rights to commercial activity there, mainly coal mining.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-02-09. In force 14 August 1925.
General Józef Haller performed a ceremony at Puck on 10 February 1920 to symbolise Poland's return to the Baltic coast, which it had lost in 1793. Polish soldiers had reached the coast that day after advancing north from Toruń.
Notes
Lead and body give 10 February 1920 for the first ceremony at Puck. Wikidata gives 1920-02, and its place, Kołobrzeg, belongs to the 1945 ceremonies.
Two plebiscites under the Treaty of Versailles decided the border through the former Duchy of Schleswig. The northern zone voted on 10 February 1920 to join Denmark, and the southern zone voted on 14 March to remain German.
Notes
Two votes: 10 February (Zone I) and 14 March 1920 (Zone II). Wikidata gives 1920-03-14, with 1920-02-10 as an alternative date.
The Conference of London debates the Ottoman partition
Politics & diplomacy
British, French and Italian statesmen met in London from 12 February to 10 April 1920 to debate how the Ottoman Empire should be divided. David Lloyd George, Alexandre Millerand and Francesco Saverio Nitti led their delegations.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920, with a start of 12 February and an end of 10 April.
The Presidium of the VSNKh set up the State Commission for Electrification of Russia on 21 February 1920, and Lenin started and supervised it. The 8th All-Russian Congress of Soviets approved its plan on 22 December 1920.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920; the history section gives 21 February 1920 for the commission.
The Russian painter, art collector and teacher, born in Moscow in 1846, died in Petrograd on 21 February 1920. He trained at Moscow's School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture and belonged to the Peredvizhniki movement.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 21 February 1920. Wikidata gives the same day and names Saint Petersburg, whereas the infobox names Petrograd.
The National Socialist German Workers' Party took that name on 24 February 1920, having grown out of the German Workers' Party. Anton Drexler was chairman until Hitler replaced him at a party congress on 29 July 1921.
Notes
Infobox gives foundation 24 February 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-02-24.
On 24 February 1920 Adolf Hitler announced the party's 25-point programme at the Hofbräuhaus in Munich, to an audience of about 2,000 people. The party was still called the DAP when the programme was proclaimed.
Notes
Wikidata gives 24 February 1920; the lead and history section agree.
The German Workers' Party gives way to the Nazi Party
Politics & diplomacy
The obscure far-right party founded in Munich on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler, Dietrich Eckart, Gottfried Feder and Karl Harrer was succeeded on 24 February 1920 by the Nazi Party. Hitler became its chief of propaganda in early 1920.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 24 February 1920 as the end date. Wikidata gives the same day.
Robert Wiene's German silent horror film, from a script by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, was released on 26 February 1920. A hypnotist played by Werner Krauss uses a sleepwalker, Cesare, played by Conrad Veidt, to commit murders.
Notes
Infobox gives a German release on 26 February 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-02-27, so the article's date is used.
The modern university was founded on 28 February 1920, Kalevala Day. It is now a public university with eight faculties and Finland's third largest by student numbers.
Notes
Body gives 28 February 1920; the infobox and lead give 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
The National Assembly adopted the country's first permanent constitution on 29 February 1920, replacing the provisional one of 13 November 1918. It established a democratic republic with a parliament, a president and a cabinet.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 29 February 1920 for adoption. The infobox lists ratification and entry into force as '6 3', and Wikidata gives 1920-03-06 as a publication date. The constitution remained in force until it was replaced on 9 May 1948.
The Kingdom of Hungary of 1920 to 1946 was ruled by Regent Miklós Horthy, with no actual king, since Horthy blocked King Charles IV's attempts to return. Foreign policy aimed at revising the Treaty of Trianon.
Notes
The infobox gives 29 February for the start with no year stated in the field, and the lead gives 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-02-29.
On 29 February 1920 parliament restored the monarchy, ending the short-lived republic that counter-revolutionary forces had set up in August 1919. In March it annulled the Pragmatic Sanction and the 1867 Compromise.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the history section agree on 29 February 1920; Hungarian and Russian Wikipedia also give 29 February 1920. The English text dates the Pragmatic Sanction to 1713, whereas Hungarian and Russian Wikipedia give 1723, so no year is stated for it.
· Morosco Theatre, Broadway, United States · North America
Eugene O'Neill's Beyond the Horizon premieres on Broadway
Stage, music & film
The play opened on 3 February 1920 at the Morosco Theatre, O'Neill's first full-length play to be staged. It closed on 26 June 1920 after moving to the Criterion and Little Theatres.
The American explorer and Navy officer, who led several Arctic expeditions, died in Washington on 20 February 1920. His 1891-1892 Greenland expedition proved that Greenland is an island.
Notes
Infobox gives 20 February 1920 and Washington, D.C. Wikidata gives 1920-02-20.
In February 1920 several groups, including the Muslim Social Democratic Party, the Adalat Party and the Baku Bolsheviks, merged to form the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. Within a few months, in April 1920, it played a part in bringing down the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
Notes
English text gives 20 February 1920 for the formation and Wikidata gives 12 February 1920; Russian Wikipedia puts the unifying decision at a secret first congress in the night of 11 to 12 February, so only the month is stored. Azerbaijan had used the Gregorian calendar since 1918.
Young Western-educated Georgian artists opened the gallery on 1 February 1920. It is the predecessor of today's Art Museum of Georgia, part of the Georgian National Museum.
Notes
Calendar not stated in the English source, but Georgia, like Armenia and Azerbaijan, moved to the Gregorian calendar in 1918. English and Russian Wikipedia give 1 February 1920 for the opening of the National Art Gallery; Georgian Wikipedia gives only the year 1920. The museum itself is dated from this predecessor gallery. Wikidata gives 1920-01-01 (one source) and the year 1920.
Sayid Abdullah, the last khan, abdicated, and a brief Soviet republic, Khorezm, was formed on the old khanate's land. Junaid Khan's Khivan army had suffered a total defeat by early February.
Notes
Two dates appear: the infobox and history section give 2 February 1920 for the abdication, while the list of khans gives the end of Sayid Abdullah's reign as 1 February 1920. Wikidata gives only 1920. Russian-era dating may be involved; both dates are as printed.
Admiral Alexander Kolchak, who headed the Whites in the Russian civil war and took the title Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918, died by firing squad in Irkutsk on 7 February 1920.
Notes
Infobox gives 7 February 1920, execution by firing squad. Wikidata gives 1920-02-07.
· Marinduque, Philippine Islands, United States (now Philippines) · Asia
Marinduque is made a separate province of the Philippines again
Politics & diplomacy
Act No. 2280, passed on 21 February 1920, made Marinduque its own province once more. Since 1902 the island had been run under Tayabas, now Quezon.
Notes
Infobox: first founded 1 May 1901, annexed to Tayabas 10 November 1902, reestablished 21 February 1920; the 1920 act is a re-founding. Wikidata gives 1920-02-21.
Turkish National Forces rose against the French army occupying Urfa, now Şanlıurfa, after Ali Saip Bey demanded on 7 February 1920 that the French leave within 24 hours. The French garrison held out for two months.
Notes
Infobox dates the battle 9 February to 11 April 1920; the lead says spring of 1920. Wikidata gives 9 February to 11 April 1920. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman territory).
The air force was established on 1 February 1920, when Colonel Pierre van Ryneveld became Director Air Service with the task of building it. Its headquarters are in Pretoria.
Notes
The date of van Ryneveld's appointment is the one used to mark the founding. Wikidata gives 1920-02-01.
· Vedeno, North Caucasian Emirate (now Russia) · Europe
The North Caucasian Emirate ends
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Islamic state covering parts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia lasted from September 1919 to March 1920, with Vedeno as its temporary capital. It failed to drive the Volunteer Army from its territory and relied on Bolshevik aid.
Notes
The infobox gives the end as March (year 1920) through incorporation into the RSFSR; Wikidata gives 1920. No day is stated.
The short-lived Rusyn state centred on the village of Florynka was ended in March 1920 when Poland arrested its president, Jaroslav Kacmarcyk, and other ministers and occupied the region. Its leaders had hoped to unite with a democratic Russia, and later to join Czechoslovakia.
Notes
Wikidata gives 12 March 1920; the source gives March 1920 without a day.
· Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia) · Europe
The Slovak National Theatre opens in Bratislava
Stage, music & film
The theatre's opera began performing on 1 March 1920 with Smetana's The Kiss, and its ballet debuted on 19 May with Delibes's Coppélia. All three ensembles worked in the former municipal theatre building.
Notes
Infobox gives opened 1 March 1920 and the body says the opera started that day. Wikidata gives the same day.
Boris Vian was born on 10 March 1920 in Ville-d'Avray, a wealthy suburb of Paris. He was a French polymath remembered mainly for his novels, the best known under his own name being Froth on the Daydream.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 10 March 1920; the biography section says only 1920.
Nicolaas Bloembergen was born on 11 March 1920 in Dordrecht. He became a physicist known for the principles behind nonlinear optics in laser spectroscopy, with professorships at Harvard and later Arizona.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the education section agree on 11 March 1920.
Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz attempted a coup to overthrow the Weimar Republic and set up an autocratic government, and the legitimate government had to flee Berlin. It collapsed within days.
Notes
Infobox gives 13-18 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03-13.
A left-wing workers' revolt began in the Ruhr on 13 March 1920, set off by a general strike against the Kapp Putsch. Workers' councils took control of the region, backed by a Red Ruhr Army of tens of thousands of armed workers.
Notes
Lead gives 13 March to 6 April 1920. Wikidata and French Wikipedia end the fighting on 12 April. Casualty and army-size figures differ between the article's lead and body and between languages, so none is stated.
The minority government took office on 15 March 1920 as Finland's sixth and lasted until 9 April 1921. Its main task was making a formal peace treaty with Soviet Russia, signed at Tartu on 14 October 1920.
· Yekaterinodar, Kuban, Kuban People's Republic (now Russia) · Europe
The Red Army ends the Kuban People's Republic
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The anti-Bolshevik state that the Kuban Rada proclaimed in 1918 ended in March 1920, when the Red Army drove the Rada and the White armies out of the Kuban. The Soviets fully annexed the territory that spring.
Notes
The English infobox gives 17 March 1920 for the eviction and dissolution, and Russian Wikipedia says the Red Army entered Yekaterinodar on 17 March and the Kuban army capitulated on 2-3 May; the English lead says only early 1920 and spring 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03. The 1918 proclamation dates in the sources (28 January and 16 February) do not name a calendar, so the summary gives only the year.
When the Republic of German-Austria became the First Austrian Republic in 1920, the new regime renamed the military the Bundesheer, meaning Federal Army.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920. The English infobox gives 18 March 1920 as the founding date; the history text names only the year and German Wikipedia gives no day, but nothing contradicts the infobox, so the day is kept with medium confidence.
The Italian writer from Siena died of influenza combined with pneumonia on 21 March 1920. His main works were Con gli occhi chiusi of 1919, Tre croci of 1920 and Il podere of 1921.
Notes
The lead gives 21 March 1920 for the death. Wikidata gives 1920-03-21.
The symbolist piece The Butterfly's Evil Spell was staged at the Teatro Eslava on 22 March 1920, after impresario Gregorio Martínez Sierra invited Lorca to write it. La Argentinita danced the Butterfly.
Notes
Wikidata gives 22 March 1920 as the main date, with a generic 1920 date as an alternative; the lead gives 22 March 1920.
The novelist who wrote as Mrs Humphry Ward died in London on 24 March 1920, at her home in Connaught Square. She set up a Settlement in London to improve education for poor people.
Notes
Lead, infobox and the death section give 24 March 1920. One passage about her diary places her death in 1921, which conflicts with those; the diary passage is treated as an error. Wikidata gives the same day.
· Novorossiysk, White-held South Russia (now Russia) · Europe
The Volunteer Army's remnants are evacuated from Novorossiysk
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The White Volunteer Army, which had fallen back under General Alexander Kutepov, was shipped from Novorossiysk to Crimea on 26 and 27 March 1920. There it merged with General Pyotr Wrangel's army.
Notes
Body gives 26 and 27 March 1920 (written 26/27 in one passage); the infobox gives March 1920 as the end of the army. Calendar not stated in source; the same article gives some other dates in both old and new style. Wikidata gives 1920-03.
Chancellor Hermann Müller of the SPD formed a cabinet on 27 March 1920 after Gustav Bauer's government resigned following the Kapp Putsch. The coalition combined the SPD, the Centre Party and the German Democratic Party.
Notes
Wikidata gives 7 March 1920; the lead and infobox give 27 March 1920.
Lenin gave the opening address at the Bolshoi Theatre on 29 March 1920, with later meetings at the Kremlin. There were 715 delegates, 553 with full voting rights.
Notes
Lead gives 29 March to 5 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03-29 as the start and 1920-04-05 as the end.
In 1920 the clubs Atalanta and Bergamasca, a local rival, merged into a new club. The Italian Football Federation had said in 1919 that only one Bergamo club could play in the top league.
Notes
The infobox gives 30 March 1920 for the merged club, and a separate founding of the original club on 17 October 1907, which is the other date Wikidata holds. Wikidata gives 1920-03-30 as its main date. The 1920 date is that of the merger.
The German commander, who helped suppress the Boxer Rebellion and later governed German South West Africa, died of typhoid fever in Bonn on 31 March 1920.
Notes
Infobox and body give 31 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03-31.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde with John Barrymore premieres in New York
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The silent horror film starring John Barrymore premiered in New York in March 1920. John S. Robertson directed it, adapting Stevenson's novella through Thomas Russell Sullivan's stage play.
Notes
Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 18 March 1920 for the US release, while the English infobox gives 28 March 1920 as the New York premiere; these may be different events, and the English text says only March 1920. Only the month is stored.
Fitzgerald's debut novel This Side of Paradise comes out
Art & literature
Fitzgerald's debut novel, published by Charles Scribner's Sons on 26 March 1920, follows Amory Blaine, a middle-class Princeton student with a string of unsatisfying romances. Reviewers hailed it as an outstanding first novel.
Sin Sogu founded the paper on 5 March 1920 with funding from the Daejong Business Association. The association failed to pay the promised money and the relationship broke down within five months.
The Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society is founded in Baku
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The society was founded on 10 March 1920, while the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic still existed, on the initiative of Aliagha Shikhlinski and Fatali Khan Khoyski. It is part of the wider Red Cross and Red Crescent family.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Wikidata, the infobox and the history section all give 10 March 1920.
· Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Japanese-occupied Russian Far East (now Russia) · Asia
The Nikolayevsk-on-Amur massacres
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Red Army partisans under Yakov Tryapitsyn carried out a series of mass killings around Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, killing thousands of Russians and devastating the region. Bolshevik documents say half the population died.
Notes
Infobox gives 12 March to 3 June 1920; Wikidata gives 1920-03 (month).
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was born on 17 March 1920 in Tungipara, Bengal, British India, to an aristocratic Bengali Muslim family. He became the founding president of Bangladesh.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 17 March 1920.
Over five days in March 1920, Azerbaijani troops and Azerbaijani residents of Shusha killed Armenian civilians in the town and surrounding area. Estimates run from 500 dead in the Armenian Quarter to up to 30,000 across the wider region.
Notes
Lead gives 22-26 March 1920; infobox gives March 1920. Death figures are estimates given in the source; Wikidata gives 1920-03.
Atrocities against the local Greek population in the İzmit region rose from March 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War, within what is called the Greek genocide. They were worst in June and July 1920.
Notes
Infobox gives March 1920 to June 1921. Accounts of individual incidents carry different dates and come from survivor testimony. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman territory); no death figures used because the infobox and sources vary.
An Arab militia and Bedouin entered Tel Hai on 1 March 1920 looking for French soldiers they thought the Jewish settlers were sheltering, and confusion led to a firefight. Eight Jews and five Arabs were killed.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 1 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03-01. Scholars differ on whether to class it with the Franco-Syrian War or as early intercommunal violence in Mandatory Palestine.
The intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine begins
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Arabs, the Jewish Yishuv and British forces were drawn into political and armed struggle under the Mandate. The conflict began in 1920 as a spillover from the Franco-Syrian War.
Notes
The infobox gives 1 March 1920 as the start; the lead says only 1920 and the body places the spillover from the Franco-Syrian War in March 1920, the month of the Battle of Tel Hai. The infobox gives the end as 14 May 1948 and Wikidata gives the start as 1920-03-01 and the end as 1948-05-15.
· Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul, Turkey) · Middle East
Ömer Seyfettin dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The Turkish writer, regarded as one of the greatest modern Turkish authors, died of diabetes in Istanbul on 6 March 1920. He is praised for clearing Persian and Arabic words and phrases out of written Turkish.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 6 March 1920. Calendar not stated in source; this is an Ottoman-era date. Wikidata gives the same day. The article says he died at 36, but its birth date of 11 March 1884 makes him 35, so his age is left out.
On 8 March 1920 an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria was declared in Damascus, and France went to war with its Hashemite rulers. French troops entered Damascus in late July, after the Battle of Maysalun.
Notes
Infobox gives 8 March to 25 July 1920, matching Wikidata. The war's first clashes are not separately dated; the start date is the proclamation of the kingdom. The date French troops entered Damascus is 24 July in this article and French Wikipedia but the next day (25 July) in the Battle of Maysalun article.
The Arab Kingdom of Syria was proclaimed on 8 March 1920, the biggest of the Arab states that arose from the Syrian provinces once ruled by the Ottomans.
Notes
Date comes from the country infobox (established_date1). The calendar is not stated in the article. Wikidata gives 1920-03-08.
The Syrian Congress declared Faisal king of Syria in March 1920, with Hashim al-Atassi as prime minister. Britain and France refused to recognise the kingdom.
Notes
Lead gives 8 March 1920 for the proclamation and 25 July 1920 for the end. Wikidata gives the year 1920 only.
The Syrian National Congress declares an Arab Kingdom of Syria
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 8 March 1920 the Congress proclaimed Syria an independent Arab kingdom meant to take in Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and parts of northern Mesopotamia. King Faisal was named head of state and Hashim al-Atassi prime minister.
Notes
Wikidata lists this as the end of the Congress but dates it 8 March 1920, which is the independence declaration. The article says the Congress continued until 17 July 1920, the day of the French ultimatum to Faisal, and gives the infobox disbanding date as 25 July 1920.
The post, officially titled president of the Council of Ministers, was formed on 9 March 1920 and headed Syria's government until it was abolished on 29 March 2025. Ali Rikabi was the first holder under the kingdom.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Wikidata and the infobox both give 9 March 1920.
On 10 March 1920 South Africans chose 134 members of the House of Assembly. The National Party won the most seats but not a majority, and the South African Party stayed in government as a minority with Unionist Party backing.
Notes
Wikidata gives 20 March 1920; the lead and infobox give 10 March 1920.
· Port Said, Sultanate of Egypt (now Egypt) · Africa
Al Masry club is founded in Port Said
Sport
A group of Egyptians set up the club in Port Said on 18 March 1920, in a mixed city already full of clubs for foreign communities. The idea was one expression of the 1919 Egyptian revolution against British occupation.
Notes
Infobox and body give 18 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-03-18.
The 13th Australian Championships, now the Australian Open, were played on grass at the Adelaide Oval from 15 to 20 March 1920. Pat O'Hara Wood of Australia won the singles title.
Notes
Lead gives 15 to 20 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
In April 1920 the Ice Palace of Antwerp hosted three figure skating events. Gillis Grafström of Sweden won the first of three straight Olympic golds in the men's singles.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-04 with start 1920-04-20 and end 1920-04-30.
Bulgaria had to give up Western Thrace under the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly, and in late April 1920 the Entente leaders at the San Remo conference gave the region to Greece. Greeks expelled from Eastern Thrace and Anatolia moved in.
Notes
The body gives late April 1920 and the infobox gives 1920 for the cession. No day is stated. Wikidata gives 1920.
France's women's team plays its first international match
SportSome details uncertain
In late April 1920 a French side led by Alice Milliat played Dick, Kerr's Ladies in England, the French team's first international match. A French women's football championship had been set up in 1919.
Notes
The English body gives 29 April 1920 for the first international match, while French Wikipedia gives Friday 30 April 1920, so only the month is stored. Wikidata uses 29 April as the team's founding date, which the article does not describe as a founding.
A White movement government was established in Sevastopol in April 1920, led by Pyotr Wrangel as commander-in-chief. It took the name Government of South Russia officially on 16 August 1920 and was recognised by France that month.
Notes
The infobox gives 4 April 1920 for the start. Russian Wikipedia gives 22 March (4 April) 1920 as the day Denikin stepped down as commander-in-chief, so 4 April is the Gregorian date, and says the government itself was formed in Sevastopol on 11 April 1920, the date Wikidata gives. The two days mark different steps, so only the month is stored. The infobox ends it on 17 November 1920; Wikidata gives 11 November.
The Weimar Republic took over the railways that the individual German states had run, founding Germany's national railway on 1 April 1920. It merged the Prussian-Hessian, Bavarian, Saxon, Baden and Württemberg lines, among others.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox both give 1 April 1920. The state treaty on the foundation came into force that day.
The German historian of mathematics died in Heidelberg on 10 April 1920. His comprehensive history of mathematics was published in volumes between 1880 and 1908.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 10 April 1920, as does French Wikipedia. German Wikipedia gives 9 April 1920, and Wikidata holds 1920-04-09 as its main date and also 1920-04-10, so the day is uncertain.
Lithuania voted from 14 to 16 April 1920, and the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party won 46 of 112 seats. With its allies it won an absolute majority.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and lead give 14 to 16 April.
Born at the New Palace in Stuttgart on 15 April 1920, Richard von Weizsäcker came from the aristocratic Weizsäcker family. He was Germany's president from 1984 to 1994.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 15 April 1920.
Latvia voted on 17 and 18 April 1920 to elect its Constitutional Assembly. The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party became the largest party, with 57 of 150 seats.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and lead give 17 and 18 April.
Czechoslovakia holds its 1920 parliamentary election
Politics & diplomacy
Czechoslovakia chose its Chamber of Deputies on 18 April 1920 and its Senate on 25 April. The Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party came out as the largest party.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1920; the infobox and lead give 18 and 25 April 1920.
The Allied Supreme Council met at Castle Devachan in Sanremo, with prime ministers Lloyd George, Millerand and Nitti attending. A resolution of 25 April allocated League of Nations mandates for Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia.
Notes
Conference ran 19-26 April 1920; the San Remo Resolution is dated 25 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-19.
Founders in Bismarckhütte, an industrial town in disputed Upper Silesia, started the club on 20 April 1920. Its first match, on 3 May, was a win against Orzeł Józefowiec.
Notes
Infobox and body give 20 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
Józef Piłsudski for Poland and Symon Petliura for the Ukrainian People's Republic agreed a military alliance against Bolshevik Russia, dated 21 April 1920. It came just before the Polish push on Kiev.
Notes
Infobox gives 21 April 1920 (24 April for the military addendum). The body adds that signing happened at night, 01:40, between 21 and 22 April, but it is dated 21 April. Wikidata gives 1920-04-21.
A decree created the Museum of the Polish Army on 22 April 1920, with Bronisław Gembarzewski leading it. It first occupied a wing of the Polish National Museum's building.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 22 April 1920; the lead and establishment section give 1920.
The first Olympic hockey game was played on 23 April 1920, with Sweden beating Belgium. Canada, represented by the Winnipeg Falcons, won gold, the United States silver and Czechoslovakia bronze.
Notes
Infobox gives 23-29 April 1920. Wikidata gives the month 1920-04, with start 1920-04-23 and end 1920-04-29.
Sweden's national ice hockey team plays its first game
SportSome details uncertain
The team played its first game in Antwerp on 23 April 1920, the year of its first appearances at both the World Championship and the Olympics. Its nickname, Tre Kronor, refers to the emblem on the jersey.
Notes
Wikidata treats this as a founding on 23 April 1920; the infobox shows that date as the team's first game, in Antwerp.
Aston Villa beat Huddersfield 1-0 at Stamford Bridge on 24 April 1920, with Billy Kirton scoring in extra time. It was the first FA Cup final since the First World War.
Poland under Józef Piłsudski, allied with Symon Petliura's Ukrainian People's Republic, attacked Soviet-held Ukraine on 25 April 1920. Allied forces captured Kiev on 7 May, but a Red Army counteroffensive reversed the gains.
Notes
Infobox and lead give April to July 1920 (start 25 April). Wikidata gives only 1920, with its own start 1920-04-24 and end 1920-06-13.
Polish cavalry raided from 25 to 27 April 1920 in a pincer movement some 160 kilometres behind the Soviet front, seizing the rail junction and supply base of Korosten at little cost. About 8000 Soviet soldiers were taken prisoner.
Notes
Wikidata gives April 1920 with a start of 25 April and an end of 27 April; the infobox gives April 1920 and the lead gives 25 to 27 April.
Denmark voted on 26 April 1920, after King Christian X dismissed the Zahle II government on 29 March in the Easter Crisis. Niels Neergaard of Venstre became Prime Minister after the election.
The Prussian Parliament passed the Greater Berlin Act on 27 April 1920, and it took effect on 1 October. The law greatly enlarged the city of Berlin, which had belonged to the Province of Brandenburg since 1815.
The Russian botanist and plant physiologist died in Moscow on 28 April 1920. He founded a plant physiology faculty and a laboratory at the Petrovskoye Academy.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 28 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-28.
· Fiume, disputed city under D'Annunzio's occupation (now Rijeka, Croatia) · Europe
The Apostolic Administration of Rijeka is established
Religion & philosophy
The Catholic Church set up the administration on 30 April 1920, with territory split off from the Diocese of Senj-Modruš. Celso Costantini was its first apostolic administrator, serving until July 1921.
Notes
Wikidata gives 30 April 1920 as the main date and 25 May 2000 as an alternative, which is the date of the latest renaming.
A civil uprising led by Unionist Party and student leaders against President Manuel Estrada Cabrera lasted from 8 to 14 April 1920. Estrada Cabrera refused to step down although the National Assembly had ruled him mentally unfit to govern.
Notes
Wikidata gives a start of 8 April and an end of 14 April 1920; the lead and body agree.
· East Kootenay, British Columbia, Canada · North America
Kootenay National Park is established
Everyday life
An Order in Council of 21 April 1920 created the park, first called Kootenay Dominion Park. British Columbia handed over a strip of land beside the new 94 km Banff-Windermere Highway in exchange for the highway being built.
Notes
Infobox and body give 21 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
Astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis argued in Washington on 26 April 1920 over what spiral nebulae were and how big the universe is. Shapley held that they were small and at the edge of the Milky Way, while Curtis said they were independent galaxies.
The actor was born on 1 April 1920 in Qingdao, Shandong, China, and became a Japanese actor and producer widely regarded as one of the greatest ever. He is best known for his collaborations with director Akira Kurosawa.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the early life section all agree on 1 April 1920.
The Korean daily appeared on 1 April 1920, one of three Korean newspapers Japan approved after the March First Movement protests of 1919. The Chosun Ilbo had preceded it by a month.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and history section give 1 April 1920. The suspension began on 25 September 1920 according to the timeline.
· Verkhneudinsk, Far Eastern Republic (now Russia) · Asia
The Far Eastern Republic is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacy
A quickly summoned Constituent Assembly at Verkhneudinsk declared the republic on 6 April 1920. It was nominally independent and served as a buffer between Soviet Russia and Japanese-occupied territory.
Notes
Infobox gives 6 April and the body gives 6 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-06.
Ravi Shankar was born in Banaras on 7 April 1920 with the name Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury. He became a sitar virtuoso and composer and a leading figure in Hindustani classical music.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 7 April 1920.
· Phnom Penh, French Indochina (now Cambodia) · Asia
The National Museum of Cambodia is inaugurated
Art & literature
The finished museum was inaugurated in Phnom Penh on 13 April 1920, during Khmer New Year, with King Sisowath and the French resident-superior François-Marius Baudouin attending. Its buildings draw on Khmer temple architecture.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 and 1920-01-01; the infobox and history section give 13 April 1920. The overview says the buildings went up between 1917 and 1924.
The Indian mathematician died on 26 April 1920 in Madras. He had worked on number theory, infinite series and continued fractions, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 26 April 1920; Wikidata gives 1920-04-26. The infobox gives Madras as place of death.
· Khiva, Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (now Uzbekistan) · Asia
The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic is declared
Politics & diplomacy
The First Khorezm Kurultay officially declared the republic on 26 April 1920, succeeding the Khanate of Khiva after the khan's abdication in February. It was divided between the Uzbek and Turkmen republics and the Karakalpak region on 27 October 1924.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 26 April 1920 for the declaration. Wikidata gives 1920-04-26.
The Soviet 11th Army moved on Azerbaijan to install a Soviet government, while local Bolsheviks staged an uprising in Baku planned for the night of 26-27 April 1920. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ended and a Soviet republic replaced it.
Notes
Infobox gives 27 April to 12 May 1920; the lead says April 1920. Wikidata gives only 1920.
The republic, which dated from 28 May 1918, ended on 28 April 1920 when the 11th Army occupied the country. Parliament held a last emergency meeting on 27 April after a Communist ultimatum demanding that the government surrender.
Notes
Lead and body give 28 April 1920, and the parliament held its last meeting on 27 April. German Wikipedia puts the end of the republic on 27 or 28 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-28.
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacy
The republic was created on 28 April 1920 after the Red Army invaded, when the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic's government gave way to local Bolsheviks under Mirza Davud Huseynov and Nariman Narimanov.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 28 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-28.
· Western countryside of Aleppo, Syria · Middle East
The Hananu Revolt begins in northern Syria
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The insurgency against French forces, named after its commander Ibrahim Hananu, was mainly in the western countryside of Aleppo, driven by opposition to the French Mandate. Four allied insurgencies operated alongside it.
Notes
Infobox gives April 1920 to July 1921; small-scale insurgent activity went on at least into August 1926. Wikidata gives 1920-04.
Turkish National Forces besieged the French Army of the Levant in Aintab, now Gaziantep, from April 1920 after French forces opened fire on the city. The first Turkish siege ran from 1 to 16 April, with more sieges that spring and summer.
Notes
Wikidata gives a start of 1 April 1920 and an end of 8 February 1921 (matching the infobox); the lead and timeline give the surrender as 9 February 1921. The French retreat under the Treaty of Ankara came on 20 October 1921. The source gives the dates without naming the calendar; the city was then in the Ottoman Empire.
Riots broke out in and around Jerusalem's Old City on 4 April 1920, timed with the Nebi Musa festival. Five Jews and four Arabs were killed, and many more were injured.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 4-7 April 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-04 with end 1920-04-07; its place field is wrong for this event.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha ordered the creation of the news agency in the middle of the Turkish War of Independence, and it was officially launched on 6 April 1920. Its founders included Halide Edib and Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; the body ties the launch to 17 days before the Grand National Assembly's first meeting. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey opens in Ankara
Politics & diplomacy
The assembly held its inaugural session in Ankara on 23 April 1920, founded on the principle of national sovereignty. Mustafa Kemal had announced on 19 March that such an assembly with extraordinary powers would gather.
Notes
Infobox and body give 23 April 1920. Turkish and Ottoman sources may use the Rumi calendar, but the source states the date without a calendar label, so it is stored as given. Wikidata gives 1920-04-23. Place: held by the Ankara government (Government of the Grand National Assembly, in existence from 23 April 1920), not by the Istanbul government.
Britain was entrusted with administering Palestine under the League of Nations mandate system, and Mandatory Palestine existed as a British territory from 1920 to 1948. Sir Herbert Samuel became the first High Commissioner.
Notes
The infobox labels 25 April as the date the mandate was assigned (the year field says 1920). Wikidata gives 1920-07-01, which the article does not state. The lead says the mandate was established in 1920 and formally obtained from the League in 1922.
The H1N1 pandemic, which ran for about two years, wound down by April 1920. An estimated 500 million people, nearly a third of the world, caught the flu, and deaths are put at 17 to 50 million.
Notes
Infobox dates the pandemic February 1918 to April 1920 and April 1920 is used as the end. Wikidata gives December 1920. French Wikipedia says the pandemic ended around early summer 1919, with a last case reported in July 1921, so the end date varies by source.
Princess Margaret of Connaught, Crown Princess of Sweden, dies
Lives
Queen Victoria's granddaughter caught measles in 1920 while pregnant with a sixth child, and it developed into mastoiditis. After surgery came erysipelas and sepsis, and she died on 1 May at the Royal Palace in Stockholm within hours.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 1 May 1920. The lead says only 'at some point in 1920' for the start of her illness. Wikidata gives the same day.
Reuss, a small German state that lasted only from 1919 to 1920, formed after Prince Heinrich XXVII abdicated for both Reuss principalities. Every Thuringian state but Coburg signed a merger agreement on 4 January 1920, which took effect on 1 May.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 1 May 1920.
Barcelona beat Athletic Bilbao 2-0 in Gijón on 2 May 1920 for their fourth cup title, with goals from Vicente Martínez and Paulino Alcántara, both in the second half. Some 10,000 people watched.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and lead give 2 May 1920.
Soviet Russia and Georgia sign the Treaty of Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
On 7 May 1920 Lev Karakhan and Grigol Uratadze signed a treaty in which Russia formally recognised Georgian independence. Georgia in return promised not to shelter troops of powers hostile to Bolshevik Russia.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 7 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-07.
Richard Steidle, a Christian Social member of the Tyrolean parliament, founded the first Homeland Guard association. The Heimwehr was a clerico-fascist nationalist group active in Austria between 1920 and 1936.
Notes
Body gives 12 May 1920 for the first association, called the Homeland Guard in Tyrol; the infobox gives May 1920 for the formation of the movement. Wikidata gives 1920-05. A second infobox in the article, for the Homeland Bloc (Heimatblock), gives May 1930 as a founding date.
The stadium opened on 13 May 1920 with a match between FV 1900 Kaiserslautern and FC Pfalz Ludwigshafen. It sits on the Betzenberg hill, which gave it the nickname Betze.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 (with a 1 January 1920 value); the infobox gives the opening day.
The ballet was first staged on 15 May 1920 at the Opera in Paris, with Ernest Ansermet conducting. Léonide Massine devised the libretto and choreography and danced the central role.
Notes
Wikidata gives 15 May 1920 and also a generic 1920 publication date; the infobox and lead give 15 May 1920.
The Council of Lithuania gives way to the Constituent Assembly
Politics & diplomacy
The Council, which had governed newly independent Lithuania since 1917, worked until the Constituent Assembly first met on 15 May 1920. Its members signed the Act of Independence on 16 February 1918.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 15 May 1920. Wikidata gives the year 1920 only.
KLM's first flight took place on 17 May 1920, when pilot Jerry Shaw flew a leased de Havilland DH.16 from Croydon Airport, London, to Amsterdam with two British journalists aboard. Eight Dutch businessmen had founded the airline on 7 October 1919.
Notes
The article dates the first flight to 17 May 1920 and gives the route as Croydon Airport, London, to Amsterdam; the year-page hint has the direction reversed. Wikidata gives 1920-05.
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on 18 May 1920 in Wadowice, Poland. As Pope John Paul II he headed the Catholic Church from October 1978 to his death in 2005.
Notes
Wikidata's place for the birth is a family home museum in Wadowice; the infobox gives Wadowice.
The elected constitutional convention and acting parliament, which met from 6 February 1919, was dissolved on 21 May 1920 when its work was done. It had reluctantly approved the Treaty of Versailles and drew up the Weimar Constitution.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 21 May 1920. Wikidata gives the same day. The infobox lists Weimar as the original meeting place; the body says it met in Berlin from 30 September 1919, so only Germany is given as the place.
Boroević, an Austro-Hungarian field marshal who commanded on the Isonzo front, died in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1920. He was rated among the best defensive strategists of the First World War.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 23 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-23.
The eighth Giro d'Italia ran from 23 May to 6 June 1920, starting and finishing in Milan. Gaetano Belloni of Bianchi won, ahead of Angelo Gremo and Jean Alavoine.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 23 May to 6 June 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-23 to 1920-06-06.
Polish forces fought Semyon Budyonny's First Cavalry Army near Volodarka from 29 to 31 May 1920, during the Polish offensive on Kyiv. The Soviet 4th Cavalry Division attacked Polish positions on 29 May, and the 6th Cavalry Division broke through but was repulsed on 31 May.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920, with a start of 29 May and an end of 31 May.
Soldiers of a reserve battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment founded the club on 30 May 1920, and it played and won its first game the same day against Kresowcy Białystok.
Notes
Infobox and body give 30 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Harvard University, United States · North America
Harvard's Secret Court of 1920
Everyday life
Harvard set up an improvised panel of five administrators headed by acting dean Chester Noyes Greenough to look into accusations of homosexual activity among students. Over two weeks in May and June 1920 it questioned witnesses in private, and ten people were expelled or cut off from the university.
Notes
The lead says the affair surfaced in 2003; a later section refers to the 2002 revelation. Wikidata gives 1920-05. Exact days of the sessions are not stated.
The American inventor, best known for making celluloid production simpler, died on 10 May 1920. He was born in Starkey, New York, in 1837 and held nearly 238 patents.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 10 May 1920. Wikidata gives the same day and names Millburn as the place; the English article names no place of death (its infobox field is empty), so none is given.
Alan Crosland directed the silent comedy starring Olive Thomas, released in the United States on 10 May 1920. The Film Daily gave it a positive review on 23 May.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 10 May 1920; the plot section carries a stray date, 8 May 1920, whose meaning is unclear.
· Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
William Dean Howells dies
Lives
The American realist novelist, critic, playwright and diplomat died of influenza in his sleep shortly after midnight on 11 May 1920. He edited The Atlantic Monthly and wrote The Rise of Silas Lapham.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 11 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-11.
· Rhinebeck, New York, United States · North America
Levi P. Morton dies
Lives
The 22nd US vice president, who served from 1889 to 1893, died at Rhinebeck, New York, on 16 May 1920. He had also been ambassador to France, a congressman and governor of New York.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 16 May 1920 for the death and 16 May 1824 for the birth. Wikidata gives 1920-05-16.
The Canadian Air Force was established in 1920, succeeding a short-lived force of the same name created in Europe during the First World War. King George V granted royal sanction in 1924, creating the Royal Canadian Air Force.
Notes
The infobox lists 17 May 1920 as the start of the Canadian Air Force of 1920 to 1924; the lead and body say only 1920, and no other source repeating the day was found. Wikidata gives 1920.
Mexican president Venustiano Carranza is assassinated
Lives
Carranza, Mexico's 44th president since 1917, died of gunshot wounds at Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla, on 21 May 1920, with suicide mentioned as a possibility. He had led the Constitutionalists and had the central part in writing the 1917 Constitution.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 21 May 1920, and the infobox ends his presidential term the same day. The infobox cause of death is assassination by gunshot, possibly suicide. Wikidata gives 1920-05-21.
· Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Eleanor H. Porter dies
Lives
The American novelist, best known for the Pollyanna series, died at home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 21 May 1920. She is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 21 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-21.
Ralph DePalma stalled on lap 187 while holding a two-lap lead, and the lead passed to Gaston Chevrolet. Chevrolet ran dry on lap 197 but coasted to the pits, refuelled and won.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 31 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-31.
On the night of 2 to 3 May 1920 the Bolsheviks tried to take over government offices and a military school in Tiflis, counting on help from the 11th Red Army in neighbouring Azerbaijan. Georgian forces put down the disorder and stopped the Russian advance.
Notes
The infobox gives 2 to 3 May 1920, while the lead says the Bolsheviks made their attempt on 3 May. Wikidata gives 1920-05.
On 10 May 1920 Armenian Bolsheviks staged a failed revolt in Alexandropol, today's Gyumri, against the First Republic's government. The government suppressed the revolt by 14 May and executed or exiled its leaders.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 10 to 14 May 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05 as its main date, with 1920-05-10 as start and 1920-05-14 as end.
Japan holds a general election won by Hara Takashi's party
Politics & diplomacy
Japan held a general election on 10 May 1920, in which the Rikken Seiyūkai under Hara Takashi won 278 of the 464 seats. Hara stayed on as Prime Minister.
The Azerbaijan State Conservatoire is founded in Baku
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The conservatoire was founded on 25 May 1920 by Uzeyir Hajibeyli, who had begun a movement that year to spread classical music among ordinary people. It is now the Baku Academy of Music.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Wikidata and the infobox give the year 1920; the history section gives 25 May 1920.
On 26 May 1920 a popular uprising in Ganja sought to overthrow the Soviet government in Azerbaijan. The rebels quickly seized the railway station, the city prison and a military warehouse.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 26 to 31 May 1920 and say it began on the night of 25 to 26 May; a later passage quoting a historian says the night of 24 to 25 May. Wikidata gives 1920-05-26.
· Baghdad, British Mesopotamia (now Iraq) · Middle East
The Iraqi revolt against British rule begins
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Mass meetings and demonstrations began in Baghdad in May 1920, and armed revolt followed in the last days of June. The rebels wanted independence and an Arab government, and the British put it down by the end of October.
Notes
Infobox gives May to October 1920; the lead says it began in summer 1920. Wikidata gives 1920 with start 1920-05-01 and end 1920-10-01.
The Gilan Republic is founded in north-west Persia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Mirza Kuchik Khan and his Jangali partisans set up a brief, unrecognised Soviet state on the Caspian's southern shore with help from the Red Army. In May 1920 the Soviet Caspian Fleet entered the port of Anzali.
Notes
The body and infobox put the declaration in May 1920, while the lead dates the republic from June 1920 to September 1921. Wikidata gives 1920-05. Persian-calendar question not settled in source.
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Ankara government's Ministry of Foreign Affairs is established
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The ministry was established in May 1920 and now conducts the foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey from Ankara. Its duties include running diplomatic missions and negotiating treaties.
Notes
English and German Wikipedia and Wikidata give 2 May 1920; Turkish Wikipedia says the ministry was officially founded on 3 May 1920 with the first national government, so only the month is stored. Turkish civil dates used Gregorian days and months by 1920, so the gap is not a calendar shift. Place: held by the Ankara government (Government of the Grand National Assembly, in existence from 23 April 1920), not by the Istanbul government.
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
Turkish armed forces take shape under the Grand National Assembly
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 3 May 1920 the Assembly's government appointed Fevzi Çakmak as defence minister and İsmet İnönü as chief of the general staff. The force was formed by merging the earlier irregular Kuva-yi Milliye units.
Notes
The infobox gives 3 May 1920 as the founding date, and the history section says the force was set up in effect in 1920. Wikidata gives 1920. Turkish sources of the period may carry Rumi dates, but the article states the date without a calendar label, so it is stored as given. Place: held by the Ankara government (Government of the Grand National Assembly, in existence from 23 April 1920), not by the Istanbul government.
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The office of Prime Minister of Turkey is formed
Politics & diplomacy
The prime minister headed the Turkish government from 1920 to 2018, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk the first holder under the Ankara Government. The post replaced the Ottoman Grand Vizier.
Notes
Infobox gives 3 May 1920 for the Ankara Government and 1 November 1923 for the Republic; the lead and body give no day. Wikidata gives 1920-05-03. Place: held by the Ankara government (Government of the Grand National Assembly, in existence from 23 April 1920), not by the Istanbul government.
· Bandar-e Anzali, Persia (now Iran) · Middle East
The Anzali Operation
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Soviet Caspian Flotilla attacked by sea and land at Anzali, Persia, on 18 May 1920, aiming at White Russian Caspian ships interned there in British custody. The British troops were surrounded and had to capitulate.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Wikidata and the infobox agree on 18 May 1920. The Anzali article dates the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic to 5 June 1920, while that republic's own article gives May (infobox) and June 1920 (lead), so no day is given for it here.
A partial solar eclipse crosses Australia and Antarctica
Science
A partial solar eclipse happened on Tuesday, 18 May 1920, at the Moon's descending node, with a magnitude of 0.9734. It was visible from parts of Australia and Antarctica.
Hungarian delegates signed at the Grand Trianon palace in Versailles on 4 June 1920, formally ending the First World War between most Allies and Hungary. The treaty imposed territorial changes and recognised the country's new borders.
On 4 June 1920 General Settimo Piacentini refused to hand the Vlora district to Albania's government, and Albanian nationalists attacked Italian-occupied Vlorë four times. The Treaty of Tirana of 2 August ended it.
Notes
Infobox gives 4 June to 2 August 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-09-03 for the date, with start 1920-06-04 and end 1920-09-03.
Aarhus Stadium is inaugurated before King Christian X
Sport
King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine took part in the ceremony on 5 June 1920, Danish Constitution Day. Building ran from 1918 to 1920 to a design by Axel Høeg-Hansen.
Notes
Wikidata gives 5 June 1920 (with a second entry of 1920-01-01); the infobox, lead and history section give 5 June 1920. The stadium is now sponsored as Ceres Park.
Germany holds the first Reichstag election of the Weimar Republic
Politics & diplomacy
Voters chose the first Reichstag of the Weimar Republic on 6 June 1920, amid political violence and anger at the Treaty of Versailles. The three moderate Weimar Coalition parties lost heavily, and a minority centre-right government took office.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-06-06. Delayed votes in some areas followed because of territorial plebiscites.
· Northern Taurida, Ukrainian SSR (Red-held; attacked from Wrangel's Crimea) (now Ukraine) · Europe
The Northern Taurida Operation begins
War & conflict
The Red Army and Pyotr Wrangel's Whites contested Northern Taurida from 6 June to 3 November 1920, beginning when Yakov Slashchov's corps landed at Kyrylivka behind the Red 13th Army. The Red counterattack began on 28 October 1920 and broke the White defences.
Notes
Wikidata gives 3 November 1920 (the end date); the infobox and lead give 6 June to 3 November 1920. Place: on 6 June 1920 Northern Taurida was held by the Reds (Wrangel's corps landed at the rear of the Red 13th Army to conquer it); Wrangel's government held Crimea.
Avni Rustemi shot and killed Toptani as he left the Hotel Continental on 13 June 1920. Toptani had been Albania's prime minister from 1914 to 1916 and had founded the Republic of Central Albania, centred on Durrës.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 13 June 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-06-13.
The German sociologist and political economist died in Munich on 14 June 1920 at the age of 56, of pneumonia. He wrote The Protestant Ethic and, after the war, co-founded the German Democratic Party and advised on drafting the Weimar Constitution.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 14 June 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-06-14.
François Jacob was born on 17 June 1920 in Nancy and became a French biologist working in molecular biology. With Jacques Monod he proposed that enzyme levels in cells are controlled by regulating transcription.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 17 June 1920.
The 40th staging of Wimbledon ran on grass at the All England Club from 21 June to 3 July 1920. Bill Tilden won the men's singles and Suzanne Lenglen the women's singles.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 21 June to 3 July 1920. Wikidata gives the year 1920, with start 1920-06-21 and end 1920-07-03.
The Weimar Republic's Reichstag meets for the first time
Politics & diplomacy
On 24 June 1920 the Reichstag held its first sitting, replacing the Weimar National Assembly, which had been an interim parliament. The election to it had been held on 6 June.
Notes
Lead gives 24 June 1920 for the first sitting and the infobox gives 6 June 1920 for the first election. Wikidata gives 1920-06-24.
The fourteenth Tour de France began on 27 June 1920 and covered 15 stages. Belgium's Philippe Thys won, becoming the first rider to win the Tour three times.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 27 June to 27 July 1920. Wikidata and French Wikipedia give the end as 25 July. French Wikipedia has Belgians in the first seven places, the article in the first eight.
· Duluth, Minnesota, United States · North America
The Duluth lynchings
Everyday life
A white mob of thousands took Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson and Isaac McGhie, circus workers held as suspects in an assault case, from the jail and lynched them on 15 June 1920. A doctor later discredited the rape accusation that had set off the mob.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 15 June 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-06-15. The lead says no one was prosecuted for the murders, but the body says twelve men were indicted for first-degree murder and none was convicted of the murders.
Hernand and Sosthenes Behn formed the company, incorporated in Maryland, on 16 June 1920. In the 1920s it bought European and American telephone, cable, telegraph and radio companies.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 16 June 1920. The infobox spells one founder's first name Hernan and the body spells it Hernand. Wikidata gives 1920.
A Soviet resolution in June 1920 turned the home of the oil magnate and philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev into the State Historical Museum. His house had been seized straight after the Red Army reached Baku in April.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 1920 for the founding; the month comes from the History section. Wikidata gives 1920.
Korean independence militias under Hong Beom-do and Choi Jin-dong fought Japanese forces in Manchuria on 6 and 7 June 1920. They struck a gendarmerie border post and drew Japanese soldiers into the Bongo-dong valley, where hidden troops fired together.
Notes
Casualty figures in the article come from Korean-side reports and are not used. Wikidata gives 6 to 7 June 1920.
The institute started as an industrial school with a Sino-Russian name in Harbin, meant to train railway engineers. It is now a public science and engineering university.
Notes
Infobox gives 7 June 1920 and the lead and body give 1920. Wikidata gives the year 1920.
· Outer Mongolia under Chinese occupation (now Mongolia) · Asia
The Mongolian People's Party is formed
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Two underground resistance groups, Consular Hill and East Khuree, united as the Mongolian People's Party on 25 June 1920. In August they sent Danzan and Choibalsan to meet Soviet representatives at Irkutsk.
Notes
The infobox and body give 25 June 1920, although the body also says the party was founded in Kyakhta on 1 March 1921. Wikidata gives 1920-06-25.
The Haganah took shape in Mandate Palestine in June 1920 as an underground defence force for Jewish settlements, a need Yishuv leaders felt after the April riots. It grew from earlier militias.
Notes
The body gives June 1920 only, with no day. Wikidata gives 1920-06-15, which is not confirmed by the article. Wikidata also lists the region as Europe; the place is in the Middle East.
Armenia fought Turkish militias in the Oltu region in a first battle in June 1920, a few days after annexing the eastern half of the district. A second battle on 3 to 5 September drove the Armenians out.
Notes
The lead dates the first battle 18 to 25 June and the second 3 to 5 September 1920, and the range runs from the start of the first to the end of the second. The infobox gives 25 June and 5 September, and the body puts the Armenian move into the eastern half of the district on 16 June. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Western Anatolia, between the Greek occupation zone and the Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Greek Summer Offensive begins in Anatolia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Greek army, helped by British forces, launched an offensive on 22 June 1920 to seize the southern shore of the Marmara region and the Aegean region from Turkish nationalist forces. Turkish resistance was limited, and the nationalists withdrew to Eskişehir on Mustafa Kemal's orders.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata give the whole offensive as June to September 1920; the English article dates its start to 22 June 1920, citing English and Turkish works and listing Turkish towns taken from 22 June, and Turkish and Russian Wikipedia repeat 22 June. Greece used the Julian calendar until 1923, but no source gives an Old Style date for the offensive, and Turkish civil dates used Gregorian days and months by 1920. Place: a Greek advance out of the Smyrna zone against territory held by the Ankara government.
The Polish-Soviet War battle for Lwów lasted from July to September 1920. On 16 August the Red Army crossed the Bug and began a full assault, which was halted after three days.
Notes
Only month-level dates are stored: the infobox gives July to September 1920, and Wikidata gives 1 July to 1 September 1920. The lead places the Red Army's push from mid-June and the main assault on 16 August.
The American army doctor who served as the 22nd Surgeon General died in London on 3 July 1920. By controlling mosquitoes he cut the spread of yellow fever and malaria in Florida, Havana and the Panama Canal area.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 3 July 1920. The body says the knighthood came 'shortly before' his death, with no date, so the hook says only that it came before. Wikidata gives the same day.
The club's official founding came on 3 July 1920 on the initiative of Cândido de Oliveira and others. Its name comes from a Portuguese children's charity that supplies many of its athletes.
At Spa, Belgium, the Allied Supreme War Council sat down with Germany's Weimar government to discuss German disarmament, coal deliveries and reparations. Germany had not kept up with its coal promises of August 1919.
The German artist, who worked in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, died at Großjena, near Naumburg, on 5 July 1920. He is linked with Symbolism, the Vienna Secession and Jugendstil, and his monumental Beethoven sculpture was installed at the Vienna Secession in 1902.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 5 July 1920, as does French Wikipedia. German Wikipedia gives 4 July 1920 in Großjena, and Wikidata holds both 1920-07-05 and 1920-07-04, so the day is uncertain.
The British Institute of International Affairs holds its inaugural meeting
Politics & diplomacy
The institute, later Chatham House, held its inaugural meeting on 5 July 1920 under the chairmanship of Robert Cecil. It grew from a gathering of American and British delegates at the Paris peace talks on 30 May 1919, convened by Lionel Curtis.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata give 1920; the inaugural meeting date comes from the History section.
John "Jacky" Fisher, the Royal Navy reformer and strategist, died in London on 10 July 1920. He became First Sea Lord in 1904 and pushed the first all-big-gun battleship and the early use of torpedoes, submarines and oil fuel.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 10 July 1920. Wikidata gives the same day.
The National Library of Albania is created in Tirana
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The library was created on 10 July 1920 and inaugurated on 10 December 1922. Albania's Library Commission had begun planning it as early as 1917.
Notes
Lead says founded in 1920 and inaugurated 10 December 1922; body gives creation on 10 July 1920; the infobox gives established 1922 (the inauguration year).
The last empress of the French, who held the title from her 1853 marriage to Napoleon III until his fall in 1870, died on 11 July 1920 at 94. She was staying with her grandnephew, the Duke of Alba, at Liria Palace.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 11 July 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-07-11.
Allenstein and Marienwerder vote to stay in East Prussia
Politics & diplomacy
Voters in southern Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle chose between East Prussia and Poland on 11 July 1920, under Inter-Allied control. Over 97 percent in the Allenstein area and 92 percent in the Marienwerder area chose East Prussia.
Notes
Lead gives 11 July 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-07-11.
The Moscow Peace Treaty of 12 July 1920 saw Soviet Russia recognise Lithuanian sovereignty and its eastern borders, in return for Lithuanian neutrality and passage for its troops in the war with Poland.
The sports magazine Kicker publishes its first issue
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Football pioneer Walther Bensemann founded Kicker, and its first issue appeared in Konstanz in July 1920. It is now published twice a week from Nuremberg.
Notes
Infobox gives first issue 14 July 1920; Wikidata also gives an inception of 1920-01-01. Lead says founded 1920.
· Eastern Galicia (capital Tarnopol), now Ukraine · Europe
The Galician Soviet Socialist Republic is declared
Politics & diplomacy
The Galician Revolutionary Committee, headed by Volodymyr Zatonsky, declared the republic on 15 July 1920, made possible by the Red Army's summer counter-offensive in the Polish-Soviet War. The government moved to Tarnopol on 1 August.
Notes
The English infobox and Ukrainian Wikipedia give 21 September 1920 for the end of the republic; Russian Wikipedia gives 23 September. Ukrainian and Russian Wikipedia both give 15 July 1920 for the declaration.
Born on 17 July 1920 in Barcelona to a prosperous Catalan family, Juan Antonio Samaranch became a Spanish sports administrator and led the International Olympic Committee from 1980 to 2001.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the life section agree on 17 July 1920.
The congress ran from 19 July to 7 August 1920 in Petrograd and Moscow, with roughly 220 representatives of communist and revolutionary socialist parties. The Soviet-Polish war was raging that summer.
Notes
Wikidata places it in Saint Petersburg; the lead says Petrograd and Moscow, and the infobox gives Moscow (Kremlin). The congress began its actual work on 23 July 1920.
Rosalind Franklin was born on 25 July 1920 in Notting Hill, London, and became an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer. She studied natural sciences at Newnham College, Cambridge, graduating in 1941.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 25 July 1920.
· Kensington Olympia, London, United Kingdom · Europe
The first World Scout Jamboree opens in London
Everyday life
The British Boy Scouts Association hosted some 8,000 Scouts from more than 30 nations at Kensington Olympia, in a glass-roofed building. Robert Baden-Powell gave the closing speech.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 30 July to 8 August 1920. Wikidata gives the year 1920 with start 1920-07-30 and end 1920-08-08. English and German Wikipedia say 34 nations; French Wikipedia counts 21 countries and 12 dominions.
A Communist Unity Convention that opened on 31 July 1920 at a Cannon Street hotel in London launched the party. It was formed by merging several smaller Marxist groups, including the British Socialist Party and a Communist Unity Group from the Socialist Labour Party.
Notes
The English history text dates the founding to 31 July 1920; German Wikipedia and a table in the English page describe the convention as running from 31 July to 1 August.
· Lankaran, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan) · Asia
The Lankaran uprisings begin
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Armed uprisings against the Soviet regime began in southern Azerbaijan in July 1920, after Bolshevik troops entered the country in April. They were widespread by September, driven around Astara by Ramazan's detachment.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox gives July 1920 to February 1922.
· Gongota, Transbaikal, Far Eastern Republic · Asia
The Gongota Agreement
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A truce between the Far Eastern Republic and Japanese forces was finalised at Gongota railway station in mid-July 1920. Japan agreed to stop military action against the Republic's troops and partisans.
Notes
The English infobox and text give signing on 15 July 1920 and effect on 17 July 1920; Russian Wikipedia and Wikidata give 17 July 1920 as the signing date, so only the month is stored.
The Zhili and Anhui cliques fought for control of the Beiyang government. On 14 July 1920 the Anhui army under Duan Qirui struck the Zhili army along two fronts, and he resigned on 19 July.
Notes
Infobox gives 14 to 23 July 1920 and the body gives the first attack on 14 July. Wikidata gives 1920-07-14.
· Calcutta, British India (now Kolkata, India) · Asia
Sarada Devi, the Holy Mother, dies
Lives
The wife and spiritual partner of the Hindu mystic Ramakrishna Paramahamsa died in the early morning of 20 July 1920 at the Mayer Badi in Kolkata. She played an important part in the growth of the Ramakrishna movement.
Notes
Body gives 20 July 1920, at 1.30 am, in Kolkata (the Mayer Badi); the infobox gives the death place as Bagbazar. Wikidata gives 1920-07-20.
French forces under General Mariano Goybet defeated the Syrian army in a four-hour battle west of Damascus on 24 July 1920. War minister Yusuf al-Azma was killed, and the French entered Damascus with little resistance soon afterwards.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-07-24. This article says the French entered Damascus the following day, while the Franco-Syrian War article and French Wikipedia give 24 July.
French troops took Damascus on 24 July 1920 with little resistance, ending the Franco-Syrian War and the Arab Kingdom of Syria. The next day a pro-French government under Aladdin al-Droubi took over.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 24 July 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-07-24. The article on the Battle of Maysalun says the French entered Damascus the following day, 25 July.
The East Africa Protectorate becomes the Colony of Kenya
Politics & diplomacy
On 23 July 1920 the inland part of British East Africa became the Colony of Kenya. The coastal strip, which stayed under the Sultan of Zanzibar, became the Protectorate of Kenya.
Notes
Body and infobox give 23 July 1920 for the end. Wikidata gives 1920-07-23. The infobox start date, 1 July, belongs to 1895.
One of the key engagements of the Polish-Soviet War was fought around Zamość in late August and early September 1920. The Soviet 1st Cavalry Army suffered a disaster and only just escaped being surrounded.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 20 August to 2 September 1920. The body places the 1st Cavalry Army's arrival at Zamość on 30 August and the main fighting on 31 August, and French Wikipedia and Wikidata give 30 August as the start, so only the month is safe. The end on 2 September agrees across sources.
A Foot Ball Club and a football section of Unione Sportiva Empoli were both born in August 1920. The new club was admitted to the Italian Football Federation the following season.
Notes
The body gives August 1920 and the infobox and lead give 1920. The affiliation to the federation came in the following season (autumn 1921). Wikidata gives 1920.
Darracq and Company, a British-French carmaker, bought Clément-Talbot at the end of 1919 and took control of Sunbeam in June 1920. In August 1920 it was renamed S.T.D. Motors Limited, a name marking Sunbeam, Talbot and Darracq coming under one owner.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1920. The name change to S.T.D. Motors Limited is dated August 1920 in the body text, while the lead links the renaming to the Sunbeam purchase without a month. Talbot-Darracq was a brand name used on the French-built cars, not the company name.
Brazil's first three Olympic medals came in shooting at Antwerp. Afrânio da Costa took individual silver on 2 August, and Lieutenant Guilherme Paraense won Brazil's first gold on 3 August in the 30 metre military pistol.
Notes
Medal dates 2 and 3 August 1920 from the lead and medal table. Wikidata gives 1920.
East Acton station opened on 3 August 1920 when Central London Railway services began on the extension, as the only intermediate station. The Great Western Railway was its original operator.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the history section agree on 3 August 1920.
The Alte Försterei stadium in Berlin officially opens
Architecture
The stadium in Köpenick opened on 7 August 1920 with a match against the then German champions. SC Union Oberschöneweide needed a new ground because developers had built homes over its old pitch.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata give 7 August 1920 for the opening. The history section says the inaugural match was a friendly on 17 March 1920 and the official opening was in August 1920.
On 10 August 1920 the Ottoman Empire and some Allied powers signed a treaty in an exhibition room of a porcelain factory. Large parts of Ottoman land would have passed to France, Britain, Greece and Italy.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; the treaty was signed in France and the date is Gregorian. Wikidata gives 1920-08-10.
The Latvian War of Independence ends with the Riga Peace Treaty
War & conflict
The war began when Soviet Russia invaded the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia, and the Red Army took Riga on 3 January 1919. The Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty formally ended the conflict on 11 August 1920.
Notes
Infobox gives the war as 1 December 1918 to 11 August 1920; the lead dates the invasion to 5 December 1918. Wikidata gives 1920-08-11. Fighting had effectively ended by February 1920.
Representatives of Latvia and Soviet Russia signed the treaty on 11 August 1920, officially closing Latvia's war of independence. In Article II Soviet Russia recognised Latvian independence as inviolable for all future time.
The Council of National Defense introduced the decoration on 11 August 1920, at the peak of the Polish-Soviet War and not long before the Battle of Warsaw. It recognises brave acts by individuals in combat.
Red Army forces under Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached Warsaw, and on 16 August a Polish counterattack from the south under Józef Piłsudski disrupted their advance. The Red Army withdrew in disorder.
Notes
Infobox gives 12 to 25 August 1920. Wikidata gives only the year 1920, with the same start and end days. German Wikipedia dates the battle 13 to 25 August 1920, so the start day differs by source. Poland used the Gregorian calendar.
Fighting near Radzymin, north-east of Warsaw, ran from 13 to 16 August 1920. Soviet troops took the town on 14 August and the Poles recaptured it on 15 August.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920, with 13 August as a start and 16 August as an end.
King Albert I opened the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp on 14 August 1920. The city had been given the hosting rights after the war as a gesture toward Belgium.
Notes
Infobox gives opening 14 August 1920 and closing 12 September 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-04-20; an ice hockey tournament on 23-30 April 1920 marked an early start to the Games.
· Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Serbia) · Europe
Czechoslovakia and the South Slav kingdom sign a defence convention
Politics & diplomacy
The two states signed a collective defence arrangement in Belgrade on 14 August 1920. Treaties in April and June 1921 brought Romania in on nearly identical terms.
Notes
The Little Entente was formed over 1920 and 1921, and the infobox gives 1921 as the start year; the day here is that of the first convention. Wikidata gives 1920 for the start and 1938 for the end.
The club came into being in the Albanian capital on 15 August 1920 and is now the most successful club in Albania. Its first home ground was the Shallvare, in the centre of Tirana.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 15 August 1920. The infobox names the original society as Shoqëria Agimi whereas the lead names it Sport Klub Tirana. Wikidata gives 1920.
The championships were held on 15 August 1920 on the Saône at Mâcon, with men only competing in five boat classes. They were the first European Rowing Championships since the First World War.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920, with an end date of 15 August 1920.
The English astronomer, credited with discovering the gas helium, died at home in Salcombe Regis on 16 August 1920. He is buried in the churchyard there.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 16 August 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-08-16.
Heinrich Karl Bukowski, later known as Charles, was born in Andernach on 16 August 1920 and became a German-born American writer of poems, novels and short stories. Los Angeles, his adopted home, shaped his writing.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 16 August 1920.
Polish and Soviet forces fought at Zadwórze, near Lwów, on 17 August 1920, and the battle ended with the complete destruction of the Polish force. It still stopped the Soviet advance and kept Budyonny's cavalry from seizing Lwów.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 17 August 1920.
· Khitrovo, Tambov Governorate, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
The Tambov Rebellion breaks out at Khitrovo
War & conflict
A revolt began in the town of Khitrovo on 19 August 1920, where a Red Army detachment had been seizing everything it could find. It grew into one of the biggest and best-organised peasant risings against Bolshevik rule.
Notes
Infobox gives 19 August 1920 start (the article's dates run to mid 1922). Wikidata gives 1920-08-19. Russia was on the Gregorian calendar by 1920. The article says the bulk of the rebel army was destroyed in summer 1921 by large Red Army reinforcements that used chemical weapons, and that smaller groups fought on until 1922.
Maurice Travailleur and others founded the agency on 20 August 1920 to give Belgium a place in the international exchange of news after the First World War. That war had ended the country's policy of obligatory neutrality.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the history section agree on 20 August 1920.
Max Reinhardt staged Hofmannsthal's play Jedermann on the steps of Salzburg Cathedral for the opening on 22 August 1920, with Alexander Moissi in the lead. Concerts were added from 1921.
Notes
Body gives 22 August 1920 for the official inauguration; infobox and lead give 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
On 22 August 1920 Poland's 1st Legions Infantry Regiment fought Red Army troops withdrawing from Warsaw, who crowded into the city until their formations broke down. Parts of the city changed hands repeatedly, and the Polish side won.
The Swedish painter, sculptor and etcher died on 22 August 1920. His portrait subjects included King Oscar II and US presidents Cleveland, Taft and Theodore Roosevelt.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 22 August 1920. The place of death differs by source: the English infobox and French Wikipedia say Stockholm, while German Wikipedia and Wikidata name Mora. Wikidata gives 1920-08-22.
A korfball demonstration match between a team from South Holland and one from Amsterdam was played at the Olympisch Stadion on 22 August 1920. It was korfball's first appearance at the Olympics.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and lead give 22 August 1920.
The silent Jekyll and Hyde adaptation had its premiere at the Marmorhaus-Lichtspiele on 26 August 1920 under its new title. It had been shot and previewed as Schrecken, and trade publications praised Conrad Veidt's performance.
Fifteen countries entered the 1920 tournament, with Egypt the first non-European side to take part and no invitations sent to the Central Powers' teams. Hosts Belgium took gold, Spain silver and the Netherlands bronze.
Notes
Infobox gives 28 August to 5 September 1920. Wikidata gives only 1920 (start 1920-08-28, end 1920-09-05).
Egypt's first game was played in Ghent, Belgium, on 28 August 1920, around its first Olympic football appearance at Antwerp. The first Egyptian national football team was formed in 1920.
Notes
Infobox gives the first game as 28 August 1920 in Ghent; the body says the first national team was constituted in 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
The German physiologist, philosopher and professor, counted among the fathers of modern psychology, died on 31 August 1920 at Großbothen. At Leipzig in 1879 he set up the earliest formal psychology research laboratory.
Notes
Infobox gives 31 August 1920 and Großbothen, Saxony, as place of death; Wikidata gives Leipzig for the place.
Eight members of the Finnish Communist Party were murdered on 31 August 1920 at the Kuusinen Club, the party's Petrograd office. A memorial service for the victims was held in the Hermitage on 20 September.
The American command on the Western Front, established on 5 July 1917 at Chaumont under General John J. Pershing, was disbanded on 31 August 1920. It fought its major actions at Saint-Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in late 1918.
Notes
The infobox gives only 1917 to 1920. The day comes from the commander and staff lists in the body, where Pershing's tenure and several staff posts end on 31 August 1920; no sentence states the disbanding date outright. Wikidata gives 1920-08-31.
The American silent drama, directed by Charles Maigne and adapted from Robert W. Chambers's 1906 novel, was released on 1 August 1920. Anna Q. Nilsson and Conrad Nagel are among its stars.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 with a publication date of 1 August 1920; the infobox and lead give 1 August 1920.
The American psychological crime thriller starring Lon Chaney came out from Goldwyn Pictures on 8 August 1920, directed by Wallace Worsley from a pulp novel by Gouverneur Morris. Parts of it were filmed in San Francisco.
Notes
Wikidata gives 8 August 1920 as the main date, with 3 June 1921 and 20 August 1928 as alternatives, which look like later releases. The infobox gives 8 August 1920.
· Madison Square Garden, New York City, United States · North America
Marcus Garvey's UNIA adopts the Pan-African flag
Politics & diplomacy
The Universal Negro Improvement Association formally adopted the red, black and green flag on 13 August 1920, at a month-long convention in New York City's Madison Square Garden. Marcus Garvey is the flag's designer.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox and lead give 13 August 1920.
· St. Louis, Missouri, United States · North America
Shelley Winters is born in St. Louis
Lives
Shelley Winters was born Shirley Schrift on 18 August 1920 and became an American actress whose film career lasted seven decades. She took the name Shelley in 1943.
Notes
The birthplace differs: Wikidata gives East St. Louis, while the infobox gives St. Louis, Missouri. The birth date 18 August 1920 is the same in Wikidata, the infobox and the lead.
· Detroit, Michigan, United States · North America
WWJ starts broadcasting in Detroit as 8MK
TechnologySome details uncertain
The Detroit News began nightly trial broadcasts from its Detroit headquarters on 20 August 1920, using an amateur radio licence with the call sign 8MK. The paper announced its Radiophone service on 31 August. The station is today's all-news WWJ at 950 kHz.
Notes
The lead, infobox and the station's traditional founding date give 20 August 1920. The body says that night began trial broadcasts heard by a few local amateurs, and a front-page Detroit News announcement of 31 August 1920 introduced the Radiophone. Wikidata gives 1920-08-20.
· Waukegan, Illinois, United States · North America
Ray Bradbury is born
Lives
The writer was born on 22 August 1920 in Waukegan, Illinois, and became an American author and screenwriter working in fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery. His best-known works are Fahrenheit 451 and The Martian Chronicles.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the early life section agree on 22 August 1920.
· Kansas City, Kansas, United States · North America
Charlie Parker is born in Kansas City, Kansas
Lives
Charles Parker Jr., nicknamed Bird or Yardbird, was born on 29 August 1920. He became a jazz saxophonist, bandleader and composer, mainly on alto saxophone.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the early life section agree on 29 August 1920.
The men's competition was played on grass at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills from 30 August to 6 September 1920. The women's competition was staged separately from 20 to 25 September at the Philadelphia Cricket Club.
Notes
Lead gives the men's dates and the women's dates separately; date_end is the last day of the women's event. Wikidata gives 1920.
Wool prices fell sharply in 1920, causing an economic crisis in sheep-farming Patagonia, and several strikes broke out in Santa Cruz in August. A general strike was declared on 1 November.
Notes
The article gives 1920 to 1922 for the whole episode, with the armed repression mostly in 1921; the dated happening is the strikes of 1920 only. Wikidata gives 1920 as the start and 1922 as the end.
Palestinian immigrants in Chile founded the club in August 1920, while its players took part in a colonial competition in Osorno. It wears the colours of the Palestinian flag.
Notes
English Wikipedia and Wikidata give 8 August 1920; French and German Wikipedia give 20 August 1920, so only the month is stored.
· Kirghiz ASSR, Soviet Russia (now Kazakhstan) · Asia
The Alash Autonomy comes to an end
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The unrecognised Kazakh proto-state, founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, was wound up once the Bolsheviks outlawed its governing Alash party. On 17 August 1920 the Soviet government set up the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Notes
The infobox gives an end of 26 August with year_end 1920; the history section says the government was effectively dismantled by 1919 and that the Kirghiz ASSR was proclaimed on 17 August 1920. Wikidata gives 1920. Month stored because the day is unclear.
Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao founded the league in August 1920 as the predecessor of today's Communist Youth League of China. A national body followed in 1922 under Comintern command and funding.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 for the Communist Youth League of China as a whole; the dated 1920 events concern its predecessor. The lead and Chinese Wikipedia give August 1920 for the Shanghai Socialist Youth League, but the English history text says the first local organizations date from May 1920, so the summary uses August. The infobox founding field is empty.
· Guba (Quba), Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan) · Asia
The Guba uprising against Soviet rule
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Villagers of Kuzun began an armed uprising against Soviet occupation in the Guba district on 23 August 1920. It lasted about three weeks before the rebels were defeated.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. The infobox gives August and September 1920; Wikidata gives the year 1920. The lead puts the number of peasants killed at 400 to 500, which is not used.
· Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara (now Uzbekistan) · Asia
The Bukhara operation ends the Emirate of Bukhara
War & conflict
Soviet Russia and the Young Bukharans fought the emirate, which was defeated and replaced by the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. The Young Bukharans began a revolt in Charjou on the night of 28 August, and Mikhail Frunze moved the Red Army to support them.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 28 August to 2 September 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-09-02 as its main date and 1920-08-28 as the start.
Geoffrey de Havilland incorporates his aircraft company
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Geoffrey de Havilland formed a limited company at Stag Lane Aerodrome on the edge of north London in September 1920. He had been technical director and chief designer at Airco, which BSA bought in January 1920 for its factories and equipment.
Notes
The English body gives incorporation on 26 September 1920 and the lead says established in late 1920. French and German Wikipedia both give 25 September 1920, so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1920.
Kuban State University was founded in September 1920 in Krasnodar, in southern Russia's Kuban region. More than 100,000 specialists have studied there, among them over 1,000 foreign students.
Notes
The English lead and infobox give 19 September 1920. Russian Wikipedia gives 5 (18) September 1920, that is 5 September Old Style and 18 September New Style, and French Wikipedia gives 5 September, so only the month is stored.
A Swedish general election ran from 4 to 17 September 1920, the last held before universal suffrage arrived. The Social Democrats stayed the largest party, with 75 of the lower chamber's 230 seats.
Notes
The infobox gives 4 September 1920; the lead says the election ran from 4 to 17 September. Wikidata gives 4 September.
Only France and the United States entered the rugby union event at Antwerp, and France came in as favourites. The United States won eight points to nil.
Notes
Infobox gives September 5 for the Games of 1920. Wikidata gives only 1920.
The City of Birmingham Orchestra gives its first concert
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The orchestra, later the CBSO, played its first concert on 5 September 1920 at the city's Theatre Royal, conducted by Appleby Matthews. The first piece was Granville Bantock's Saul.
Notes
The infobox gives only the year 1920 for the founding; the day comes from the history section's account of the first concert. Wikidata gives 1920-09.
· Garfagnana and Lunigiana, Tuscany, Italy · Europe
The Garfagnana earthquake strikes Tuscany
DisastersSome details uncertain
A strong earthquake struck the Garfagnana and Lunigiana areas of Tuscany on the morning of 7 September 1920, reaching intensity X on the Mercalli scale. It killed 171 people.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1920-09-07 05:55; local time 07:55, so the local date is the same. Magnitude differs by source: NOAA gives Ms 5.8, the English Wikipedia infobox 6.5 ML, its lead 6.6, and NOAA's own reference list 5.75 and 6.3, so no magnitude is stated. Deaths: NOAA's deathsTotal is 1400, but its comments show that figure comes from one reference about Reggio Emilia, and another of its references gives 556; English and Italian Wikipedia (citing Italian civil protection data) give 171 dead, the figure used here.
France and Belgium sign the Franco-Belgian Military Accord
Politics & diplomacy
The two countries signed a collective defence pact on 7 September 1920, after talks in April in which Ferdinand Foch was France's chief negotiator. Belgium cancelled the accord in 1936 and went back to neutrality.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1920; the lead says September 1920 and the history section gives 7 September.
D'Annunzio proclaims the Italian Regency of Carnaro in Fiume
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Gabriele d'Annunzio declared the city of Fiume, now Rijeka, a regency on 8 September 1920, with himself as dictator. Its constitution foreshadowed some features of the later Italian Fascist system.
Notes
The infobox dates the establishment (the coup) to 12 September 1919 and gives 8 September 1920 for the constitution; Wikidata gives 1920. The infobox gives the capitulation as 29 December, the history section as 30 December 1920.
The Finnish voluntary paramilitary auxiliary organisation for women, which began in 1918 to support the White Guard, was set up as an independent body on 9 September 1920.
Notes
The infobox lists 16 May 1918 as the start of the earlier organisation; the 1920 date marks the separate organisation. Wikidata gives 9 September 1920.
The Polish Fourth Army under General Leonard Skierski defeated Soviet forces near Kobryn between 11 and 23 September 1920, entering the town on 12 September. A Polish raid captured Pruzhany on the night of 18 to 19 September.
Notes
Wikidata gives a start of 11 September and an end of 23 September 1920; the lead agrees.
Tukhachevsky's Red Army, battered at Warsaw, tried to hold a defensive line centred on Grodno, but Piłsudski's Polish Army outflanked and defeated it again. Only one other battle of the Polish-Soviet War was bigger.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 15 to 25 September 1920. Wikidata gives only the end date, 1920-09-25.
The Swedish author, poet and composer, who sometimes wrote as Black Jim, died on 16 September 1920 in a Stockholm hotel. He had gone there to seek a job at the newspaper Social-Demokraten.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 16 September 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-09-16.
The Sopwith Aviation Company goes into voluntary liquidation
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The British aircraft maker ceased trading on 16 September 1920 after a failed move into motorcycle manufacturing. A new company, H. G. Hawker Engineering, bought its patents and other assets.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920. The infobox gives 16 September 1920 as the defunct date and the text says September 1920, when the company chose voluntary liquidation; nothing contradicts the infobox day. A meeting of creditors followed in October 1920.
King Alfonso XIII founded the Legion by royal decree on 28 January 1920, as Spain's counterpart to the French Foreign Legion. The first recruit joined on 20 September 1920, and the Legion marks that date every year.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 20 September 1920; the Legion was formed by royal decree on 28 January 1920, and the lead also says it was established in January 1920. The 20 September date is the one the Legion traditionally treats as its founding.
Denmark holds its September 1920 Folketing election
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Denmark voted on 21 September 1920, with the Faroe Islands voting on 30 October. The number of Folketing seats rose from 140 to 149, and Venstre won 51.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 30 October 1920, the date the Faroe Islands voted; the lead gives 21 September for Denmark.
The Russian goldsmith and jeweller, best known for the Fabergé eggs, died at the Hotel Bellevue in Lausanne on 24 September 1920. He was a son of Gustav Fabergé, founder of the House of Fabergé.
Notes
Infobox and body give 24 September 1920 and the place as Lausanne. Wikidata gives the same date but places the death in Pully.
The French-Russian communist and feminist died on 24 September 1920 in Nalchik, after catching cholera on 21 September. In 1920 she had presided over the first international conference of communist women.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 24 September 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-09-24.
The fourth Volta a Catalunya cycle race ran from 24 to 26 September 1920, starting and finishing in Barcelona. José Pelletier won it, ahead of José Nat of France and Jaume Janer of Spain.
Notes
English, Spanish and Catalan Wikipedia and Wikidata give 24 to 26 September 1920; French Wikipedia gives 25 to 27 September and five stages instead of three or four, so its dates are treated as the outlier.
Buster Keaton and Edward F. Cline wrote and directed the two-reel silent comedy, released in the US on 1 September 1920 with Keaton starring. Its inventive visual gags mostly revolve around a house and ladders.
Notes
Wikidata gives 29 August 1920, but the infobox and the release section both give 1 September 1920, which is used here.
A bomb on a horse-drawn wagon exploded in Wall Street at 12:01 pm on 16 September 1920, killing 30 people at once and eight more later. Several hundred were hurt.
The American Professional Football Association is founded
Sport
A meeting on 17 September 1920 brought together teams from Ohio, Indiana, New York and Illinois, after an earlier gathering on 20 August in a Canton auto showroom. The league took the name National Football League for the 1922 season.
Notes
Infobox gives founding 17 September 1920 in Canton, Ohio; the body also describes a first meeting on 20 August 1920. Wikidata gives only 1920.
The Chicago Cardinals join the NFL as a charter member
Sport
The team traces back to 1898 and the Morgan Athletic Club in Chicago, and in 1920 it was a charter member of the NFL. Only the Chicago Bears share its status as a surviving charter member.
Notes
Lead gives 17 September 1920. The infobox gives the NFL start year as 1920 and the founding year as 1898. Wikidata gives 1920.
Mickey Rooney was born Ninnian Joseph Yule Jr. on 23 September 1920. He became an American actor with a career lasting nearly nine decades and appeared in more than 300 films.
Notes
Wikidata gives Brooklyn as the birthplace, while the infobox gives New York City. The date 23 September 1920 is the same in Wikidata, the infobox and the lead.
President Epitácio Pessoa created the university on Brazil's Independence Day, 7 September 1920. It grew from a royal academy of artillery, fortification and design founded in 1792.
Notes
Body and infobox give 7 September 1920 for the university; the infobox gives 16 December 1792 for the earlier royal academy. Wikidata gives 1920-09-07.
In September 1920 Kâzım Karabekir's XV Corps attacked Western Armenia on Mustafa Kemal's orders, after the nationalists refused to recognise the Treaty of Sèvres. Turkey won, and Armenia gave up Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır.
Notes
Start day differs by source: the infobox gives 24 September, Wikidata and French Wikipedia 23 September, the Treaty of Alexandropol article 12 September, and German Wikipedia has fighting around 21 September; the infobox ends the war on 2 December 1920. Armenia had used the Gregorian calendar since 1918 and Turkish civil dates used Gregorian days, so this is a disagreement between sources, not a calendar shift.
· Vladivostok, Primorye Zemstvo Government under Japanese military occupation (now Russia) · Asia
The Czechoslovak Legion completes its evacuation from Siberia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Legion left Russia by sea from Vladivostok between December 1919 and September 1920, ending its armed actions against the Bolsheviks. Early in 1920 its commander Jan Syrový agreed to hand Kolchak to the Red Political Centre in return for safe passage eastward.
Notes
The revolt itself began in May 1918 (infobox: 14 May 1918 to October 1918), so the 1920 happening is the end of the evacuation. The infobox gives September 1920 for the withdrawal. Wikidata gives 1920-09. Place: in September 1920 Vladivostok was governed by the Primorye Regional Zemstvo Board's provisional government (31 January-28 October 1920, Russian Wikipedia) with Japanese troops still present; the Far Eastern Republic article lists the Maritime zemstvo among its predecessors.
Comintern congress for Eastern peoples opens in Baku
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In September 1920 the Communist International convened in Baku, drawing some 1,900 delegates from Asia and Europe. Grigory Zinoviev gave the keynote address, and the gathering adopted a Manifesto of the Peoples of the East.
Notes
The body gives 1 September 1920 for the opening, after a postponement from 15 August, and says the congress ran over eight days. Wikidata gives 1920-09-01 as start and 1920-09-08 as end; no end date is stated outright in the article.
· Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara (now Uzbekistan) · Asia
The Emirate of Bukhara falls
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Red Army attacked the emirate unsuccessfully in March 1920 and successfully in September, replacing it with the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. Mohammed Alim Khan was the last emir.
Notes
The infobox gives 2 September with a year end of 1920; the body says the Red Army's successful assault came in September. Wikidata gives 1920-10-07.
· State of Greater Lebanon (now Lebanon) · Middle East
General Gouraud proclaims the State of Greater Lebanon
Politics & diplomacy
The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920, with Beirut as its capital, as a League of Nations mandate administered by France. It became the Lebanese Republic in May 1926.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 September 1920 and tags this a sport item; the source describes a state under French mandate.
· Aleppo, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
General Gouraud declares the State of Aleppo
Politics & diplomacy
Gouraud declared the State of Aleppo on 1 September 1920, one of six states he set up in the French Mandate of Syria. France hoped that splitting Syria into smaller states would make it easier to control.
· Damascus, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
General Gouraud declares the State of Damascus
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 3 September 1920 Gouraud declared the State of Damascus, one of six states he created in the French Mandate of Syria. It joined a Syrian Federation in 1922 and lasted until 1925.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 September 1920; the article's infobox and establishment section give 3 September. The infobox also lists 25 July 1920 as a preceding date.
· Sarıkamış, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Battle of Sarıkamış
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 29 September 1920 the First Republic of Armenia fought the eastern army of Turkey's Grand National Assembly at Sarıkamış, as part of the Turkish-Armenian War. The result was a Turkish victory.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ankara government forces; Turkish calendar practice in 1920), so treated as a date to double-check. The lead's wording on outcomes is loosely written, so only the infobox result is used.
The Whitney South Sea Expedition sets out for Tahiti
Exploration
The expedition collected birds for New York's American Museum of Natural History, led at first by Rollo Beck and paid for by Harry Payne Whitney. In September 1920 the Becks and Ernest Quayle left San Francisco for Tahiti.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 as the start and 1941 as the end; the expedition timeline in the article gives September 1920. The expedition itself lasted until 1941.
The Romantic composer, violinist, teacher and conductor died at home in Berlin-Friedenau on 2 October 1920. His output ran to over 200 works, including three violin concertos.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 2 October 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-10-02.
The first USSR Chess Championship is played in Moscow
Sport
The tournament took place in Moscow from 4 to 24 October 1920 and was the first edition of the Soviet national chess championship. Alexander Alekhine won it.
Notes
Lead gives 4 to 24 October and the title of the article carries 1920. Wikidata gives the same start and end days.
The agreement signed on 7 October 1920 produced a ceasefire and a demarcation line through the disputed Suwałki Region, after League of Nations pressure brought Poland to the table. It never mentioned Vilnius.
The steam pumping station in Friesland, built to pump surplus water out of the north of the Netherlands, was opened on 7 October 1920. In 1967 its coal-burning furnaces were switched over to heavy fuel oil.
General Lucjan Żeligowski and his men feigned desertion from the Polish Army and occupied Vilnius on 9 October 1920, producing the Republic of Central Lithuania. Piłsudski had secretly ordered it and revealed the truth only years later.
Notes
The infobox gives 8 October to 29 November 1920 for the operation; the body says Vilnius was occupied on 9 October. Wikidata gives only 1920-10.
Voters in the southern part of Carinthia, a region settled mainly by Carinthian Slovenes, decided on 10 October 1920 which state to join. Their choice settled Austria's final frontier with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a state created after the First World War.
An Estonian-language theatre studio opens in Tallinn
Stage, music & film
Director and theatre teacher Paul Sepp set up the studio in Tallinn in 1920, and its first students met on 11 October. That day is counted as the founding date of the Estonian Drama Theatre.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the history section gives 11 October 1920.
The republic came into being on 12 October 1920 after General Lucjan Żeligowski's volunteer division seized the Vilnius Region. It was an unrecognised puppet state of Poland and existed until Poland incorporated it on 18 April 1922.
Finland and Soviet Russia sign the Treaty of Tartu
Politics & diplomacy
After nearly five months of negotiation, the treaty fixing the Finnish-Soviet frontier was signed on 14 October 1920 in Tartu, Estonia. Finland gained Petsamo, while Repola and Porajärvi returned to Russian hands.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-10-14. Date in force 31 December 1920.
The American journalist, poet and communist died of spotted typhus in Moscow on 17 October 1920. He is best known for Ten Days That Shook the World, his account of the October Revolution in Petrograd.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 17 October 1920, as do Russian Wikipedia and Wikidata. French and German Wikipedia give 19 October 1920. Soviet Russia used the Gregorian calendar in 1920.
Austria holds its first regular parliamentary election
Politics & diplomacy
Voters elected the National Council on 17 October 1920, two weeks after a permanent constitution was promulgated. The Christian Social Party won 85 of the 183 seats, on a turnout of 80 percent.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 17 October 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-10-17.
Ceasefire ends the main fighting of the Polish-Soviet War
War & conflictSome details uncertain
A ceasefire took effect on 18 October 1920, ending the main phase of the war between Poland and Soviet Russia. That phase included a Polish capture of Kiev on 7 May and a Soviet advance to Warsaw in August; the Peace of Riga followed in March 1921.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-10-18 (end 1921-03-01) for the war as a whole. The war ran 14 February 1919 to 18 March 1921; the ending year is variously given as 1920 or 1921 because the ceasefire and the treaty fall in different years.
A nationwide general strike in the Kingdom of Romania lasted from 20 to 28 October 1920, with most of the country's industrial workers taking part. Averescu's government declared a state of siege.
Notes
The article title gives the year 1920; the lead gives 20 to 28 October. Wikidata gives only the year 1920.
Alexander, king of Greece from June 1917, died on 25 October 1920 aged 27 of sepsis after being bitten by a pet Barbary macaque. His death helped bring down the Venizelist government, and Constantine I returned to the throne.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 25 October 1920, and the English article states that its dates are New Style (Gregorian). Greek Wikipedia gives 12 October 1920, the Old Style (Julian) date then in use in Greece; 12 October Julian is 25 October Gregorian. Wikidata gives 1920-10-25.
The Italian botanist, famous for discoveries in Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia, died in Florence on 25 October 1920 aged 77. He is known for discovering the titan arum, Amorphophallus titanum.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 25 October 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-10-25.
The Treaty of Paris recognises Romanian rule over Bessarabia
Politics & diplomacy
Romania, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Japan signed a treaty on 28 October 1920 recognising Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. It never came into force because Japan did not ratify it.
Notes
The 1918 Bessarabian union vote carries an old-style date in the source; the 1920 treaty date is Gregorian, signed in Paris. Wikidata gives 1920-10-28.
Paul Wegener co-directed this German Expressionist silent horror film with Carl Boese and plays the clay creature, set in the medieval Jewish ghetto of Prague. By one account the Berlin premiere at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo on 29 October 1920 sold out.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 19 June 1921 as an alternative date, which does not match the 29 October 1920 date in the infobox and the Berlin premiere account.
The Mysterious Affair at Styles is published in the United States
Art & literature
Agatha Christie's first mystery novel, which introduced the detective Hercule Poirot, appeared in book form in the United States, from John Lane, in October 1920. She had written it in 1916, during the First World War.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give October 1920 for the US book edition; the UK book edition came on 21 January 1921. The article's publication-history section says the novel's first true publication was an eighteen-part serial in The Times Weekly Edition, a British paper, from 27 February to 25 June 1920. That is why the summary says the book edition, not the first publication. No outside check available for the serial dates. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Lower East Side, New York City, United States · North America
Walter Matthau is born on New York's Lower East Side
Lives
Walter Matthau was born Walter John Matthow on 1 October 1920. He became a screen and stage actor famous for a hangdog face and weary-looking characters.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the early life section agree on 1 October 1920.
· Tacoma, Washington, United States · North America
Frank Herbert is born in Tacoma
Lives
Frank Herbert was born on 8 October 1920 in Tacoma, Washington. He became a science-fiction writer, remembered chiefly for Dune (1965) and five follow-up novels.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the biography section agree on 8 October 1920.
· Hell's Kitchen, New York City, United States · North America
Mario Puzo is born in Manhattan
Lives
Mario Puzo, the son of Italian immigrants from the province of Avellino, was born in Hell's Kitchen on 15 October 1920. He became an American novelist and screenwriter whose best-known book is The Godfather (1969).
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the early life section agree on 15 October 1920.
Edward Montgomery Clift was born into wealth on 17 October 1920 in Omaha, Nebraska. He became an American actor nominated for four Academy Awards, remembered for Red River, A Place in the Sun and From Here to Eternity.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the early life section agree on 17 October 1920.
Wharton's eighth novel appeared first in four instalments in Pictorial Review in 1920 and then as a book from D. Appleton & Company. The story is set in 1870s high society in New York City.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 25 October 1920. Wikidata gives 1920 only.
The association was founded on 1 October 1920, though not as the country's first official football association: an earlier body with the same name had been founded in 1914. The rival NGVB was its main competitor as governing body.
Japanese forces killed Korean residents of Gando, today's Jiandao in Jilin, over roughly three weeks from October 1920. Imperial Japanese Army soldiers murdered civilians and carried out widespread rape.
Notes
Dates conflict: the infobox gives October 1920 to April 1921, the lead says three weeks from October 1920, and the aftermath section gives 9 October to 5 November 1920. Death toll also conflicts: the lead says at least 5,000, the aftermath section says 3,469, so no figure is used. Wikidata gives 1920-10.
· Bukhara, Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (now Uzbekistan) · Asia
The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Red Army troops under Mikhail Frunze attacked Bukhara on 28 August 1920 and the emir, Alim Khan, fled to Dushanbe on 31 August. Fayzulla Xoʻjayev's new Soviet republic was announced in October.
Notes
The English infobox and body give 8 October 1920 for the proclamation, as does Wikidata and the German infobox. The German body gives 18 October and Russian Wikipedia 6 October, so only the month is stored.
· Yekaterinburg, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Asia
Ural State University is established in Yekaterinburg
Everyday life
The university was established on 19 October 1920 as an educational establishment made up of several institutes, which later became separate universities and schools. In 2011 it was merged into the Ural Federal University.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox gives 19 October 1920.
The Imperial Japanese Army fought Korean armed groups in densely wooded eastern Manchuria during a campaign in Jiandao. Japan sent troops after an attack on Hunchun on 2 October 1920 that Japanese sources blamed on Korean independence fighters; South Korea regards that incident as a Japanese pretext.
Notes
Infobox gives 21 to 26 October 1920 and the lead says six days. Wikidata gives the year 1920 with an end of 1920-10-28, which differs from the article. Casualty figures vary widely between sources and are left out. The Hunchun raid of 2 October 1920 is disputed: Japanese sources blame the Korean Independence Army and say 13 Japanese died, while the article's Controversies section says South Korea views the incident as a Japanese deception used as an excuse to send troops (that statement carries a citation-needed tag). The Wikipedia article on the Hunchun incident likewise calls it a reported raid and says Japan used it to justify sending troops.
On 29 October 1920 nationalist leaders and Aligarh Muslim University students established the university in Aligarh. Mahmud Hasan Deobandi laid the foundation stone, and Mohammad Ali Jauhar was the first vice-chancellor.
The All India Trade Union Congress holds its founding conference
Economy & trade
Lala Lajpat Rai became first president when the congress was founded on 31 October 1920 at the Empire Theatre in Bombay. It is the country's oldest trade union federation.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox, lead and history section give 31 October 1920.
Britain created the force in October 1920, once it had taken Transjordan over from the Ottomans. It began as a unit called the Mobile Force under Captain Frederick Gerard Peake.
Notes
The body says that in October 1920 Britain formed a unit called the Mobile Force. The infobox gives 22 October 1920, but the only 22 October in the body is 22 October 1923, when the police merged with the Reserve Mobile Force, so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1920.
From October 1920 control of the railways in Mandate Palestine passed from the military railway to a new government-owned company. Its main line ran from El Kantara in Egypt to Haifa.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 at year level; the body gives October 1920 for the transfer of administration.
On 10 October 1920 Sheikh Salem Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait faced Ikhwan forces under Faisal al-Duwaish at Jahra. The Ikhwan overran the village but could not break into the Red Fort, where Salem and several hundred men sheltered, and they withdrew afterwards.
Notes
The English lead says the Ikhwan failed to capture Jahra village, but the detailed account says the village fell to them by 9 AM on 10 October while the ruler and about 600 men held out in the Red Fort. The summary follows the detailed account; the infobox lists a Kuwaiti victory.
Jordan's first organised army, the Mobile Force, is established
War & conflict
The Mobile Force, Jordan's first organised army, was set up on 22 October 1920 with just 150 men under Frederick Peake, a British captain. It became the Arab Legion on its third anniversary, in 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-10 at month level; the infobox and lead give 22 October 1920.
· Gediz, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Battle of the Gediz begins
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 24 October 1920 Turkish nationalist forces, including Çerkes Ethem's irregular horsemen, attacked around Gediz, aiming to cut off and wipe out a Greek division. The Greek 13th Division counterattacked on 31 October and recaptured Gediz.
Notes
The English infobox gives 24 October to 12 November 1920 and Wikidata gives the same; Turkish and Russian Wikipedia infoboxes agree, though the Russian lead says the fighting ran from 26 October. No source names a calendar; Greece still used the Julian calendar, but these are Turkish-side dates, and Turkish civil dates had used Gregorian days and months since 1917.
· Kars, Armenia (present-day Turkey) · Middle East
The Battle of Kars
War & conflict
Kâzım Karabekir led forces loyal to the Grand National Assembly against the Armenian army, and the Turkish army took the fortified city of Kars on 30 October 1920 after a massive assault. About 3,000 Armenian soldiers were captured.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 30 October 1920. Wikidata gives the same day.
The football club began on 4 October 1920 in Tunis's Bab jdid district, with red and white vertical stripes representing Tunisia's national colours. Supporters nickname it El Ghalia, meaning The Beloved.
Roughly 1,500 pogroms took place in more than 1,300 places, mostly in Ukraine, between 1918 and 1920, with between 35,000 and 250,000 deaths. In March 1920 Cossack troops began killing Jewish residents of Tetiyev.
Notes
Infobox gives the span as November 1917 to November 1920 with no end day; the lead says 1918 to 1920. Wikidata gives the end as 1920 (shown as 1920-01-01).
The White quasi-state, set up on 8 January 1919 under Anton Denikin, ended when the Whites lost the Siege of Perekop in November 1920 and Wrangel ordered Crimea evacuated. The Red Army then conquered Crimea.
Notes
Dates conflict: the infobox gives 8 January 1919 to 27 March 1920 (the end of Denikin's command), Wikidata gives 22 November 1920, but the article text puts the end of the state at the fall of Crimea in November 1920 without a day. Only the month is stored.
The Red Army and an anarchist Ukrainian insurgent force, jointly commanded by Mikhail Frunze, attacked the White stronghold in Crimea defended by Pyotr Wrangel's army. The attackers outnumbered the defenders four to one.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 7 to 17 November 1920. Wikidata gives the year 1920 with the same start and end days in separate fields.
The Jewish author, playwright and researcher of Jewish folklore died of a heart attack in Warsaw on 8 November 1920. He wrote The Dybbuk, his best-known play, in 1914.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 8 November 1920. The body says he died in Warsaw, while the infobox says Warsaw or Otwock. Wikidata gives 1920-11-08.
The Federal Council, the upper chamber of Austria's Parliament, was inaugurated on 10 November 1920, succeeding the Constituent National Assembly. It represents the nine states of Austria at national level.
Notes
Infobox and body give 10 November 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-11-10.
Austria's constitution makes the Federal Chancellor head of the executive
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Constitution of Austria came into force on 10 November 1920, making the federal chancellor head of the executive of the First Austrian Republic. The office had an earlier precursor in the Minister-President of Cisleithania.
Notes
The body gives 10 November 1920 for the term as head of the executive. The infobox gives 30 October 1918 as the formation of the office. Wikidata gives 1920-11-10.
The Constituent National Assembly established the presidency in 1920, after the Habsburg monarchy fell apart in 1918. Michael Hainisch was elected first official president on 9 December 1920.
Notes
The infobox gives creation on 10 November 1920. The infobox lists Karl Seitz as the first holder, whereas the body names Michael Hainisch as the first official president, elected on 9 December 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-11-10.
The Faroe Islands hold their 1920 general election
Politics & diplomacy
Voters held a general election on 10 November 1920, and the Løgting split evenly: ten of its twenty seats went to the Union Party and ten to the Self-Government Party. It was a Danish territorial election.
The Unknown Warrior is buried at Westminster Abbey
War & conflict
An unknown British soldier of the First World War was given a state funeral and buried at Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920. The coffin crossed London on a gun carriage drawn by six black horses. The same day a French unknown soldier was brought to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.
Notes
The article's account of the funeral procession also mentions the Cenotaph in Whitehall being unveiled by George V; this entry covers the Abbey burial. The English lead says the French unknown soldier was interred at the Arc de Triomphe at the same time, but French Wikipedia says that soldier entered the Arc on 11 November 1920 and was buried only on 28 January 1921. Infobox gives unveiled 11 November 1920.
Italy and the South Slav kingdom sign the Treaty of Rapallo
Politics & diplomacy
The treaty of 12 November 1920 tried to settle the Adriatic question. Italy received Istria and the former county of Gorizia and Gradisca, plus Zadar and several islands, and the Free State of Fiume was set up around Rijeka.
The Government of South Russia evacuated by sea from the Crimean Peninsula, the White movement's final stronghold on the Southern Front. Under Pyotr Wrangel's command, soldiers and civilians were taken to Constantinople.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 13 to 16 November 1920. Wikidata gives the year 1920, with start 1920-11-13 and end 1920-11-16.
Greece voted on 14 November 1920, which was 1 November in the Old Style calendar, in its first election in nearly five years. Venizelos's Liberal Party won only 118 of 369 seats and he lost his own.
Notes
Old Style date 1 November 1920, which is the date Wikidata gives; the Gregorian date 14 November 1920 is stored. The lead and infobox both give 14 November.
Danzig became a free city-state under League of Nations protection on 15 November 1920, as provided by Article 100 of the Treaty of Versailles. It centred on the Baltic port and nearly 200 small localities around it.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 15 November 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-11-15.
On 21 November 1920 an IRA operation organised by Michael Collins, aimed at a group of undercover British intelligence agents, killed or fatally wounded 15 men. That afternoon police fired into the crowd at a football match at Croke Park, killing or fatally wounding 14 civilians.
Notes
Events ran across central Dublin and Croke Park on the same day; Wikidata gives Croke Park as place.
The Bank in Liechtenstein, forerunner of LGT Group, is founded
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Princely House of Liechtenstein started the bank in 1920, joined by businessmen and bankers of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire who wanted new financial structures after the monarchy collapsed. Banking operations began in May 1921.
Notes
The infobox gives 22 November 1920 as the founding date; the history section says only 1920 and also dates the concession to 30 August 1920 and the start of operations to May 1921. Wikidata gives 1920.
Belarusian irregulars loyal to the Belarusian People's Republic clashed with the Red Army around Slutsk in late 1920, hoping to create an independent Belarus. The Soviet side won.
Notes
Wikidata gives 31 December 1920, the end date of the span the infobox states (27 November to 31 December).
Estonia holds its first election under the 1920 constitution
Politics & diplomacy
Voting ran from 27 to 29 November 1920, with voters choosing 100 deputies for the new Riigikogu from party lists in 10 regions. Seats were then shared out nationally using the d'Hondt formula.
Notes
Lead gives 27 to 29 November 1920; the infobox gives 29 November as the election date. Wikidata gives 1920-11-29.
The Austrian philosopher, known for his ontology and theory of objects, died in Graz on 27 November 1920. He taught at the University of Graz from 1882 until his death.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 27 November 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-11-27.
Voters elect the Constitutional Assembly of the South Slav kingdom
Politics & diplomacy
The election of 28 November 1920 gave no party a majority of the 419 seats. The Democratic Party and the People's Radical Party were largest, with 92 and 91 seats.
The undeclared war between Lithuania and Poland, fought mainly around Vilnius and Suwałki, ended on 29 November 1920. Under League of Nations pressure Poland had signed the Suwałki Agreement on 7 October, and General Lucjan Żeligowski staged a mutiny the next day.
Notes
Lead and infobox give May 1919 to 29 November 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-11-29 for the date but 1920-01-01 for the end, which disagree.
H. P. Lovecraft's The Cats of Ulthar is first published
Art & literature
Lovecraft wrote the weird-fiction story on 15 June 1920, and its first printing appeared in the literary magazine Tryout in November 1920. Lord Dunsany influenced the tale.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give November 1920; the story was written on 15 June 1920 and reprinted in Weird Tales in February 1926.
Cuba voted on 1 November 1920, and Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso won the presidency. The National League alliance became the biggest faction in the House, with 31 of 59 seats.
Notes
Wikidata, the infobox and the lead agree on 1 November 1920.
Republican Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge defeated Democrats James M. Cox and Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was the first election after the First World War ended.
The elections took place alongside Warren G. Harding's presidential win, with voters filling the 32 Class 3 seats. Republicans won ten seats from the Democrats, giving them a Senate majority of 59 to 37.
Notes
Most races were held on 2 November 1920; the infobox shows two elections held on 14 September 1920. Wikidata gives 2 November 1920.
D. H. Lawrence's Women in Love is first published in New York
Art & literature
Thomas Seltzer brought out the first edition on 9 November 1920. The novel is a sequel to Lawrence's 1915 book The Rainbow and follows the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula, and their loves.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year 1920; the infobox gives the year, and the day comes from the publication history.
· Canada, United States, Northwest Africa and Western Europe · North America
A partial solar eclipse crosses North America and Europe
Science
A partial solar eclipse happened on Wednesday, 10 November 1920, at the Moon's ascending node, with a magnitude of 0.742. It was visible from parts of Canada, the US, Northwest Africa and Western Europe.
Notes
The region comes from the visibility areas the lead names.
The silent film The Last of the Mohicans is released
Stage, music & film
Maurice Tourneur and Clarence Brown shared the directing of this American silent adventure drama, adapted by Robert A. Dillon from James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 novel. Wallace Beery, Barbara Bedford, Alan Roscoe and Boris Karloff are among the cast.
Notes
The English and French infoboxes give 21 November 1920, and the Silent Era film list gives a copyright date of 16 November 1920 and release on 21 November 1920. Wikidata gives 28 October 1920, with 21 November 1920 as an alternative; no source opened supports 28 October.
Douglas Fairbanks starred in this American silent swashbuckler, released on 27 November 1920 with Noah Beery. Fairbanks produced it and adapted the screenplay with Eugene Miller from Johnston McCulley's 1919 story.
Notes
Infobox gives 27 November 1920, with no country named. Wikidata gives 1920-11-27 and also holds several later release dates from 1921 and 1922, which are probably for other countries.
The Shinto shrine in Shibuya honours the deified spirits of Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken, and was dedicated in November 1920. The Diet had passed a resolution to commemorate Meiji's role in the Restoration after his death in 1912.
Notes
The infobox and German Wikipedia give 1 November 1920 for the founding or consecration, while the history section of the English article says it was formally dedicated on 3 November 1920, so only the month is safe. Wikidata gives 1920-11-01.
Baku's polytechnic school is replaced by the Baku Polytechnic Institute
ScienceSome details uncertain
In November 1920 the Soviet government decided to close the technical school Baku Polytechnicum and replace it with the Baku Polytechnic Institute.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia give 14 November 1920 for the decision; Russian Wikipedia (a decree of the Azerbaijan SSR Council of People's Commissars) and Wikidata give 16 November 1920, so only the month is stored. The infobox gives the university as established in 1950.
Turkish troops took Alexandropol, today's Gyumri, from the First Republic of Armenia on 7 November 1920, in the closing phase of the Turkish-Armenian War. Turkey came out on top, and the Treaty of Alexandropol followed.
Notes
Calendar not stated in the English source (Turkish national forces involved). Russian Wikipedia also gives 7 November 1920 for the Turkish entry into Alexandropol and says the Armenian command had already agreed to the Turkish demand to give up the city. The date stored is the occupation date.
The war between newly formed Azerbaijan and Armenia over mixed-population territories saw massacres and ethnic cleansing, and hostilities largely stopped once the Soviet 11th Army invaded and took over both countries. Karabakh and Nakhichevan went to Soviet Azerbaijan and most of Zangezur to Soviet Armenia.
Notes
Infobox gives 30 March 1918 to 28 November 1920 and describes the result as inconclusive. Wikidata gives 1920-11-28.
The Soviet 11th Army invaded on 29 November 1920 to install Soviet rule over the First Republic of Armenia, while Kemalist Turkey was invading too. The Armenian government resigned on 2 December and Soviet troops entered Yerevan on 4 December.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 29 November to 4 December 1920. Wikidata gives start 1920-09-24 and end 1920-11-29, which match the Turkish offensive rather than this campaign.
Soviet Armenia came into being through the Sovietisation of the First Republic of Armenia, with Yerevan as its capital. Historians call it the Second Republic of Armenia.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 29 November 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-11-29.
· Kedukan Bukit, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
The Kedukan Bukit inscription is discovered in Sumatra
Art & literature
C.J. Batenburg found the inscription on the banks of the Tatang River in South Sumatra. It is written in Pallava script on a small stone.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 29 November 1920 for the discovery; the infobox names the finder as M. Batenburg and the lead as C.J. Batenburg. Wikidata gives 1920-11-29. The date carved on the stone is given differently by sources (the English article says 1 May 683; Indonesian Wikipedia gives 16 June 682), so it is not stated.
On 29 November 1920 the Kuomintang created an Aviation Department, beginning with Curtiss JN-4 Jenny training aircraft. It became a fully independent service branch on 17 August 1946.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; the English history section gives 29 November 1920 and says the air force marked its 100th birthday on that date in 2020. Chinese Wikipedia dates the origin to an aviation bureau set up by Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou in 1920 but gives no day. The English wording that places the department inside the National Revolutionary Army is not used.
· Mandatory Iraq (British Mandate) (now Iraq) · Middle East
The office of Prime Minister of Iraq is created
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The post was formed on 11 November 1920, with Abd al-Rahman al-Gillani as the first holder. The prime minister heads the government and directs the Council of Ministers.
Notes
Only the infobox gives the formation date; Wikidata gives the same day.
Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness and Fergus McMaster founded the airline on 16 November 1920 under the name Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. Its first aircraft was an Avro 504K.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body agree on November 1920 and the infobox and body on 16 November. Wikidata gives 1920-11-16.
Ants Piip becomes Estonia's first State Elder under the 1920 constitution
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Piip took office in December 1920 as the first State Elder, Estonia's head of state from 1920 to 1937. The office combined some functions of a president with those of a prime minister.
Notes
The English list of State Elders and Wikidata give 20 December 1920 for Ants Piip taking office; Estonian Wikipedia gives 21 December 1920 and says the 1920 constitution came into force that day. Only the month is stored.
Erich Wolfgang Korngold's opera had its premiere on 4 December 1920, staged by both the Hamburg State Opera and the Cologne Opera on the same day. Paul Schott, the libretto's author, was a shared pen name of Korngold and his father Julius.
S. An-sky's The Dybbuk premieres in Yiddish in Warsaw
Stage, music & film
The Vilna Troupe gave the world premiere at Warsaw's Elizeum Theater on 9 December 1920. It ended thirty days of mourning for the playwright, who had died on 8 November.
The unrecognised state of 1919 to 1920 won Finnish backing, and on 18 May 1920 the Red Army marched on Uhtua to reclaim it. Its government ceased on 10 December 1920, when its members helped set up a Karelian united government in Vyborg.
Notes
Dates conflict on the start: the infobox gives 21 June, the history section gives 21 July 1919, and Wikidata gives 21 June 1919. The end on 10 December 1920 matches the infobox, Wikidata and Finnish Wikipedia, which says the government moved to the Finnish side by the end of June 1920 and ceased on that day when its members formed the Karelian united government. The English text says Finland recognised the state in May 1920, but the lead calls it unrecognised and Finnish Wikipedia mentions only Finnish support, so recognition is not asserted.
British forces set parts of Cork ablaze on 11 and 12 December 1920, after an IRA ambush wounded twelve Auxiliaries, one fatally. Auxiliaries, Black and Tans and soldiers burned homes near the ambush and then looted and burned buildings in the city centre.
Notes
Wikidata gives a start of 11 December and an end of 12 December 1920.
The firm was entered in the commercial register on 13 December 1920, starting in the Kessenich district of Bonn. Its name comes from the first letters of Hans Riegel Bonn.
Notes
Infobox and body give 13 December 1920. The body calls the founder Johannes Riegel while the lead and infobox call him Hans Riegel Sr. Wikidata gives the same day.
Spanish voters chose the Congress of Deputies on 19 December 1920 and the Senate on 2 January 1921, under the Constitution of 1876. Eduardo Dato of the Conservative Party was Prime Minister before and after the vote.
Notes
Congress voting was on 19 December 1920 and Senate voting on 2 January 1921; Wikidata gives only 19 December 1920.
A miners' strike began at Husino on 21 December 1920, drawing 7,000 miners from the Tuzla, Breza and Zenica mines who asked for higher wages to offset rapid inflation. When authorities tried to force them back, they resisted with firearms.
Notes
Infobox gives 21 to 28 December 1920 and the body gives the strike's start on 21 December. Wikidata gives 1920-12.
The Government of Ireland Act receives royal assent
Politics & diplomacy
The act received royal assent on 23 December 1920 and was meant to split Ireland into Northern Ireland, with six north-eastern counties, and Southern Ireland, both within the United Kingdom. It came into force on 3 May 1921.
Notes
Infobox gives royal assent 23 December 1920 and commencement 3 May 1921. Wikidata gives only the year 1920 (publication 1920-01-01). Passed by Parliament in November 1920.
The Royal Italian Army attacked Fiume in full force on 24 December 1920, with intense fighting for several hours. A truce held on Christmas Day and fighting resumed on 26 December.
Notes
Infobox gives 24 to 29 December 1920; the history section gives the capitulation on 30 December 1920. Wikidata gives 24 to 29 December.
The Tours Congress splits the French Socialist Party
Politics & diplomacy
The SFIO held its 18th national congress at Tours from 25 to 30 December 1920, and its majority voted to join the Third International. A faction under Léon Blum refused Lenin's conditions and kept the SFIO going.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 December 1920 as the start and 30 December 1920 as the end; the lead agrees.
The party was founded on 30 December 1920 by Leninist members of the socialist party SFIO who supported the Bolsheviks. Ludovic-Oscar Frossard became its first secretary-general, and it joined the Comintern.
Notes
Infobox gives 30 December 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-12.
The decade of armed regional struggles that began on 20 November 1910 is dated to its end on 1 December 1920. The northern Constitutionalists triumphed and wrote Mexico's current Constitution.
Notes
Article and infobox give the end as 1 December 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-05-21.
· Buena Park, California, United States · North America
The Knott family settles in Buena Park, California
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Walter Knott and his family first settled in Buena Park on 15 December 1920, when he and Cordelia leased ten acres of berry farmland. What became the park started as a berry stand beside the road.
Notes
Wikidata gives an opening of 19 June 1920, which does not match the source: the infobox gives 1923 for the berry stand and 1941 for the theme park, and 1920 is the family's arrival and lease.
The republic that existed from May 1918 ended on 2 December 1920 when Kemalist Turkey invaded and the country was partitioned and sovietised. The Russian SFSR then founded the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 2 December 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-12-02.
Armenia and Turkey sign the Treaty of Alexandropol
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Foreign Minister Alexander Khatisyan signed before dawn on 3 December 1920, closing a Turkish invasion that began on 12 September. Armenia had to drop claims to Western Armenia and give over half its territory to Turkey.
Notes
The infobox and lead give the early hours of 3 December 1920; Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia give 2 December 1920. The article does not label the calendar, but Armenia had used the Gregorian calendar since 1918 and Turkish civil dates used Gregorian days, so the difference is not a calendar shift.
It formed as a task force of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, the Sikh religious body, and became a Sikh-centred political party in Punjab. The Akali movement inspired many new Punjabi newspapers in the early 1920s.
Notes
Infobox and body give 14 December 1920. Wikidata gives the same day.
A magnitude 8.3 earthquake struck Haiyuan County on 16 December 1920, destroying the Lijunbu-Haiyuan-Ganyanchi area at maximum Mercalli intensity XII. NOAA records 235,502 deaths.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1920-12-16 12:05 (the Wikipedia local time is 19:05, same date). NOAA gives Mw 8.3 and Ms 8.6, and 235,502 deaths; the Wikipedia lead gives a death toll estimate of 258,707 to 273,407. NOAA also links a tsunami record to this event, which is not used.
The Histadrut labour federation is founded in Haifa
Economy & trade
The federation was set up in Haifa in December 1920 to protect Jewish workers' interests. Ahdut HaAvoda and Hapoel Hatzair had until then failed to create a single workers' organisation.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give December 1920 with no day. Wikidata gives 1920.
The South African author and intellectual, who campaigned against war, died in Wynberg on 11 December 1920. She is best remembered for her 1883 novel The Story of an African Farm.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 11 December 1920. The infobox places her death in Wynberg, whereas Wikidata names Cape Town. Wikidata gives 1920-12-11.
The Somali scholar, poet and military leader who founded the Dervish movement died of influenza at Imi on 21 December 1920. The British had struck Dervish settlements in early 1920 with a combined air and land attack.
Notes
Infobox and body give 21 December 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-12-21.
The United States wins back the Davis Cup in Auckland
Sport
In the 1920 challenge round in Auckland the United States took the cup from the holders, Australasia. Bill Tilden and "Little Bill" Johnston debuted for the US and lost no rubber all tournament.
Notes
The lead gives the final as 30 December 1920 to 1 January 1921. The edition's earlier rounds ran through 1920; Wikidata gives the start as 1920-06-11 and the end as 1921.
Events we can place in 1920 but not in a particular month.
Europe 57
· Europe
Operation Nemesis begins its revenge killings
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ran a program to kill Ottoman perpetrators of the Armenian genocide, along with Azerbaijani officials blamed for massacres of Armenians. Between 1920 and 1922 a clandestine cell carried out seven killings.
Notes
Infobox gives 1920-1922. The campaign's start is given only as 1920; the first listed killing is dated 19 June 1920. Ottoman-era subjects; dates Gregorian. Wikidata gives 1920.
During 1920 the German Workers' Party, founded in 1919, renamed itself the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The new name was meant to appeal to left-wing workers.
Notes
Wikidata dates the start of the ideology to 1920 (year only). English Wikipedia ties 1920 to the party renaming, which is the dated 1920 happening kept here, and gives no day for it.
The science fiction play first appeared in print in Prague in 1920 from the publisher Aventinum. Its title stands for Rossum's Universal Robots.
Notes
The article gives 1920 for the first printing and does not state a day. The world premiere was on 2 January 1921, according to the infobox and lead, although the body gives 25 January 1921 for the National Theatre premiere; both are outside 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
First dinar notes and coins in the South Slav kingdom's name are issued
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The South Slav kingdom's first own dinar notes and coins were issued in 1920; Serbian money had circulated until then. The dinar was divided into 100 para and replaced the Yugoslav krone.
Notes
The lead says the dinar was introduced in 1920 in the new kingdom, while the body says it was Serbia's currency until 1918, then became the kingdom's currency alongside the krone, with the first issues in the kingdom's name in 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
Finland competes at the Olympics as a sovereign country
SportSome details uncertain
At Antwerp in 1920 Finland appeared for the first time as a sovereign country under its own flag. It had competed in 1908 and 1912 as an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire.
Notes
The English article gives no date within 1920 for Finland's appearance at the Games. Wikidata gives 1920.
The modern state of Thuringia was set up in 1920 under the Weimar Republic by merging the Ernestine duchies, apart from Saxe-Coburg. Its Landtag first met in Weimar the same year.
Ernst Jünger's Storm of Steel is privately printed
Art & literature
The German officer's memoir of Western Front service from December 1914 to August 1918 was first printed privately in 1920. Jünger revised it heavily, with up to eight versions between 1920 and 1961.
New Zealand competes independently at the Olympics
SportSome details uncertain
In 1920 New Zealand competed on its own for the first time, after being part of a combined Australasia team in 1908 and 1912. Its team of four included Violet Walrond, the first New Zealand woman at the Games.
Notes
The English article gives no date within 1920 for New Zealand's appearance at the Games. Wikidata gives 1920.
India sent five athletes in two sports to the 1920 Games, only its second appearance after a lone athlete in 1900. Purma Bannerjee carried the flag at the opening ceremony.
Notes
Day not given for the team's participation; affiliation granted February 1920 per the source. Wikidata gives 1920.
Ossetians in what is now South Ossetia rose several times against Menshevik-led Georgia between 1918 and 1920. Georgia put down the larger 1920 uprising, backed by a Bolshevik committee, during the spring and summer.
Notes
Infobox gives 1918-1920; the English article places the crushing of the final revolt in spring and summer 1920. Wikidata gives 1920.
Ebenezer Howard founded England's second garden city in Hertfordshire, following his earlier experiment at Letchworth. The company set up to buy the land took the name Welwyn Garden City Limited on 29 April 1920.
Notes
The lead and body give 1920 as the founding year; the dates inside the history section are steps along the way. Wikidata gives 1920.
Men's ice hockey was added to the 1920 Summer Games, with organisers deciding in January to include it. The Winnipeg Falcons, representing Canada, were the first Olympic champions.
Notes
The article gives the year, with no day for the tournament. Wikidata gives 1920. The rules section of the article says the 1920 games were played outdoors on natural ice, but the article on the 1920 tournament says all matches were held at the Palais de Glace d'Anvers, so the venue conditions are left out.
Opponents of Germany's war involvement formed the USPD in 1917 after leaving the SPD. A little over half of its membership joined the Communist Party in 1920, and most of the rest rejoined the SPD two years later.
Notes
The article gives the year only for the move of the majority into the KPD. The infobox gives 24 September 1922 for the dissolution of the party's majority, and 6 April 1917 for its founding. Wikidata gives 1920.
Finland built the defensive line on the Karelian Isthmus against the Soviet Union in two phases, 1920 to 1924 and 1932 to 1939. The first phase produced about a hundred small bunkers.
Notes
The lead and body give 1920 to 1924 for the first phase, when about a hundred small bunkers went up. The line was sited in October 1919 and a section heading, like French Wikipedia, runs 1919 to 1924, so no single day is available. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Rostov-on-Don, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Dmitri Ivanovsky dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The Russian botanist, one of the discoverers of viruses in 1892, died in Rostov-on-Don in 1920. He is counted among the founders of virology.
Notes
The English infobox and lead give 20 June 1920, as does Wikidata. Russian, French and German Wikipedia give 20 April 1920. Soviet Russia used the Gregorian calendar, so the gap is not a calendar shift; the month is disputed and only the year is stored.
The Treaty of Versailles barred the Weimar Republic from having an intelligence organisation, but an espionage group called the Abwehr was nonetheless formed in 1920 inside the Ministry of Defence. It served the Reichswehr and later the Wehrmacht until 1944.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1920.
J. R. R. Tolkien begins writing letters from Father Christmas
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
In 1920 Tolkien began a yearly Christmas letter to his children, written as if from Father Christmas, when his eldest son was three. The letters, which he also illustrated, ran until 1943.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920. The English article does not say which month of 1920 the first letter was written, and it ties the letters to Christmas. The book itself dates from 1976.
The International Ice Hockey Federation counts the 1920 Olympic tournament in Antwerp as the first world championship. The Olympic tournament doubled as the world championship up to 1968.
Notes
The article gives the year only. It describes the 1920 Olympic tournament; the Olympic ice hockey row from another page covers the same tournament. Wikidata gives 1920. The rules passage of this article says the 1920 games were outdoors on natural ice, but the article on the 1920 tournament says all matches were held at the Palais de Glace d'Anvers, so the venue conditions are left out.
The Welsh Church Act 1914 took effect as disestablishment in 1920, ending the Welsh church's place in the Church of England under the Archbishop of Canterbury. An Archbishop of Wales then led it as metropolitan and primate.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 1920 only, with no month or day. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Novorossiysk, White-held South Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Vladimir Purishkevich dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The Russian right-wing politician, who helped lead the Black Hundreds in 1905, died of typhus in Novorossiysk in early 1920, shortly before the White army evacuated.
Notes
The English infobox and lead give 1 February 1920, as do French and Ukrainian Wikipedia and Wikidata. Russian Wikipedia gives 11 January 1920 Old Style, which is 24 January New Style, and German Wikipedia gives 11 January, adding that other sources say 1 February. He died in White-held Novorossiysk, where the old calendar was still in use, so the readings cannot be reconciled and only the year is stored.
The Legion was a volunteer force of mostly Czechs and Slovaks fighting for the Entente to win Allied support for independence from Austria-Hungary. On 7 February 1920 at Kutin it agreed an armistice with the Fifth Red Army.
Notes
Infobox gives only the year 1920 for the disbanding. The lead says its fighting in Russia lasted until November 1919. Wikidata gives 1920-09-02, which the article does not support.
The original spritz veneziano was created in Venice in 1920, made with Prosecco, soda water and the bitter aperitif Select. Popular variants swap in Aperol, Campari or Cynar for the Select.
Notes
The body says Select was born in Venice in 1920 and that spritz was mixed with local bitters in Venice or Padua through the 1920s and 1930s; day not given.
The cemetery in Gamla Enskede, south of central Stockholm, was opened in 1920. Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz designed it, in a style marking the move from Nordic Classicism to mature functionalism.
Notes
Lead gives 1920 with no month or day. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Petsamo, Soviet Russia (now Pechenga, Russia) · Europe
The second Petsamo expedition fails
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Finnish civilian volunteers made two expeditions to take Petsamo from Bolshevik Russia, in May 1918 and April 1920, and both failed. General Kurt Martti Wallenius commanded the 1920 attempt, which met a Bolshevik naval landing on 22 March.
Notes
Wikidata gives April 1920. The infobox gives the second expedition as 20 December 1919 to 1 July 1920, and the lead says April 1920, so only the year is stored.
The club from Sassuolo in Emilia-Romagna began in 1920 as Sassuolo FC and spent most of its early history in the amateur divisions of the Emilia region. It reached Serie D for the first time in 1968.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1920.
Swansea gained a university college in 1920, the fourth within the University of Wales. King George V laid its foundation stone in July, and it opened on 5 October 1920 with Franklin Sibly as first principal.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920. The college received its royal charter in 1920.
Construction of the Shukhov Radio Tower begins in Moscow
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Vladimir Shukhov designed the free-standing steel diagrid broadcasting tower, built in Moscow from 1920 to 1922, while the Russian Civil War raged. Lenin had signed a decree on 30 July 1919 demanding an extremely urgent radio station.
Notes
Infobox gives groundbreaking 1920 and completion 1922. Wikidata gives 1920.
The stadium was built as the main arena of the 1920 Summer Olympics and hosted athletics, field hockey, football, gymnastics, rugby union and tug of war. After the Games it was converted into a football stadium.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 (with a 1 January 1920 value); the infobox gives only the year.
The 1920 Nazi platform invokes "Positive Christianity"
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Point 24 of the 1920 platform said the Party stood for Positive Christianity without tying itself to any single denomination. The phrase let the Nazis suggest they were not anti-Christian, though they had been hostile to the established churches.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920; the article names only the year of the platform, not a day. The movement as such developed under the Nazi regime, so the 1920 happening is the platform's use of the term.
A free university of politics and economics is founded in Sofia
ScienceSome details uncertain
The institution began in 1920 as FUPES, a free university for political and economic sciences. Its founders were Stefan Bobchev and Peter Bogaevsky, an émigré from Russia, and it is now the University of National and World Economy.
Notes
Wikidata gives 21 May 1920; the history text supports only the year. The lead names five graduates who became prime ministers while the alumni section says six, so no count is given.
· Connemara, County Galway, United Kingdom (now Ireland) · Europe
Benedictine nuns found Kylemore Abbey
Religion & philosophy
Benedictine nuns forced out of Ypres during the First World War bought Kylemore Castle and its lands in Connemara in 1920 and founded the abbey there. They had stayed in England until coming to Ireland.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; no month or day is stated.
The Third Division was founded in 1920 as a third tier of English league football, mostly from clubs that had played in the upper tier of the 1919-20 Southern League. It expanded the Football League into the south of England.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; the lead says it was a third tier in 1920-21. No exact start date is given.
The Russian state school of art and technology was founded in 1920 by a decree of Vladimir Lenin, replacing the Moscow Svomas. It joined the Stroganov School of Applied Arts with a school for painting, sculpture and architecture.
Notes
The article gives no month or day for the founding; a later section dates it about three months before 25 February 1921. Wikidata gives 1920.
The small principality, whose princes ruled until the German monarchies collapsed in 1918, was merged in 1920 with neighbouring minor states into the newly created state of Thuringia.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1920.
Kafka wrote the story "Ein Landarzt" in 1917, and it first appeared in 1918 in an anthology from publisher Kurt Wolff. Early in 1920 it appeared again as the title piece of his second story collection.
Notes
Dates conflict: the infobox gives publication in 1919, the lead says the story first appeared in 1918 and that the collection followed in early 1920. The collection in early 1920 is the dated happening used here. Wikidata gives 1920. No place of publication is stated, so none is given.
Hawker Aircraft began in 1920 as H.G. Hawker Engineering, a British aircraft manufacturer at Kingston upon Thames and successor to the Sopwith Aviation & Engineering Company. Harry Hawker, Thomas Sopwith and Sydney Camm were key figures.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; no month or day is stated for the founding.
In early April 1920 Anton Denikin handed all his authority to Pyotr Wrangel, who folded all remaining units into what was called the Russian Army. The Volunteer Army had been evacuated from Novorossiysk to Crimea on 26 or 27 March.
Notes
The English infobox gives April 1920 for the end of the Armed Forces of South Russia. Russian Wikipedia ends them on 11 May 1920, when they were re-formed as Wrangel's Russian Army, and Wikidata gives 11 May 1920. White-held South Russia still used the old calendar, where 11 May is 28 April, so the month depends on the calendar and only the year is stored.
The Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is officially disbanded
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Hermann Ehrhardt raised the Freikorps force from former Imperial Navy men on 17 February 1919. Facing orders to disband in March 1920, it became a main backer of the Kapp Putsch and occupied Berlin's government quarter, and it was disbanded later in 1920.
Notes
The disbandment is dated differently: the English text says effective 31 May 1920 (infobox and lead say May 1920), Wikidata gives 31 March 1920, German Wikipedia gives 20 April 1920, and French Wikipedia gives 20 March 1920. Only the year is stored. Number of troops in the Berlin occupation varies in the source, so no figure is used.
Service Civil International holds its first workcamp
Everyday life
The Swiss pacifist Pierre Cérésole founded the organisation after the First World War, and with the English Quaker Hubert Parris he ran the first workcamp in Esnes-en-Argonne, a village damaged at Verdun. Volunteers started there in November 1920.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920 only. The first workcamp began in November 1920.
The early British aircraft maker Airco, founded in 1912, was sold to the Birmingham Small Arms Company in 1920 and liquidated later that year. The merger with BSA was announced on 1 March 1920.
Notes
Only the year is stored because the dates vary: the infobox says BSA became parent from February 1920, the body says the amalgamation was announced on 1 March 1920, and the liquidation date is not given. Wikidata gives 1920.
Italy holds its first men's basketball championship
SportSome details uncertain
The Royal Italian National Gymnastics Federation organised the first championship in 1920, and the men's club league has run in Italy since. Serie A is now Italy's top tier.
Notes
The infobox gives the first season as 1920-21, while the history section and Italian Wikipedia say the first men's championship was held in 1920 under the Royal Italian National Gymnastics Federation; the first championship run by the Italian Basketball Federation came in 1922. Wikidata gives 1920.
The self-proclaimed anti-Bolshevik republic on the lands of the Don Cossacks, with its capital at Novocherkassk, existed from 1918 to 1920. In its later years, 1919 to 1920, it was known as the Almighty Don Host.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives the end only as the year 1920 (infobox end year and lead). Wikidata gives 1920.
The Royal Hungarian University gains a Faculty of Economics
Science
In 1920 the university created a Faculty of Economics, the immediate forerunner of Corvinus University of Budapest. Corvinus focuses on business, economics and the social sciences.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920 for the university's establishment; the history section ties 1920 to the forerunner faculty.
The first contest in 1920 went by the title La plus belle femme de France. It was held for one more year and then dropped until 1927, when it was renamed Miss France.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920; the source supports the year only.
The firm was founded in Dresden in 1920, and its name refers to Friedrich Theodor Gottschalk's 1906 patent for a bicycle freewheel. Rotax is now a brand of engines built by an Austrian company owned by Canada's Bombardier Recreational Products.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; no month or day is stated. The place stored is Dresden, where the company began, not the present Austrian headquarters.
A grave from the Roman Iron Age turned up in 1920 when a drain was dug at Hoby, on Denmark's island of Lolland, and archaeologists from the National Museum then excavated it.
The Athens School of Commercial Studies is founded
Everyday life
The Athens University of Economics and Business was founded in 1920 under the name Athens School of Commercial Studies. It is a public university focused on economics, business administration and information technology.
Notes
Wikidata gives 18 June 1920, but the article supports only the year 1920.
The state plants that became Kemira are founded in Finland
Economy & trade
Kemira traces its beginnings to state-owned plants making sulphuric acid and superphosphate, set up in 1920. The chemical industry group is based in Helsinki.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; no month or day is stated.
· Novocherkassk, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
The Don Army is dissolved
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Don Army was the armed force of the brief Don Republic within the White movement, centred in Novocherkassk and operating from 1918 to 1920. After the evacuation to Crimea in April 1920, Wrangel formed a Don corps from its remnants.
Notes
The English infobox and Wikidata give 24 March 1920 as the end of the Don Army; Russian Wikipedia gives 14 March 1920. The English text has Sidorin's command ending on 14 March 1920 and Wrangel organising the Don corps in April 1920. White-held South Russia still used the old calendar, under which 24 March would be 6 April New Style, so only the year is stored.
Lenin's pamphlet on "Left-Wing" Communism as an infantile disorder appears
Art & literature
Lenin wrote the pamphlet in 1920 to attack Bolshevik critics who held positions further to the left. Editions in Russian, German, English and French appeared later that year.
Notes
Wikidata gives June 1920; the article supports only the year 1920. The English edition was published in London by the Communist International's Executive Committee.
Vadvetjåkka National Park is established in Swedish Lapland
Everyday life
The park in the municipality of Kiruna, in Sweden's northern Norrbotten County, was established in 1920. It is governed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 March 1920, but the article supports only the year 1920.
Czechoslovakia's two-chamber National Assembly begins
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The National Assembly served as Czechoslovakia's parliament from 1920 to 1939, with a 300-member Chamber of Deputies and a 150-member Senate. It worked under the Constitution of 1920.
Notes
Wikidata gives 26 May 1920; the article supports the year 1920 only.
Fear of Bolshevism and anarchism had peaked in 1919-1920, bringing the Palmer Raids with illegal searches, wrongful arrests and the expulsion of hundreds of suspected radicals. Public opinion and the courts then turned against Attorney General Palmer.
Notes
Infobox gives the duration as 21 January 1919 to 1 April 1920 (Wikidata 1920-04-01), while the lead places the end after May Day 1920 passed quietly; year used because the two readings fall in different months. The English article names Hoover as the one who warned of a May Day uprising, while German Wikipedia says Palmer made the prediction.
The Lincoln statue is assembled in the Lincoln Memorial
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Marble blocks carved by the Piccirilli Brothers were assembled into Daniel Chester French's colossal seated Abraham Lincoln inside the memorial in 1920, and French gave it finishing strokes. The statue was unveiled in 1922.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920 as the artwork's year; the article says the statue was installed in 1920 and unveiled in 1922. No month or day is given for the installation.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
AMC Theatres is founded in Kansas City
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The movie theatre chain now known as AMC was founded in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1920 as Dubinsky Bros. It expanded fast across Missouri and then into Kansas.
Notes
The lead gives 20 December 1920 but calls it a Thursday; that date fell on a Monday, so the day and month cannot be relied on. The infobox, categories and Wikidata give only 1920, so only the year is stored. Founders also differ: the infobox names Edward Durwood, Maurice and Barney Dubinsky, while the history section lists five Dubinsky brothers.
· Buffalo, New York, United States · North America
Ehrhardt Koch founds the New Era Cap Company
Economy & trade
Ehrhardt Koch started his own cap business in Buffalo, New York, in 1920 with money borrowed from his aunt. Buffalo is still the company's headquarters.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; no month or day is stated.
Katherine Dreier, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp founded the art organisation in 1920 to back talks, concerts, publications and shows devoted to modern art. In 1941 Dreier donated the collection to Yale's art gallery.
Notes
Only the year 1920 is stated. A cut-off sentence in the lead mentions a 30th anniversary on 30 April 1950, which hints at 30 April 1920 but is not confirmed. Wikidata gives 1920.
The NHL approved a Quebec Athletic Club franchise on 2 December 1919 but reclaimed it before the 1920-21 season, and new buyers relocated the team to Hamilton, Ontario, as the Tigers.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920; the lead says the move happened in 1920, and the history section places it before the 1920-21 season. No exact day is given.
· Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States · North America
Hamilton Airport opens in Milwaukee
Everyday life
A local business owner and aviator set up the original airfield in 1920 under the name Hamilton Airport. It later grew into Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920; no month or day is stated. English Wikipedia names the founder as Thomas F. Hamilton.
Rio's Catholic Circle proposes a monumental statue on Corcovado
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In 1920 Rio's Catholic Circle put forward a further plan for a monumental figure on Corcovado. The statue was built between 1922 and 1931 by Heitor da Silva Costa, to a design by Paul Landowski.
Notes
The article dates construction to 1922-1931 and dedication to 12 October 1931; the 1920 happening here is the Catholic Circle's second proposal. Wikidata gives 1920.
· Siberia, Allied-occupied Russia (now Russia) · Asia
The Allied intervention in Siberia winds down
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Entente troops had gone to Russia's Maritime Provinces to back the Whites and the Czechoslovak Legion against the Soviets. After Admiral Kolchak was executed on 7 February 1920, the Americans and other remaining Allies withdrew from Vladivostok.
Notes
Infobox gives August 1918 to July 1920, with the Japanese withdrawal in October 1922. German Wikipedia has the Americans and their allies leaving Vladivostok in June 1920. Wikidata gives 1920-07.
Voters elected members of the imperial council and of the provincial councils in 1920. The new Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi had 104 elected seats.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 1920 only. Wikidata gives 1920-06-10, which the article does not support.
An Act of 1920 turned the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875, into a university. The college served as the nucleus of the new institution.
Notes
The article gives the year only, with no day for the Act. Wikidata gives 1920.
The White anti-Bolshevik state proclaimed at Ufa on 23 September 1918 became a military dictatorship under Admiral Kolchak after a coup on 18 November 1918. On 4 January 1920 Kolchak signed a last decree handing his powers to Anton Denikin.
Notes
The English infobox gives 7 February 1920 for the fall of the state, the English text ends the Omsk government on 4 January 1920 when Kolchak signed a last decree handing his powers to Denikin, and Russian Wikipedia's infobox and Wikidata give 4 April 1920. Only the year is stored.
The Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra is formed in Baku
Stage, music & film
Composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov asked for the orchestra to be created in 1920, and it was later named after him. It was among the earliest orchestras of the Soviet Union.
Baku's Mailov Theatre becomes the state Opera and Ballet Theatre
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
In 1920 the theatre, designed in 1911 by the Armenian architect Nikolai Bayev for the magnate Daniel Mailov, became a state theatre. It stands on Nizami Street and hosts both an opera company and a ballet company.
Notes
Wikidata treats this as a founding in 1920; the source shows 1920 as the change to a state theatre, while the infobox gives the opening as 28 February 1911.
The commercial school received university status in 1920 and took the name Tokyo University of Commerce, the forerunner of Hitotsubashi University. It moved to Kunitachi and Kodaira in 1927.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920-04, but the article supports only the year 1920. The infobox also lists origins in 1875. Category set to science_discovery to match the other university rows.
The party became Moscow's local branch and the only ruling party in the Armenian SSR. It took shape in 1920, as Soviet rule was set up, when a revolutionary committee entered Armenia with the 11th Red Army on 29 November.
Notes
The infoboxes of English, Spanish and Dutch Wikipedia give 31 December 1920, Wikidata gives 30 June 1920 (the day the Russian Communist Party authorised the Armenian party), and the English text says only that the party was founded in 1920 and notes a heated controversy in Soviet Armenia over the founding date. Only the year is stored. Place: the party's headquarters was Yerevan (English infobox), but no source opened says where it was founded, and the state depends on the disputed date: on 30 June 1920 Yerevan was in the Republic of Armenia, after December 1920 in the Armenian SSR. Russian Wikipedia says the party was formed in January 1920 as the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Armenia.
The federation was founded in 1920, the year Azerbaijan became a Soviet republic. It was reorganised in 1992 after independence, when Azerbaijan joined FIDE.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920 (infobox: 1920, reorganised 1992); no month or day is stated.
Gandhi launches the non-cooperation movement against British rule
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In 1920 Gandhi began a campaign urging Indians to stop cooperating with the British government, to press Britain toward granting self-governance. Its methods included refusing British goods, spinning khadi and picketing liquor shops.
Notes
The English article's lead gives 4 September 1920, but its body says Congress adopted Gandhi's plans in September 1920 and launched them that December; French Wikipedia gives 1 August 1920 and German Wikipedia says autumn 1920. Only the year is used. Wikidata gives 1920-09.
The Society for the Rise of Kurdistan created the red, white and green flag, with a yellow sun at its centre, in 1920. The Republic of Ararat and the Republic of Mahabad later adopted it.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1920.
The war broke out after the First World War, driven by Ibn Saud of Najd's wish to annex Kuwait, and hundreds of Kuwaitis died. Sporadic border clashes took place through 1919 and 1920.
Notes
Article gives 1919 to 1920 with no day or month for the end. Wikidata gives the end as 1920 (shown as 1920-01-01).
· Amarna, Sultanate of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
The Standing Figure of Nefertiti is found at Amarna
Art & literature
Excavators of the German Oriental Society found the limestone figure in several pieces in 1920, in the workshop of Thutmose (house P47.2). It dates to about 1350 BC and shows the queen in sandals and a transparent robe.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920; no month or day is stated.
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
Atatürk founds the newspaper Hakimiyet-i Milliye
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Atatürk founded the paper in Ankara in 1920 as the main newspaper of the Turkish nationalist movement in the War of Independence. Ahmet Ağaoğlu was its first editor.
Notes
Lead gives 1920 only. Wikidata gives 1920-01-20, which the article does not support. Place: the article puts the paper's headquarters in Ankara, the centre of the nationalist movement; the Government of the Grand National Assembly dates from 23 April 1920 and the day of founding within 1920 is not known, so an earlier 1920 date would fall before it, though the nationalists already held Ankara.
The federation that governs football in Iran was founded in 1920.
Notes
The founding year of 1920 agrees across English, German and Persian Wikipedia and Wikidata; Iran's own calendar is the solar Hijri one, but no source gives a date within the year. FIFA membership is 1948 in the English and Persian text but 1945 in German Wikipedia; Asian Football Confederation membership is 1958 in the English lead but 1954 in the English history section.
· Cairo, Sultanate of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
Albert Mosseri founds the magazine Israël in Cairo
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Mosseri's weekly Zionist magazine launched in 1920 with Arabic, French and Hebrew editions from the start. It reached readers in places such as Palestine, Damascus, Beirut and Paris.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Wikidata gives 26 March 1920, while the English infobox gives a first date of 2 April 1920 and the English history text gives 2 April 1920 for the start of the three editions; the Hebrew and Arabic articles give only the year. The dates differ by source, so only the year is given. Only the French edition lasted until 1939 (Hebrew to 1923, Arabic to 1933), so no end year is stated.
The war between the Dervish State and the colonial powers began around 1899 or 1900, with a lull after a 1905 treaty, and ended in 1920. British operations opened on 21 January 1920 with a bomber attacking the Mullah's camp, Taleh was bombed and then taken in February, and the Mullah's death late that year effectively ended the revolt.
Notes
Infobox gives 1899-1920 and the short description 1900-1920. The Ilig treaty of March 1905 brought a lull; the article's section on the final phase is headed 1913-1920. Taleh was bombed on 2-3 February and fell after the ground assault of 9 February 1920, but the article says the Mullah's death in December 1920 (21 December, precise date unclear) effectively ended the revolt, so the end is stored at year precision rather than February. No outside check available. Wikidata gives 1920.
· near Grootfontein, South West Africa (now Namibia) · Africa
The Hoba meteorite is found in South West Africa, now Namibia
ScienceSome details uncertain
Landowner Jacobus Hermanus Brits came upon the object while ploughing a field with an ox in 1920. Estimates of its main mass vary, reaching more than 60 tonnes.
Notes
Infobox gives found date 1920; the day or month within 1920 is not given. Wikidata gives 1920. The English article puts the main mass above 60 tonnes, while German Wikipedia gives 50 to 60 tonnes.
The rupee was used across Britain's East African colonies and protectorates from 1906 to 1920. In 1920 it was revalued at 1 rupee to 2 shillings sterling, and the East African florin replaced it at par.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1920.
British colonies and protectorates in East Africa used the florin as money in 1920 and 1921, divided into 100 cents. It took over from the East African rupee at an equal value and was worth two shillings sterling.
Notes
The source gives the currency's years as 1920 to 1921 without a month or day; Wikidata gives 1920 as the start.
The North African Championship football competition begins
SportSome details uncertain
From 1920 to 1956 the champions of the regional North African leagues met each season in the competition, also called the ULNA Champions League. Earlier unofficial editions run by a union of French athletic societies had been played from 1912.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 (founding) and an end of 1956. The infobox says founded 1920, and the lead says organised since 1920; no month or day is given.
· Cape Spartel, Tangier region of the Moroccan protectorates (now Morocco) · Africa
The Caves of Hercules open to the public
Everyday life
The archaeological cave complex at Cape Spartel in Morocco was officially opened to the public in 1920. The caves are cut in limestone and have two entrances.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 1920 as the year the show cave opened; no month or day is stated.
· Léopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo) · Africa
HIV-1 group M is estimated to have begun in Kinshasa around 1920
Medicine & epidemicsSome details uncertain
One reconstruction of HIV's genetic history suggests the HIV-1 group M strain, behind most of the worldwide epidemic, may have begun in Kinshasa about 1920.
Notes
The date is an approximate estimate from one genetic reconstruction, not an event with a recorded day. Wikidata gives 1920-12.
Colin MacKenzie founds the Institute of Anatomical Research at Healesville
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1920 Colin MacKenzie founded the institute at Healesville, Victoria, and a weatherboard cottage was built there for him. The land had earlier been part of the Aboriginal reserve called Coranderrk.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1920 for the sanctuary, but the sanctuary itself opened on 30 May 1934; the 1920 happening is the institute and the cottage. No month or day is given for 1920.
Germany held Samoa as a protectorate from 1900 to 1920, a territory of four islands: Upolu, Savaiʻi, Apolima and Manono. New Zealand occupied it and then governed it under a League of Nations mandate.
Notes
The infobox lists 10 January 1920 (Treaty of Versailles) and an end date of 17 December for the League mandate; the sources do not settle which day marks the end, so the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1920.
In 1920 Ernest Rutherford gave the hydrogen nucleus the name proton, from the Greek for "first". He had concluded that hydrogen nuclei are a building block of the nitrogen nucleus.
Notes
Infobox says the particle was identified in other nuclei and named by Rutherford over 1917-1920; the naming itself is dated to 1920 at year level only. Wikidata gives 1920.
Between 1920 and 1922 the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach introduced and systematically studied the spaces now named after him, together with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly. In a Banach space vectors have a length, and every Cauchy sequence settles on a limit within the space.
Notes
The article gives a span of years, 1920 to 1922, not a single date, so the year is the start of that span. Wikidata gives 1920.
Most German colonies slipped from Germany's control as the First World War began, and the Treaty of Versailles formally confiscated them after the German defeat. Each colony then became a League of Nations mandate under an Allied administrator.
Notes
The infobox gives 1884 to 1920 as the empire's lifespan, while it lists the Treaty of Versailles under 1919 among its events. No single day is stated for the formal end. Wikidata gives 1920.
Niels Bohr introduced the phrase in a 1920 lecture to show how quantised classical orbits relate to quantum radiation. The idea is that quantum theory must agree with classical physics at very large quantum numbers.
Notes
Lecture date within 1920 not given. Wikidata gives 1920.
In 1920 E. H. Moore described the pseudoinverse of a matrix, which gives a best-fit least-squares solution to equations with no exact solution. Arne Bjerhammar and Roger Penrose described it independently in 1951 and 1955.
Notes
The article gives the year only. Wikidata gives 1920.
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