In September 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould growing by chance on one of his bacterial cultures seemed to be killing the bacteria around it: the first glimpse of penicillin. In November a cartoon mouse, first meant to be called Mortimer, made his public debut in Steamboat Willie. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed in Paris in August, had nations renounce war; it did not stop the next one, but it later underpinned the Nuremberg trials. In China the Northern Expedition ended with the country reunified under Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang, while the Soviet Union began forcing its farms into collectives. In Egypt, a schoolteacher, Hassan al-Banna, founded the Muslim Brotherhood. British women over 21 won the vote whatever property they owned, and at the Amsterdam Olympics women competed in athletics for the first time. The polar explorer Roald Amundsen vanished on an Arctic rescue flight, and a hurricane sent Lake Okeechobee over its banks in what is still Florida's deadliest disaster.
This page lists all 471 events in our records for 1928: 308 dated to the day, 86 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1928
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
SportWidely known
The 1928 Summer Olympics open in Amsterdam
· Amsterdam, Netherlands · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Prince Hendrik opened the Games of the IX Olympiad in Amsterdam on 28 July, and they ran to 12 August. The United States won the most gold medals and the most medals overall.
Why it is interesting. The Queen at first refused to attend the opening or closing ceremonies, perhaps because she thought the Games pagan.
Notes and dating details
Body says competitions began on 17 May 1928 and were spread over four months, ending 12 August 1928; the opening ceremony date used is the infobox and lead date of 28 July.
States agreed to renounce war as a means of settling disputes among them. US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and France's foreign minister Aristide Briand were its authors, and it was first signed at the French Foreign Ministry.
Why it is interesting. Although it failed to stop the Second World War, the pact later underpinned the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials of wartime leaders.
Notes and dating details
The pact took effect on 24 July 1929; 27 August 1928 is the signing date.
The II Olympic Winter Games ran from 11 to 19 February in St. Moritz, Switzerland. They were the first Winter Olympics staged on their own rather than alongside a Summer Games, and they replaced the Nordic Games.
Why it is interesting. A blizzard hit the opening ceremony, then warm weather plagued the competitions and the 10,000 metre speed skate was cancelled.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives month precision (1928-02); infobox and lead give 11 to 19 February.
The Northern Expedition ends as Manchuria accepts Nanjing's authority
· China · Asia
Some details uncertain.
Zhang Xueliang announced that Manchuria would accept the Nanjing government's authority, completing Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang campaign to reunify China. The campaign, begun in 1926, opened the Nanjing decade.
Why it is interesting. Zhang Zuolin, forced to flee the advancing nationalists, was assassinated by the Japanese soon afterwards.
Notes and dating details
The infobox gives the campaign as 9 July 1926 to 29 December 1928, and the lead says Manchuria's acceptance was announced in December 1928. Wikidata gives 29 December 1928 as the point in time, and 1928 (year only) as the end year.
The Soviet Union begins collectivizing its farming
· Soviet Union · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Collectivization merged individual landholdings into state-controlled collective farms and state farms, running from 1928 to 1940 under the first five-year plan. Grain requisitioning returned in 1928 and was resisted in the countryside.
Why it is interesting. Planners saw collectivization as the answer to a grain delivery crisis that had grown since 1927, but it brought famine and armed peasant resistance.
Notes and dating details
Lead places the start in 1928; the nationwide accelerated drive was decided in November 1929, so exact start varies by reading. Year precision stored.
Republican Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis beat Democrats Al Smith and Joseph T. Robinson in a landslide. Smith, a Roman Catholic, faced anti-Catholic sentiment, opposition to Prohibition and his ties to Tammany Hall.
Why it is interesting. Charles Curtis became the first Native American vice president, and Hoover was the first president whose birthplace lay west of the Mississippi River.
The two men co-created the cartoon mouse to replace Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier Disney character. Disney first meant to call him Mortimer, until his wife Lillian suggested Mickey, and Disney supplied the original falsetto voice.
Why it is interesting. Mickey's first two cartoons found no distributor, so Steamboat Willie became his public debut.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 18 November 1928. A dispute in the 1928 meeting with producer Charles Mintz over Oswald preceded the character's creation.
The airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin makes its first flight
· Friedrichshafen, Germany · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Built at Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance, the airship was christened on 8 July and first flew on 18 September. In October it flew to the United States for the first time, reaching Lakehurst in New Jersey.
Why it is interesting. The Graf Zeppelin, a German passenger airship, made its first flight in September 1928 and soon crossed the Atlantic.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives only 1928. The 18 September 1928 first flight comes from the infobox alone, so confidence is medium; the first flight is used as the date of creation. The christening was on 8 July 1928 and the infobox gives 11 October 1928 as its introduction.
The kroon replaced the mark as Estonia's legal currency, after serving as a unit of account since 1924. It stayed in use until the Soviet invasion of 1940 and was brought back in 1992.
Why it is interesting. Until new banknotes were ready, old 100-mark notes overprinted with the words ÜKS KROON (one kroon) served as stopgap money.
Notes and dating details
English Wikipedia says the kroon became the currency on 1 September 1928. Estonian Wikipedia, citing the Bank of Estonia, says the new money law made it legal tender on 1 January 1928 and that the first new-design 10-kroon note entered circulation on 1 September 1928, which likely explains the English date. French Wikipedia and Wikidata also give 1 January 1928. The infobox date of 20 June 1992 belongs to the reintroduced second kroon.
Roald Amundsen disappears on an Arctic rescue flight
· Barents Sea · The poles
The Norwegian polar explorer vanished in June during a flight to rescue the crew of an airship. The Norwegian government called off the search in September, and his remains have not been found.
Why it is interesting. The man who led the first party to the South Pole vanished on a rescue flight, and his body was never found.
Notes and dating details
Source says he disappeared; no date or cause of death is established. Infobox gives the Barents Sea as place of disappearance, Wikidata gives Arctic Ocean.
Hassan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailia
· Ismailia, Egypt · Middle East
The schoolteacher and imam Hassan al-Banna set up the group in Ismailia with workers of the Suez Canal Company. It began as a religious and social movement that preached, taught literacy and opened hospitals and businesses.
Why it is interesting. The movement began with a schoolteacher and a handful of Suez Canal Company workers in Ismailia.
Notes and dating details
The infobox, Wikidata and Arabic Wikipedia give 22 March 1928; the article body says March 1928, which agrees.
The Afghan Civil War begins when the Shinwari tribe revolts
· Afghanistan · Asia
Fighting began in mid-November when the Shinwari revolted and besieged Jalalabad, and lasted until 13 October 1929. Habibullāh Kalakāni's forces took Kabul on 17 January 1929 and defeated Amanullah Khan.
Why it is interesting. Five of the ten grievances in the Shinwari manifesto concerned Amanullah's interference with the status of women.
Notes and dating details
The Saqqawist attack on Kabul began 14 December 1928 and the infobox lists it as 14 to 25 December 1928. Afghanistan dates are stored as Gregorian.
Work began in 1914, and the Valencian architect Enrique Viedma Vidal is credited with finishing it. It is a main work of Valencian Art Nouveau and stands opposite the Llotja de la Seda.
Notes
German, Spanish and French Wikipedia all say the building was finished in January 1928 (work began in 1914), so the month is stored. Wikidata's November 1928 is not supported by any edition; Russian Wikipedia says only that building ran from 1914 to 1928.
The kroon replaced the mark as Estonia's legal currency, after serving as a unit of account since 1924. It stayed in use until the Soviet invasion of 1940 and was brought back in 1992.
Notes
English Wikipedia says the kroon became the currency on 1 September 1928. Estonian Wikipedia, citing the Bank of Estonia, says the new money law made it legal tender on 1 January 1928 and that the first new-design 10-kroon note entered circulation on 1 September 1928, which likely explains the English date. French Wikipedia and Wikidata also give 1 January 1928. The infobox date of 20 June 1992 belongs to the reintroduced second kroon.
The American dancer pioneered modern dance and theatrical lighting techniques, and died of pneumonia. Auguste Rodin said she had cleared the path for the art of the future.
Notes
Death place is Paris per the infobox; Wikidata narrows it to the 8th arrondissement.
The 1928 Five Nations rugby union Championship is played
Sport
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played ten matches from 2 January to 9 April. It was the fourteenth series since France joined the Home Nations Championship.
The football club Falkenbergs FF is formed in Sweden
Sport
The club was set up after the town's general sports club closed its football team. Its first game, a friendly win over Varbergs BoIS, followed in late March.
Notes
English, German and Swedish Wikipedia and Wikidata give 3 January 1928 for the founding. English Wikipedia dates the first game 25 March 1928, while Swedish Wikipedia gives 28 March for the debut match against Varbergs BoIS, so only late March is stated.
Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical Mortalium animos on religious unity
Religion & philosophy
The encyclical condemned certain assumptions of the early ecumenical movement. It maintained that the one true Church, founded by Christ, is the Catholic Church.
Notes
The infobox and German, French, Italian and Spanish Wikipedia give 6 January 1928; Wikidata gives 10 January 1928 (and 6 January as an alternative).
Lithuania officially establishes the Iron Wolf militarized group
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras led the semi-official group, which the ruling Lithuanian Nationalist Union set up to help suppress the opposition. It took Italian fascist Blackshirts as its model.
Notes
The English body and Russian Wikipedia give the official establishment as 8 January 1928, after preparations that began at the end of 1927, and Wikidata agrees. The English lead says it was established at the end of 1927, and German, French and Italian Wikipedia say it was founded in 1927, so the day is stored with medium confidence.
Thomas Hardy was an English novelist, poet and architect born in 1840. He saw himself mainly as a poet, but became known first through his novels, among them Jude the Obscure and Tess of the d'Urbervilles.
Notes
Death place is Dorchester, Dorset per the infobox.
René Clair's film The Italian Straw Hat is released
Stage, music & film
Clair wrote and directed the French silent comedy, which adapts an 1851 stage play by Eugène Labiche and Marc-Michel. Albert Préjean and Olga Chekhova star.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the 13 January 1928 French release date comes from the English infobox and is also given by French and German Wikipedia. The English article calls it Clair's feature debut, but Clair's own filmography lists earlier features, so no 'first' is claimed.
Emmanuel Janssen founds the Belgian chemical company UCB
Economy & trade
The Belgian businessman set up UCB, Union Chimique Belge, which is now a multinational drug developer headquartered in Brussels. Its research centres on drugs for epilepsy, Crohn's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Notes
The body and Wikidata give 18 January 1928 (Wikidata cites a UCB company history); the infobox gives only the year. The article names no city of founding. UCB began in industrial chemicals with a small pharmaceutical division.
· Mamati, Transcaucasian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Georgia) · Europe
Eduard Shevardnadze is born in Mamati
Lives
Shevardnadze became a Soviet and Georgian politician and diplomat. He was the final Soviet foreign minister, taking the post under Gorbachev in 1985 with a break in 1990 and 1991, and later led Georgia as its second president until resigning in 2003.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 25 January 1928. The infobox gives the birth place as Mamati in the Transcaucasian SFSR.
The Spanish journalist, politician and bestselling novelist died at Menton in France, the day before his birthday. His lasting fame in the English-speaking world comes mainly from Hollywood films adapted from his works.
VAPLITE, the Free Academy of Proletarian Literature, dissolves in Kharkiv
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Ukrainian literary union, whose virtual leader was Mykola Khvylovy, had existed since the mid-1920s. Its members carried on in the almanac Literary Fair and the group Politfront.
Notes
The English lead and French, German and Spanish Wikipedia give 28 January 1928 (Italian Wikipedia gives that day for the seizure of the journal's sixth issue, after which the group dissolved itself); Russian Wikipedia and Wikidata give 28 February 1928, so confidence is medium. The founding is also dated differently (1925 to February 1926). The place is Kharkiv, where it was established.
Haig was a British field marshal who led the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front from late 1915 to the end of the war. His grave is at Dryburgh Abbey in the Scottish Borders.
Notes
Death place is London per the infobox; Wikidata gives Princes Gate, a London address.
The Danish physician held a professorship in anatomical pathology at Copenhagen. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, selected retrospectively for 1926, after claiming that a roundworm in wild rats could cause stomach cancer.
Notes
The 1926 prize was initially withheld and awarded to Fibiger alone the following year.
· Beverly Hills, California, United States · North America
The Beverly-Wilshire Apartment Hotel opens in Beverly Hills
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The hotel stands at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard and Rodeo Drive and was designed by Walker & Eisen. It has often been used as a film and television location.
Notes
The English body says the hotel opened on New Year's Day 1928, but German, French, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia say only that it was built or completed in 1928, so the day is not independently confirmed and confidence is medium.
William K. Howard directed the American silent film, also titled His Country, which follows immigrants arriving in the US. Rudolph Schildkraut and Louise Dresser headed the cast.
· Ceylon, Minnesota, United States · North America
Walter Mondale is born in Ceylon, Minnesota
Lives
Mondale became Minnesota's attorney general in 1960 and sat in the US Senate from 1964 to 1976. He served as the 42nd US vice president under Jimmy Carter and was the Democratic candidate for president in 1984.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 5 January 1928.
Charlie Chaplin's silent film The Circus premieres in New York
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Chaplin wrote, produced and directed the silent romantic comedy, in which a ringmaster hires the Tramp as a clown. It premiered at the Strand Theatre, with the Los Angeles premiere following on 27 January.
Notes
Wikidata gives 29 January 1928, which matches neither premiere; the article gives New York on 6 January and Los Angeles on 27 January, so the New York date is stored. Medium confidence because of the differing Wikidata date.
· Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Alvin Kraenzlein dies
Lives
The American sprinter and hurdler, called the father of modern hurdling technique, died of endocarditis in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. At the 1900 Paris Olympics he won four individual gold medals.
Notes
The infobox death field is garbled but the lead and infobox both give 6 January 1928; the body says only early 1928.
Gloria Swanson's silent film Sadie Thompson is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The American silent drama adapts W. Somerset Maugham's short story Rain and the play based on it, with Lionel Barrymore and Raoul Walsh in the cast. Making it was highly controversial, but it earned money and good reviews.
Notes
The date is the general release (English infobox and Wikidata); the infobox does not give an earlier premiere. The article names no city, so the country is stored as the place.
Josef von Sternberg's silent film The Last Command is released
Stage, music & film
The American silent romantic drama starred Emil Jannings, with Evelyn Brent and William Powell in supporting roles. The Library of Congress picked it for the National Film Registry in 2006.
The American silent drama, adapted from Willard Mack's stage play, was directed by John Francis Dillon for First National Pictures. Richard Barthelmess starred.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox, German Wikipedia and Italian Wikipedia give 29 January 1928 for the US release.
She painted the oil on canvas as a birthday present for her husband, the writer Oswald de Andrade. Its man, sun and cactus inspired his Manifesto Antropófago, and the painting hangs today at the MALBA museum in Buenos Aires.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body gives January 1928. Wikidata's place for the painting is the Buenos Aires museum where it hangs today.
The settlement in Miyagi Prefecture was raised from a village to a town on this date. The site was first officially recorded in 807, and its bay counts among the Three Views of Japan.
Notes
The English infobox labels 1 January 1928 only as 'Town settled'; Japanese Wikipedia says the municipality was raised to town status on that date, having been a village since 1 April 1889, which matches Wikidata's two dates.
· Ratodero, Sindh, British India (now Pakistan) · Asia
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is born in Sindh
Lives
Bhutto became a Pakistani barrister and statesman. He served as president from 1971 to 1973, then as prime minister until his overthrow in 1977, and founded the Pakistan People's Party.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 5 January 1928. The infobox gives the birth place as Ratodero in Sind; Wikidata gives Larkana, which is not used.
The 1928 Australian Championships tennis tournament is played in Sydney
Sport
The 21st edition, the year's opening Grand Slam, ran from 21 January to 6 February at Sydney's White City Tennis Club. Frenchman Jean Borotra and Australian Daphne Akhurst won the singles titles.
Notes
The lead's date range carries no year; the tournament is the 1928 edition.
Diaz was an Italian general and Marshal of Italy who became Chief of Staff in November 1917. His victory at Vittorio Veneto ended the war on the Italian Front.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 28 February 1928, while French, German and Italian Wikipedia give 29 February (a leap day). Wikidata lists both dates: 29 February is its preferred value, referenced to the French national library's authority file and a second source, and 28 February is referenced only to Hebrew Wikipedia. Italian Wikipedia cites a state-archive record for 29 February. Because the English article differs, only the month is stored.
Lorentz was a Dutch theoretical physicist who fell seriously ill in January and died on 4 February. In 1902 he and Pieter Zeeman shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, and he derived the Lorentz transformation used in special relativity.
Michels played his whole career for Ajax, which he later coached. As a coach he took Ajax to a European Cup win, Barcelona to the Spanish league title and the Netherlands to victory at Euro 1988.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 9 February 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The II Olympic Winter Games ran from 11 to 19 February in St. Moritz, Switzerland. They were the first Winter Olympics staged on their own rather than alongside a Summer Games, and they replaced the Nordic Games.
Notes
Wikidata gives month precision (1928-02); infobox and lead give 11 to 19 February.
The Olympic ice hockey tournament is played in St. Moritz
Sport
The University of Toronto Graduates, playing for Canada, took a third straight Olympic gold, with Sweden winning silver. The event doubled as that year's World Championships and the 13th European Championships.
Notes
Wikidata gives month precision (1928-02); day range from the infobox.
A military patrol race is held as a demonstration event at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Sport
Nine countries entered 36 patrol runners at St. Moritz. A snowstorm the night before delayed the start by 45 minutes, and Ole Reistad, Leif Skagnæs, Ole Stenen and Reidar Ødegaard formed the winning team.
Olympic speed skating is held in St. Moritz, with one race cancelled
Sport
Four men's speed skating events were scheduled, but medals went out for only three. Rising temperatures thawed the ice and the Norwegian referee cancelled the 10,000 metres, which Irving Jaffee was leading.
Notes
Lead names Irving Jaffee without a nationality; he is the one leading the race.
Figure skating is held at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz
Sport
Men's singles, ladies' singles and pairs were held at the Olympic Ice Rink, where unusually warm weather left the outdoor ice hard to skate on. Sonja Henie won a gold medal.
Notes
Wikidata gives month precision (1928-02) with a start of 1928-02-14; the lead gives 14 to 19 February.
Herbert Henry Asquith, a Liberal, was British prime minister from 1908 to 1916 and led Britain into the First World War in 1914. He died at Sutton Courtenay and was buried at All Saints' Church there.
Notes
Wikidata names a place called The Wharf; the infobox gives Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire, England.
Karl Reinmuth found the comet on 22 February at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl observatory. It belongs to the Jupiter family and circles the Sun every 7.23 years.
The magazine's title means 'Behind the steering wheel', and its first number came out that April. It is still published today as a popular Russian monthly about cars.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 23 February 1928; the first issue appeared in April 1928. No city is given.
Poland creates the National Library by presidential decree
Art & literature
President Ignacy Mościcki issued a decree creating the National Library in its modern form. The library grew out of the older Załuski Library and now receives a legal-deposit copy of every book published in Poland.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 March 1928; the body and infobox give 24 February 1928, which is stored. The Załuski Library's start is given as 1732 in the lead and 8 August 1747 in the infobox, so no date is used for it.
· Berlin, Germany, and London, United Kingdom · Europe
The 1928 World Figure Skating Championships are held in Berlin and London
Sport
The men competed on 25 and 26 February in Berlin, and the ladies and pairs followed on 5 and 6 March in London. Willy Böckl, Sonja Henie, and Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet won the titles.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the lead gives both sets of dates. The stored range covers both cities.
H. P. Lovecraft's The Call of Cthulhu is published in Weird Tales
Art & literature
The cosmic horror short story, written in the summer of 1926, reached print for the first time in February, in the pulp magazine Weird Tales. It is a founding text of the Cthulhu Mythos.
Notes
Month precision is stored because the sources give February 1928 only. The magazine's place of issue is not named, so the United States is taken from the infobox country.
The Territory of Hawaii's legislature had passed Act 257 in 1927 to pay for a landing strip at Hilo. The airport was formerly named General Lyman Field.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body gives 11 February 1928.
· Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States · North America
Port Everglades opens in Broward County, Florida
Architecture
The harbor opened with President Calvin Coolidge scheduled to detonate explosives from the White House, clearing the way to the sea. Several area women's groups ran a contest to name the port.
Notes
The infobox, lead and body agree on 22 February 1928; Wikidata gives only the year.
Tampa completes Drew Field, the origin of Tampa International Airport
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The city completed the field west of downtown, which later became Tampa International Airport.
Notes
The 22 February 1928 date comes only from the infobox, while the body says only that the city completed the field in 1928, so confidence is medium. Wikidata gives the year.
Congress redesignated the area in southwestern Utah as a national park, five years after President Warren G. Harding made it a national monument. It is named for Ebenezer Bryce, who homesteaded there in 1874.
Notes
The infobox and body give 25 February 1928; Wikidata gives 15 September 1928.
· New Orleans, Louisiana, United States · North America
Fats Domino is born in New Orleans
Lives
Domino was a singer-songwriter and pianist counted among the pioneers of rock and roll. He signed to Imperial Records in 1949 and was in the first group inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 26 February 1928; Wikidata also lists 28 February 1928, which is not used.
The Moffat railroad tunnel through the Continental Divide is opened
Architecture
The railroad bore was formally handed to its lessee, giving Denver a rail route west through the Continental Divide. A parallel water tunnel carries part of Denver's water supply.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the month; the infobox and body give 26 February 1928, and the lead says the first official traffic passed through in February 1928.
King Vidor's silent film The Crowd opens in New York
Stage, music & film
The American silent drama opened in New York City on 28 February, with a wider US release on 3 March. James Murray, Eleanor Boardman and Bert Roach starred.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1928; the infobox gives the New York release on 28 February and the wider US release on 3 March.
The Simon Commission arrives in Bombay to huge protests
Politics & diplomacy
Seven British MPs chaired by John Simon travelled to India to study constitutional reform, and crowds of protesters met them on 3 February. The Indian National Congress had resolved in December 1927 to boycott the commission.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body gives the Bombay arrival on 3 February 1928. The commission left England in January 1928.
It was the first election since the 1925 law brought in universal male suffrage for men aged 25 and over. Tanaka Giichi's Rikken Seiyūkai won one seat more than the Constitutional Democratic Party, which received slightly more votes.
Notes
Every one of the 466 seats in the lower house was contested, per the infobox.
· Seletar, Straits Settlements (now Singapore) · Asia
RAF Seletar opens in Singapore
Architecture
Four Supermarine Southampton seaplanes landed on 28 February, the Royal Air Force base's first arrivals. The base passed to Singapore in 1971 and is now a civilian airport, Seletar Airport.
Notes
The infobox and body give 28 February 1928; Wikidata matches.
Sharon's parents were Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. In the 1948 war he commanded a platoon of the Alexandroni Brigade, and he led Israel's government as prime minister from March 2001 to April 2006.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 26 February 1928; Wikidata also lists 27 February, which is not used.
Alfred Hitchcock's silent comedy The Farmer's Wife is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Hitchcock directed the British silent romantic comedy, featuring Gordon Harker and Lillian Hall-Davis, at Elstree studios. It is adapted from Eden Phillpotts's 1916 play.
Notes
The English infobox and Wikidata give 2 March 1928 for the UK release, while Italian Wikipedia gives the London premiere as 8 March 1928 and German and French Wikipedia give only 1928, so only March 1928 is stored. Wikidata also lists 4 January 1930, which is not used.
Rivette became a French film director and critic linked to the French New Wave. André Bazin hired him for Cahiers du Cinéma in 1953, and his films include Céline and Julie Go Boating.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 1 March 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Poland voted for the Sejm on 4 March and for the Senate a week later. The pro-government Nonpartisan Bloc won 125 of 444 Sejm seats, short of a majority.
Notes
The stored range covers the Sejm vote and the Senate vote.
Alfred Hitchcock's silent film Easy Virtue is released
Stage, music & film
Hitchcock directed the British silent romance, loosely adapted from Noël Coward's 1924 play, with Isabel Jeans, Franklin Dyall and Ian Hunter. It was shot at the Islington Studios in London.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata agree on 5 March 1928; Wikidata also lists 20 August 1927, which is not used.
Küng grew into a Swiss author, theologian and Catholic priest. He advised the Second Vatican Council as a theological expert and taught ecumenical theology at Tübingen from 1960 until 1996.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 19 March 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The British astronomer worked at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. His work on sunspots and the solar magnetic cycle led him to spot a quiet period from 1645 to 1715, now known as the Maunder Minimum.
Notes
The English article gives no place of death; German and French Wikipedia and Wikidata name London.
Fritz Lang's silent spy film Spione premieres in Berlin
Stage, music & film
Lang directed the German espionage thriller, known in the United States as Spies, and co-wrote it with his wife Thea von Harbou. Rudolf Klein-Rogge plays a master criminal bent on world domination.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata give 22 March 1928, and German Wikipedia says this was the Berlin premiere; Wikidata also lists 10 March 1929, which is not used.
Portugal holds a presidential election, won by Óscar Carmona
Politics & diplomacy
Óscar Carmona stood without opposition. He was already the sitting president, and an independent.
Notes
The lead, infobox, Wikidata and Portuguese Wikipedia agree on 25 March 1928; Portuguese Wikipedia adds that Carmona was proclaimed on 15 April. He had held the presidency since the 1926 coup, so this was his first election to it, not a re-election.
As a diplomat and political scientist with Polish and American ties, Brzeziński advised President Carter on national security from 1977 until 1981 and was the main organizer of the Trilateral Commission.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 28 March 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Born to anarchist parents, Grothendieck became a German-born French mathematician and a central figure in building modern algebraic geometry. He received the Fields Medal in 1966.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 28 March 1928.
Agatha Christie's The Mystery of the Blue Train is first published
Art & literature
Collins issued the British edition of the Hercule Poirot novel, about an American heiress murdered on Le Train Bleu. The Star had already serialized it in thirty-eight instalments, and the American edition followed later in the year.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox, lead and publication list all give 29 March 1928 for the UK edition. The US edition followed later in 1928.
· Los Angeles to New York City, United States · North America
The first Trans-American Footrace, the Bunion Derby, begins in Los Angeles
Sport
Runners set off on 4 March from Legion Ascot Speedway and reached Madison Square Garden in New York City on 26 May. It was one of the earliest multiday footraces of the twentieth century.
Notes
The body and Wikidata agree on the start of 4 March 1928 and the finish of 26 May 1928.
It began as a subsidiary of Britain's de Havilland at De Lesseps Field to build Moth aircraft for training Canadian airmen. It was reincorporated in 1929 and moved to Downsview that year.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 5 March 1928.
Albee became an American playwright known for The Zoo Story and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Some critics link his early work to the Theatre of the Absurd.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 12 March 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
· Astoria, Queens, New York City, United States · North America
Patrick McGoohan is born in Astoria, New York City
Lives
McGoohan's Irish parents raised him in Ireland and the United Kingdom. He starred as the secret agent John Drake in Danger Man and won two Emmy awards for guest roles on Columbo.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 19 March 1928.
· Latrobe, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Fred Rogers is born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Lives
Rogers became a television personality, Presbyterian minister and author. He created and hosted Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, a preschool series broadcast from 1968 to 2001, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 20 March 1928.
Lovell became an American astronaut, naval aviator and test pilot. In 1968 he was command module pilot of Apollo 8, and in 1970 he commanded Apollo 13, which looped around the Moon and returned safely.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 25 March 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
· Seattle, Washington, United States · North America
Construction of Boeing Field begins in Seattle
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Work on the runway started on 28 March 1928, with fill dredged from the Duwamish River. King County voters had backed a $950,000 plan to create the region's first municipal airport.
Notes
The English body gives a runway construction start of 28 March 1928 and says the airport was constructed in 1928; German, French and Spanish Wikipedia give the year 1928. The date stored is the construction start.
Howe played 26 NHL seasons, the first 25 of them with the Detroit Red Wings, and won the Stanley Cup four times and the Hart Trophy six times. He later joined his sons on the Houston Aeros in the WHA.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 31 March 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso is founded
ScienceSome details uncertain
The university was founded in March with a gift from Isabel Caces de Brown. It is one of just two of Chile's six Catholic universities with pontifical status and reports directly to the Holy See and the Bishop of Valparaíso.
Notes
The infobox gives 15 March 1928 and the body March 1928. Spanish Wikipedia says the university was formally created by the bishop's decree on 15 March 1928 and began teaching on 25 March 1928, the date Wikidata gives.
Japan cracks down on socialists and communists in the March 15 incident
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Japanese government arrested socialists and communists, among them the Marxist economist Kawakami Hajime. The writer Kobayashi Takiji later based his work March 15, 1928 on the incident.
Notes
The day comes from the event's name and the novel title March 15, 1928; the lead says only 1928. Wikidata gives 1928-03-15.
· Taipei, Japanese-ruled Taiwan (now Taiwan) · Asia
Taihoku Imperial University is founded in Taipei
Science
Under Japanese rule, the university became the seventh Imperial University in the Japanese Empire and is now National Taiwan University, the oldest in Taiwan. Classes began on 5 May.
Notes
Wikidata gives 17 March 1928; the infobox and body give 16 March 1928, which is stored.
The club from the Buca district was nicknamed Fırtına, meaning Storm, and played in yellow and navy. It reached the top-flight Super League for the 2010-2011 season and was dissolved in 2020.
Notes
The infobox gives 11 March 1928 while the lead says the club was formed in 1928. The place is where the club was based. The infobox gives 1 September 2020 as the dissolution date.
Hassan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailia
Religion & philosophy
The schoolteacher and imam Hassan al-Banna set up the group in Ismailia with workers of the Suez Canal Company. It began as a religious and social movement that preached, taught literacy and opened hospitals and businesses.
Notes
The infobox, Wikidata and Arabic Wikipedia give 22 March 1928; the article body says March 1928, which agrees.
Born Lucien Ginsburg, Gainsbourg was a French singer-songwriter who also worked as an actor, composer and director. His provocative records often stirred controversy and split opinion in France.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 2 April 1928; Wikidata also lists 2 February 1928, which is not used.
The company running the Luxembourg Stock Exchange is incorporated
Economy & trade
A law creating the exchange had been passed on 30 January 1927. The exchange is based in Luxembourg City and moved into its new Aurora building in 2014.
Notes
The infobox, body and German Wikipedia give 5 April 1928 for the company's incorporation; Wikidata gives only the year. The founding law is dated 30 January 1927 in English, German, Spanish and Italian Wikipedia, but 30 December 1927 in French Wikipedia.
The Russian physician, philosopher and Bolshevik revolutionary pioneered blood transfusion and general systems theory. In 1903 he helped found the Bolsheviks, but Lenin defeated him in 1909 and he was expelled.
Notes
The lead gives his birth date in both calendars; the death in 1928 falls after Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar, so no conversion is needed. Death place is Moscow per the infobox.
The 29th Paris-Roubaix, a one-day classic, ran on 8 April from Paris to a velodrome in Roubaix. Andre Leducq of France won, with Belgians Georges Ronsse and Charles Meunier second and third.
Toon Steinhauser and brothers Piet and Cor van Schijndel decided to start a club. Their planned name Klein Maar Dapper was taken, so they chose T.O.P., for Tot Ons Plezier.
Notes
The infobox, body, Dutch and German Wikipedia and Wikidata all give 9 April 1928, but Dutch and German Wikipedia present the founding story as club tradition, so confidence is medium.
· Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Alexander Dovzhenko's silent film Zvenigora is first shown
Stage, music & film
Ukraine's Alexander Dovzhenko directed the silent Soviet film, his fourth and the first to be widely reviewed and discussed. Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin were impressed.
Notes
The English lead and infobox give 13 April 1928 for the first showing. Russian and Ukrainian Wikipedia both say the premiere was held in Kyiv on 13 April 1928; the Russian article adds a Moscow release on 8 May. Wikidata gives 1928 and 1927 as publication years, with no day; the English article says the project began in June 1927.
Axelrod, a Russian Marxist theorist and Menshevik leader, co-founded Russia's first Marxist organisation with Georgy Plekhanov in 1883. After 1917 he lived in exile and warned socialists abroad about the Soviet regime.
Notes
Death place is Berlin per the infobox. All dates are after the Russian calendar change, and he died outside Russia.
Greece holds its first official national basketball championship
SportSome details uncertain
Known as the Panhellenic Championship and run by the Hellenic Athletics Federation, SEGAS, it brought together regional tournament winners to decide the national champion. Iraklis won.
Notes
The English infobox says the league was founded in 1927 and the lead places the first championship in the 1927-28 season. Greek Wikipedia's article on that championship says the national tournament was played at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens from 20 to 22 April 1928, after an Athens championship from 26 December 1927 to 15 January 1928, and that Iraklis of Thessaloniki won. Wikidata gives 1928. Greece used the Gregorian calendar by 1928.
Dreyer's film The Passion of Joan of Arc first screens in Copenhagen
Stage, music & film
The French silent film, based on Joan of Arc's trial record, was directed by the Dane Carl Theodor Dreyer and starred the stage actress Falconetti. It reached Paris on 25 October.
Notes
Wikidata gives 21 April 1928 with 25 October 1928 and 29 March 1929 as alternates; the article gives Denmark on 21 April and France on 25 October, so the first showing is stored.
· Wembley Stadium, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Blackburn Rovers beat Huddersfield Town in the FA Cup final at Wembley
Sport
Blackburn won 3-1, with Jack Roscamp scoring twice and Tommy McLean once, against Alex Jackson's goal for Huddersfield. It was the first final in 18 years in which both sides scored.
Rome's Urbe Airport is inaugurated as Littorio Airport
Architecture
Benito Mussolini was present at the inauguration and chose the first name, Littorio Airport. It is a small civilian airport in northern Rome, between Via Salaria and the Tiber.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and Italian and German Wikipedia give 21 April 1928 for the inauguration, and the body confirms the 1928 inauguration.
Voters went to the polls on 22 and 29 April. The two-round system, abolished in 1919, was restored, and Raymond Poincaré's centre-right government won.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the lead and infobox give the two rounds, 22 and 29 April 1928.
Baron Pyotr Wrangel, nicknamed the Black Baron, took over in 1920 as commander-in-chief and led the last White forces of Southern Russia. From 1924 he headed the Russian All-Military Union.
Notes
The lead gives only the death year in its bracket; the infobox gives 25 April 1928. Death took place in Belgium, where the Gregorian calendar was used.
· Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Theodore William Richards dies
Lives
Richards was an American physical chemist who taught at Harvard and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His Nobel Prize honoured his exact measurements of the atomic weights of many chemical elements.
Notes
Infobox gives workplace Harvard University and birth date 31 January 1868.
· St. Louis, Missouri, United States · North America
Maya Angelou is born in St. Louis
Lives
Born Marguerite Annie Johnson, Angelou wrote memoirs, essays and poetry and took part in the civil rights movement. Her 1969 memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings made her known around the world.
Notes
The birthplace comes from the infobox. The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 4 April 1928.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
James Watson is born in Chicago
Lives
Watson grew into an American geneticist, zoologist and molecular biologist. In 1953 he and Francis Crick published a paper in Nature proposing the double helix structure of DNA, and in 1962 he was a co-winner of the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.
Notes
The birth place comes from the infobox. The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 6 April 1928.
The silent version of Harold Lloyd's film Speedy is released
Stage, music & film
Lloyd starred in the American silent comedy, directed by Ted Wilde, and it was his final silent film. A version with sound followed later in the year, reissued on 15 December with three dialogue sequences.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year. The infobox, German Wikipedia and French Wikipedia give 7 April 1928 for the US release of the silent version, and French Wikipedia adds a preview in Palm Beach on 29 March 1928.
Born James Scott Bumgarner, Garner became a television star as Bret Maverick in the Western Maverick. He later played the detective Jim Rockford in The Rockford Files.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 7 April 1928. The infobox says he was born in Denver, Oklahoma, now part of Norman.
· The Bronx, New York City, United States · North America
Alan J. Pakula is born in the Bronx
Lives
Pakula became an American film director, screenwriter and producer linked to New Hollywood. His thrillers Klute, The Parallax View and All the President's Men form a trilogy about paranoia.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 7 April 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Frank Borzage's film Street Angel premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
The American drama, adapted from Monckton Hoffe's play Lady Cristilinda, came with synchronized music and sound effects but no spoken dialogue. A 1928 showing in Naples, where the film opens, caused a riot.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 9 April 1928, which German and French Wikipedia call the New York premiere (German Wikipedia adds a US-wide release from 19 August); the lead says only 1928. The Brooklyn Fox Theatre opening on 31 August 1928 was a later screening.
· Santa Monica, California, United States · North America
Shirley Temple is born in Santa Monica
Lives
Between 1934 and 1938 Temple was Hollywood's biggest box-office draw among child actors, and in February 1935 she got a special Juvenile Academy Award. She later served as US ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 23 April 1928.
The Vitaphone part-talkie Glorious Betsy premieres
Stage, music & film
The Warner Bros. drama starring Dolores Costello had some audible dialogue and a synchronized score on discs. It adapts Rida Johnson Young's 1908 play of the same name.
Notes
The infobox, body, Wikidata and German and Italian Wikipedia agree on 26 April 1928. English Wikipedia puts the premiere at the Warners Theatre in Los Angeles, while Italian and Russian Wikipedia say New York, so no city is stored.
Paul Leni's film The Man Who Laughs opens in New York
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The silent romantic drama, adapted from Victor Hugo's novel of 1869, opened at the Central Theatre on 27 April. Conrad Veidt played Gwynplaine and Mary Philbin the blind Dea.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year. The English infobox and body agree: the film opened in New York on 27 April 1928, had a silent London release on 16 May 1928 and went into general US release on 4 November 1928. The stored date is the New York opening.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Eugene Shoemaker is born in Los Angeles
Lives
Shoemaker became an American geologist who studied planetary impacts. With Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy he co-discovered Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which hit Jupiter in July 1994.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 28 April 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Radical Civic Union candidate Yrigoyen won, and his party also took most of the seats in the lower house. Turnout was 81%, and he took the oath of office on 12 October.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 1 April 1928.
Jordan's flag was officially adopted on 16 April. Its design follows the flag flown in 1916 by the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule, with black, white and green stripes, a red triangle and a white seven-pointed star.
Pressa, the international press exhibition, opens in Cologne
Art & literature
The exhibition ran from May to October. German exhibitors had been barred from the 1925 Paris decorative arts exposition, and hosting Pressa signalled Germany's return to such international projects.
Notes
The lead and infobox give May to October 1928; Wikidata also lists 1 May and 1 October 1928.
Howard founded the garden city movement, which grew from his 1898 book To-Morrow, and was knighted in 1927. He died aged 78 in Welwyn Garden City and lies in a modest grave in Letchworth Cemetery.
Notes
Death place is Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire per the infobox.
The Swedish sports club that becomes Timrå IK is founded
Sport
Timrå IK traces its founding to 11 May 1928, when the club began under the name Wifstavarvs IK. Its ice hockey side began in the late 1930s, and it now plays in the Swedish Hockey League.
Notes
The English lead and infobox, German Wikipedia and French Wikipedia agree on 11 May 1928; Wikidata gives only the year. Only the English lead calls the club a boxing club, while the English body says the club grew out of an older club founded in 1921 and relaunched in 1928, and German and French Wikipedia name it Wifstavarnas or Wifstavarvs IK. Ice hockey began in 1937 in the English lead but 1938 in the English body and in German and French Wikipedia.
The 16th Giro d'Italia, run by La Gazzetta dello Sport, started in Milan on 12 May and ended there on 3 June. Alfredo Binda won, with Giuseppe Pancera second and Bartolomeo Aymo third.
Notes
Infobox gives the race dates as 12 May to 3 June 1928.
The first foundation stone of the Fátima basilica is laid
Religion & philosophy
The stone marked the start of the basilica and colonnade at the sanctuary honouring the 1917 apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima. Building work went on until 1954.
Notes
The body and Wikidata agree on 13 May 1928; Wikidata also lists 7 October 1953. The article calls the stone-laying the start of the basilica and colonnade.
Gosse was an English poet, author and critic whose Ibsen translations helped make the playwright known in England. He backed the early careers of W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, Sarojini Naidu and Toru Dutt.
The Shakhty Trial of accused saboteurs opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Fifty-three engineers and managers from Shakhty, a North Caucasus town, were tried for plotting sabotage of the Soviet economy with the coal mines' previous owners. Thirty-four got prison terms and eleven were sentenced to death.
Notes
Wikidata gives 6 July 1928; the article states the trial was conducted from 18 May 1928 in the House of Trade Unions, Moscow, and French Wikipedia gives 18 May to 15 July. The lead says six of the eleven were executed while the body says six death sentences were commuted.
William Dudley Haywood helped found the Industrial Workers of the World and led it. He fled to the Soviet Union in 1921 while free pending an appeal of his twenty-year sentence, and died in a Moscow hospital aged 59.
Max Scheler was a German philosopher known for work in phenomenology, ethics and philosophical anthropology. He died in a Frankfurt hospital from complications of a severe heart attack, with a major work on anthropology planned for 1929.
Germany elects the fourth Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Politics & diplomacy
The result shifted left, with gains for socialists and communists and losses for nationalists. Wilhelm Marx's centre-right government gave way to a centre-left grand coalition under the Social Democrat Hermann Müller.
Barcelona beats Real Sociedad in the Copa del Rey final after two replays
SportSome details uncertain
A draw after extra time forced two replays, and Barcelona won the second 3-1 for their eighth cup title. All three matches were played at El Sardinero in Santander.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox gives the three match dates (20 May, 22 May and 29 June 1928), and the body and Spanish Wikipedia confirm 20 May and 29 June.
The 1928 French Championships tennis tournament is played at Roland Garros
Sport
The 33rd staging ran on outdoor clay in Paris from 24 May to 4 June and was the first tournament at the new Roland Garros stadium. Henri Cochet and Helen Wills took the singles titles.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the lead gives the dates.
The football tournament is played at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Sport
Uruguay won the Olympic football tournament in Amsterdam, beating Argentina in the final. It was the last Olympic football competition before the World Cup made its debut in 1930.
Notes
A consolation tournament ratified by FIFA is not counted by Olympic historians as part of the Games.
The Städtisches Stadion opens in Aue, now the Erzgebirgsstadion
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
It was the first stadium on the site, known as the Otto-Grotewohl-Stadion from 1950 to 1991. Today it is the home ground of FC Erzgebirge Aue.
Notes
The infobox, Wikidata and German, Spanish, Italian and French Wikipedia give 27 May 1928, while the English body and Russian Wikipedia give 29 May 1928, so confidence stays medium and 27 May is used. The capacity is left out because the editions differ.
Buster Keaton's film Steamboat Bill, Jr. is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Keaton starred in the silent comedy, released by United Artists and directed by Charles Reisner. It failed at the box office and ended Keaton's run of films for United Artists.
Notes
The English infobox gives 12 May 1928 for the US release and French Wikipedia gives 20 May 1928, while Wikidata lists 5 April 1928 with 20 May and 31 December as other values, so only May 1928 is stored. Shooting began in Sacramento on 15 July 1927.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
Burt Bacharach is born in Kansas City, Missouri
Lives
Bacharach became an American composer, songwriter and record producer who wrote hundreds of songs, many with the lyricist Hal David. He also wrote songs and scores for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 12 May 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
· Maysville, Kentucky, United States · North America
Rosemary Clooney is born in Maysville, Kentucky
Lives
Clooney became an American singer of pop and jazz, and an actress. Her song Come On-a My House made her prominent in 1951, and she starred in White Christmas with Bing Crosby.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 23 May 1928.
· Pontiac, Michigan, United States · North America
Jack Kevorkian is born in Pontiac, Michigan
Lives
Born Murad Jacob Kevorkian, he became an American pathologist nicknamed Dr. Death. He campaigned for terminally ill patients to have the right to die by assisted suicide.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 26 May 1928.
The film Tempest, starring John Barrymore, is released
Stage, music & film
Sam Taylor directed the American drama, released with a synchronized score and sound effects but no audible dialogue. Camilla Horn and Louis Wolheim joined Barrymore in the cast.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and French Wikipedia give 27 May 1928 for the US release. German, French and Russian Wikipedia name three directors (Sam Taylor, Lewis Milestone and Viktor Tourjansky), while the English lead names Sam Taylor.
· Billings, Montana, United States · North America
Billings opens its airport on top of the Rims
Architecture
Billings approved funds in 1927 for a runway atop the Rims, the cliff above its downtown. Horse-drawn equipment was used for the runway and a small administrative building.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and body give 29 May 1928.
Rookie Louis Meyer won the 16th Indianapolis 500, the first run under new Speedway president Eddie Rickenbacker. Leon Duray took pole in a Miller at a record speed.
Notes
Meyer is counted as a rookie winner because his 1927 appearance was only as a relief driver.
· Point Pleasant, West Virginia, United States · North America
The Silver Bridge over the Ohio River opens at Point Pleasant
Architecture
The eyebar-chain suspension bridge carried U.S. Route 35 between Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio. Its popular name came from its aluminum paint.
Notes
The infobox gives 30 May 1928, the lead says it was built in 1928, and Wikidata agrees.
The Archdiocese of Goa is renamed the Archdiocese of Goa and Daman
Religion & philosophy
The renaming came as the Diocese of Daman was dissolved by the document Inter Apostolicam, and the title of Cranganore was attached to Goa. The Archdiocese of Goa itself dates from 1533.
Notes
The body, its dated list and Wikidata agree on 1 May 1928. That day was a renaming and a merger of titles, not the first founding of the archdiocese, which dates from 1533.
Chinese Nationalist and Japanese forces clash in the Jinan Incident
War & conflictSome details uncertain
A dispute on 3 May between Chiang Kai-shek's army and Japanese soldiers and civilians in Jinan began the incident, which killed 13 to 16 Japanese civilians and escalated into fighting. Thousands of casualties fell on the Chinese side.
Notes
Infobox gives 3 to 11 May 1928; Wikidata gives 1928-05-11 (the end date), which is stored as the end.
Mubarak was an Egyptian Air Force career officer who commanded the force from 1972 to 1975, then served as vice president under Anwar Sadat. He became Egypt's fourth president in 1981 after Sadat's assassination.
Notes
The birthplace comes from the infobox. The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 4 May 1928.
Working at the Rockefeller Institute, the Japanese bacteriologist studied syphilis and confirmed that Treponema pallidum causes it. He died in Accra, Gold Coast.
Notes
Date and place of death come from the infobox; Wikidata names the place as Accra, Ghana, which was the Gold Coast in 1928.
John Flynn launches the Aerial Medical Service at Cloncurry
Medicine & epidemics
Flynn began the one-year trial, the forerunner of the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Its first official flight, piloted by Arthur Affleck, left Cloncurry on 17 May for Julia Creek.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and body give 15 May 1928.
A total solar eclipse occurs whose totality misses all land
Science
The total eclipse of Saturday 19 May had a magnitude of 1.014 and was total yet non-central. A partial eclipse could be seen from extreme southern South America and Southern Africa.
Notes
Times are UTC. The eclipse was non-central, with a gamma beyond 1.
CIAM, the International Congresses of Modern Architecture, is founded
Architecture
Twenty-eight European architects met at Switzerland's Château de la Sarraz, organised by Le Corbusier, Sigfried Giedion and the castle's owner Hélène de Mandrot. The group aimed to spread the Modern Movement's principles.
Born in Hässleby in the Småland region, Nordenskjöld worked in Sweden as a geologist, geographer and explorer of the polar regions. He died in Gothenburg.
Notes
Death place is Gothenburg per the infobox; Wikidata names a parish within it.
· Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom · Europe
Tony Richardson is born in Shipley, Yorkshire
Lives
Richardson became an English theatre director and filmmaker, a key figure in British New Wave cinema. He and Vanessa Redgrave had two daughters, Natasha and Joely Richardson.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 5 June 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The Maltese Olympic Committee is founded in Valletta
Sport
Anthony Cassar Torregiani was its first president. It represents Malta as its National Olympic Committee and also governs its participation in the Commonwealth, European and Mediterranean Games.
Notes
The body gives 5 June 1928; the infobox and Wikidata give only the year.
The first issue of Henri Barbusse's weekly Monde appears in Paris
Art & literature
The international communist magazine covered culture and politics and ran until 1935. George Orwell, then living in Paris, published his first professional article in it on 6 October.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 9 June 1928.
Kaatsen, the Frisian handball game, appears in the unofficial programme of the Olympics
SportSome details uncertain
The old Frisian sport is akin to American handball and fives and is most often played in the Dutch province of Friesland. Scoring is similar to tennis.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year. Olympedia and German Wikipedia give 11 June 1928 for the single men's demonstration match, played on the cricket ground beside the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam; Finnish Wikipedia gives 11 July. The Olympedia date is stored with medium confidence.
The future Queen Fabiola of Belgium is born in Madrid
Lives
Fabiola de Mora y Aragón was born at the Zurbano Palace, the Marquis of Casa Riera's family home. She became Queen of the Belgians by marrying King Baudouin in 1960.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 11 June 1928.
Emmeline Pankhurst led the British suffragette movement and founded the all-women Women's Social and Political Union in 1903. She helped win votes for women in Britain and Ireland in 1918, and she died in Hampstead, London.
· Stalin (now Donetsk), Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
The first tram line opens in Stalin, today's Donetsk
Architecture
The city's executive committee took up the plan on 2 March 1927. Trams remain one of the city's main mass transit systems.
Notes
The body and Wikidata agree on 15 June 1928. In 1928 the city was called Stalin: the English Donetsk article says it was renamed Stalin from Yuzovka in 1924, became Stalino in 1929 and Donetsk in 1961.
Woolf Barnato and Bernard Rubin won in a Bentley 4½ Litre, the company's second victory in a row. Édouard Brisson and Robert Bloch, in an American Stutz, chased them to within barely a lap.
Notes
Supercharged engines were allowed in the 1928 regulations, according to the body.
The 22nd Tour de France ran from 17 June to 15 July over 22 stages. Nicolas Frantz won his second Tour, wearing the yellow jersey from start to finish.
The Chinese Communist Party holds its sixth national congress in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The congress met from 18 June to 11 July at the Pervomayskoe Estate. The Comintern had agreed in March to stage it in the Soviet Union, and it elected the party's 6th Central Committee.
Notes
Lead gives 142 attendees including 82 voting representatives, while the infobox says 84 representatives, so no attendance figure is used.
The club was formed by joining two local clubs, Real Unión Deportiva and Club Deportivo Español, and played its first game on 22 September. In 1948-49 it became the first club from Castile and León to play in La Liga.
Notes
The season-by-season table in the body counts seasons from 1929, the first league season; the lead and infobox give the foundation as 20 June 1928.
Le Pen became a French politician and founded the far-right National Front, now called National Rally. He led the party as its president from 1972 to 2011.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 20 June 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The football club CD Leganés is founded at a meeting in Madrid
Sport
The club from the town of Leganés in the Community of Madrid was officially founded at a meeting in Madrid. It spent its first season in the sixth tier of Spanish football.
Notes
The meeting took place in Madrid, although the club is based in Leganés.
The Championships ran on grass at the All England club in Wimbledon, London, from 25 June to 7 July. René Lacoste and Helen Wills were the singles champions.
Notes
The place is stored as Wimbledon, London, in England, from the infobox.
Abrikosov was born to two physicians and became a theoretical physicist specialising in condensed matter. He is known for the Abrikosov vortex and for work on type-II superconductors.
Notes
The body, infobox, lead and Wikidata agree on 25 June 1928. Moscow was then in the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union.
Oslo opens its underground line to Nationaltheatret
Architecture
The line began running as an underground tram on 28 June, with one intermediate station at Valkyrie Plass. It gave the two western suburban lines access to central Oslo.
Los Contemporáneos launch the literary magazine Contemporáneos in Mexico
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Jaime Torres Bodet launched the magazine for the Mexican modernist group, which was opposed to stridentism. It was published from June 1928 until December 1931.
Notes
The English article says the magazine was published from June 1928 until December 1931; no day is given. Wikidata gives only the year.
The International Pageant of Pulchritude is held in Galveston, Texas
Everyday life
The third pageant ran from 2 to 5 June with 42 contestants from the United States and ten other countries. Ella Van Hueson of Chicago was crowned Miss Universe 1928.
Notes
The lead and infobox agree on 2 to 5 June 1928; Wikidata gives only the year.
· Berkeley, California, United States · North America
James Ivory is born in Berkeley, California
Lives
Born Richard Jerome Hazen, Ivory became an American film director, screenwriter and producer. With Ismail Merchant and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala he formed Merchant Ivory Productions.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 7 June 1928.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Maurice Sendak is born in Brooklyn
Lives
Sendak became an American writer and illustrator of picture books for children. He also designed opera sets, among them one for Mozart's The Magic Flute, and received the National Medal of Arts in 1996.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 10 June 1928.
· Bluefield, West Virginia, United States · North America
John Forbes Nash is born in Bluefield, West Virginia
Lives
The American mathematician's work shaped game theory and partial differential equations. At Princeton he developed the Nash equilibrium, and he shared the 1994 economics Nobel with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten.
Notes
The birth place comes from the infobox. The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 13 June 1928.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Martin Landau is born in Brooklyn
Lives
Landau had an early supporting part in Hitchcock's North by Northwest, and his breakthrough came on television in Mission: Impossible and Space: 1999. He won an Academy Award for playing Bela Lugosi in Ed Wood.
Notes
The lead, infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 20 June 1928.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
New Dreamland Auditorium opens in San Francisco, later called Winterland
Stage, music & film
It was a skating rink that could be turned into a seated entertainment hall. Under the name Winterland, promoter Bill Graham made it a music-only venue in 1971.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 29 June 1928.
Li was a reluctant but crucial leader of the Wuchang Uprising in the 1911 Revolution. He served as provisional vice president from 1912 and twice as president, from 1916 to 1917 and from 1922 to 1923, then spent his last years in obscurity.
A bomb kills the warlord Zhang Zuolin near Shenyang
War & conflict
A bomb destroyed Zhang Zuolin's train carriage at an overpass near Huanggutun station as he travelled from Beijing back to Shenyang. He died hours later, and Japan's Kwantung Army had planted the explosives.
A partial solar eclipse is visible from the northern Soviet Union
Science
The partial eclipse occurred on Sunday 17 June with a magnitude of 0.0375 and its greatest point at 20:27 UTC. It was the first eclipse of Solar Saros 155.
The Hong Kong government launches the radio station GOW, forerunner of RTHK
Technology
The Hong Kong government started the station with a staff of just six. It was RTHK's predecessor, renamed ZBW in 1929 and Radio Hong Kong in 1948.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 20 June 1928, and Spanish Wikipedia and the French infobox give the same day; German Wikipedia says June 1928. German Wikipedia adds that amateurs had started a citizens' radio in 1923 and the government took it over as GOW, so the station is not called Hong Kong's first radio. Wikidata's place (People's Republic of China) is replaced by Hong Kong, and its category label (architecture) by technology and invention.
South Indian Railway workers begin a general strike
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The South Indian Railway Workers Union struck against plans to lay off workers to cut costs. The Madras government and the railway company arrested most of the leaders, and the union lost official recognition.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the lead and body give 29 June 1928 for the start. The lead says the strike lasted until 2 August, but the body says it was formally called off on 30 July and that 2 August is when the union was officially outlawed, so the end date is uncertain. No other-language article exists.
· Riyadh, Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (now Saudi Arabia) · Middle East
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the last emir of Nejd, dies
LivesSome details uncertain
His reigns ran from 1875 to 1876 and again from 1889 to 1891, and his father was Emir Faisal bin Turki. His son Abdulaziz went on to found the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Notes
The article gives June 1928; Wikidata gives 2 June 1928. The infobox gives the place as Riyadh, then in the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.
The stadium was built in eight months on a quarry-and-rubbish-dump site in Doornfontein. The first rugby test there was played against the All Blacks in June.
Roald Amundsen disappears on an Arctic rescue flight
Lives
The Norwegian polar explorer vanished in June during a flight to rescue the crew of an airship. The Norwegian government called off the search in September, and his remains have not been found.
Notes
Source says he disappeared; no date or cause of death is established. Infobox gives the Barents Sea as place of disappearance, Wikidata gives Arctic Ocean.
The UK Equal Franchise Act gives women the vote on the same terms as men
Politics & diplomacy
The act became law on 2 July after being introduced in March, giving all women over 21 the vote whatever property they owned. Before it, only women over 30 who met property qualifications could vote.
Notes
Infobox gives royal assent and commencement as 2 July 1928; Wikidata gives 1928.
Brookner became a novelist and art historian from England. From 1967 she was Cambridge's Slade Professor of Fine Art, the first woman given that visiting post.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 16 July 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Giolitti served five times as Italy's prime minister between 1892 and 1921, building flexible centrist coalitions under a style called trasformismo. Critics called him authoritarian, a dictator working through parliament.
The Sixth Congress of the Communist International opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
Delegates from 65 organizations and 57 countries met from 17 July to 1 September. The congress adopted the 'Third Period' theory and endorsed the 'class against class' tactic.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on the start of 17 July 1928.
Canfranc International railway station is formally opened
Architecture
The station in the Spanish Pyrenees was opened before King Alfonso XIII of Spain and French president Gaston Doumergue. It was built on a grand scale as a major hub for cross-border rail traffic.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 18 July 1928; Wikidata also lists 15 April 2021 (the rebuilding), which is not used.
The International Chess Federation (FIDE) organised a team tournament combined with several events meant to promote chess. Games were played in the Ridderzaal, part of the Binnenhof complex where the Dutch parliament sits.
Notes
Wikidata gives an end date of 1928-08-05; the article lead says 6 August.
Terry died aged 81 of a cerebral haemorrhage at her home, Smallhythe Place near Tenterden, Kent. From 1878 she was Henry Irving's leading lady and for two decades Britain's leading Shakespearean actress.
Cossiga led a centre-right government as prime minister from 1979 to 1980 and was Italy's president from 1985 to 1992. As interior minister he reorganised the police, civil protection and secret services.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 26 July 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Radclyffe Hall's novel The Well of Loneliness is published
Art & literature
Jonathan Cape published the lesbian novel, which follows Stephen Gordon, an upper-class Englishwoman whose homosexuality is clear from an early age. The editor of the Sunday Express, James Douglas, campaigned against it soon afterwards.
Notes
The publication date of 27 July 1928 comes from the infobox; the lead gives only 1928. The UK obscenity trial opened in November 1928. No city is named for publication.
France beats the United States in the Davis Cup Challenge Round
Sport
In the 23rd Davis Cup, the United States beat Italy in the inter-zonal play-off, then lost the Challenge Round to France at Paris's new Stade Roland Garros. It gave France a second straight title.
Notes
The Challenge Round final is stored. Wikidata gives the whole competition as 7 April to 29 July 1928.
Prince Hendrik opened the Games of the IX Olympiad in Amsterdam on 28 July, and they ran to 12 August. The United States won the most gold medals and the most medals overall.
Notes
Body says competitions began on 17 May 1928 and were spread over four months, ending 12 August 1928; the opening ceremony date used is the infobox and lead date of 28 July.
· Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom · Europe
John Stewart Bell is born in Belfast
LivesSome details uncertain
Bell was a physicist from Northern Ireland who originated Bell's theorem, about hidden-variable theories in quantum physics. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics honoured experiments on Bell inequalities.
Notes
English Wikipedia and Wikidata give 28 July 1928, and German Wikipedia notes that the Royal Society also gives 28 July. German, French and several other Wikipedias give 28 June 1928, which German Wikipedia attributes to NNDB. The July date is kept with medium confidence.
The French painter and commercial artist, born in Algiers in 1849, illustrated erotic literature under the pseudonym Paul Avril. He died at Le Raincy, near Paris.
Notes
Death place is Le Raincy near Paris per the infobox and body.
Athletics events are held at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam
SportSome details uncertain
Twenty-seven athletics events were contested in Amsterdam, with 706 participants from 40 countries. Women's athletics events joined the Olympic programme for the first time.
Notes
Day range comes from the infobox, which gives no year; the year is taken from the Games. Wikidata gives only 1928.
Oil companies sign the Red Line Agreement in Ostend
Politics & diplomacy
Partners in the Turkish Petroleum Company signed it, among them Anglo-Persian, Royal Dutch Shell, a French oil company, an American consortium and Calouste Gulbenkian. The Turkish Petroleum Company was renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929.
Notes
The red line on the map is said to have been drawn by Gulbenkian at a 1928 meeting, which the article presents as hearsay. The agreement followed the Baba Gurgur oil find in Iraq.
Mexico holds its general election, won unopposed by Álvaro Obregón
Politics & diplomacy
Obregón was the only presidential candidate and won unopposed. He was assassinated sixteen days after the vote, and Emilio Portes Gil was named interim president in his place.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 1 July 1928.
Chrysler launches the Plymouth car brand at Madison Square Garden
Economy & trade
Plymouth cars made their debut at Madison Square Garden. Chrysler launched the brand to compete in the low-priced segment then dominated by Chevrolet and Ford, with the Chrysler-Plymouth Model Q as its first model.
Notes
The infobox credits the introduction to Walter Chrysler.
· Erie, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Crystal Eastman dies
LivesSome details uncertain
Eastman was an American lawyer, feminist, socialist and journalist who was among the leaders of the women's suffrage struggle. With her brother Max she co-founded the radical magazine The Liberator, and she died of nephritis aged 47.
Notes
The lead's life dates read July 28, 1928, but the infobox and the body both say July 8, 1928, and Wikidata agrees with 8 July, so 8 July is stored with medium confidence. Death place is Erie, Pennsylvania per the infobox.
· Lansing, Michigan, United States · North America
Lansing's Capital City Airport is formally dedicated
Architecture
About 70,000 people attended the two-day ceremony, among them the explorer Hubert Wilkins and the pilot Carl Eielson. Lansing had received its first air mail by Stinson Detroiter on 5 July.
Notes
The infobox gives 1 May 1926, when the first planes flew from the site. The body gives the formal dedication on 14-15 July 1928, and Wikidata's preferred date is 14 July 1928; the stored dates are the dedication weekend. Wikidata also lists 4 January 1940 from FAA airport data, which the article does not mention.
Álvaro Obregón, Mexico's president-elect, is assassinated
Lives
Obregón, a Mexican general who was president from 1920 until 1924, was re-elected in 1928 but killed by an assassin before his inauguration. He died in the San Ángel district of Mexico City.
Notes
The infobox gives the start of his new term as 1 July 1928 and his death as 17 July 1928.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Vera Rubin is born in Philadelphia
Lives
Born Vera Cooper, Rubin became an American astronomer who pioneered the study of galaxy rotation rates. A Chilean observatory, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, carries her name.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 23 July 1928.
Kubrick was born in New York City and became a filmmaker and photographer, a prominent name of the New Hollywood era. Before directing he photographed for Look magazine, and from 1961 he lived in England.
Notes
Wikidata gives The Bronx as the birthplace; the article gives New York City.
The film White Shadows in the South Seas premieres in New York
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
W. S. Van Dyke directed the American film, starring Monte Blue and Raquel Torres. It has no audible dialogue but carried a synchronized score and sound effects, and Clyde De Vinna won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for it.
Notes
The infobox gives 31 July 1928, which German Wikipedia calls the New York premiere; the general US release followed on 10 November 1928. Wikidata gives only the year, so confidence is medium. Production began in 1927.
The 1928 Tour of the Basque Country cycle race begins
Sport
The fifth Tour ran from 1 to 5 August over four stages and 762 km, from Bilbao to Las Arenas. Belgium's Maurice De Waele won, ahead of André Leducq of France.
Notes
The English article and Wikidata give 1 to 5 August 1928.
Lacrosse is played as a demonstration sport at the Amsterdam Olympics
Sport
Three sides from Canada, Britain and the US met in a round robin on 5, 6 and 7 August. Johns Hopkins Blue Jays stood in for the United States, and New Westminster Salmonbellies for Canada.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year and labels the category politics_diplomacy; the dates come from the lead and infobox and the category is replaced by sport.
· Zagreb, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Croatia) · Europe
Stjepan Radić dies after being shot in parliament
Lives
Radić co-founded the Croatian People's Peasant Party. Puniša Račić shot him in parliament on 20 June, and he died several weeks later of the stomach wound, aged 57.
Notes
The lead gives his birth as 11 June 1871 and the infobox as 11 July 1871; this does not affect the death date. The shooting took place in the National Assembly in Belgrade, per a body caption.
The composer was born in Hukvaldy in 1854 and drew on Moravian and other Slavic folk music, transcribing the melodies of speech into his work. His later works include Káťa Kabanová, The Cunning Little Vixen, the Sinfonietta and the Glagolitic Mass.
Notes
Infobox gives the death place as Ostrava, Czechoslovakia.
The Zürich athletics meeting that becomes Weltklasse Zürich is first held
Sport
The meeting took place at the Letzigrund on a dirt track, planned since 1924 by the athletics section of FC Zürich. Early on, the public nicknamed it the Nurmi meeting after the runner Paavo Nurmi.
Notes
The lead, body, infobox and Wikidata (year only) agree on 1928; the lead and body give 12 August 1928.
Norddeutsche Lloyd built her at the Blohm & Voss shipyard for the transatlantic route. After the Second World War she became the French liner Liberté.
Notes
The English body and German, French and Italian Wikipedia give the launch at Blohm & Voss as 15 August 1928. Spanish Wikipedia and Wikidata give 1 August 1928, which no other article supports, so 15 August is used with medium confidence.
The stadium was Dynamo Moscow's home ground until 2008 and the main ground of the Dynamo sports society across the Soviet Union. It also hosted matches of the 1980 Olympic football tournament.
Notes
The English infobox gives 17 August 1928, and Russian Wikipedia says the stadium was officially opened on that date with a match of the Spartakiad football tournament; the lead says only 1928 and Wikidata gives the year. English Wikipedia gives a capacity of 36,540 but German Wikipedia 37,684, so no capacity is stated.
Alfred Hitchcock's silent comedy Champagne is released
Stage, music & film
Betty Balfour, Gordon Harker and Jean Bradin star in the British film, which centres on a young woman who must find work when her father's money is gone. British International Pictures produced it.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata agree on 20 August 1928 for the UK release, and French Wikipedia gives the same date; Italian Wikipedia adds a London premiere on 9 August 1928.
Stockhausen became a German composer known for his electronic music and for the seven-opera cycle Licht.
Notes
The lead, German and French Wikipedia and Wikidata agree on 22 August 1928. German and French Wikipedia and the English body give the birth place as Mödrath, now part of Kerpen, so the place is added; the region follows his German nationality.
Kroemer became a German-American physicist. He shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics with Zhores Alferov for work on semiconductor heterostructures for fast electronics and optoelectronics.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 25 August 1928.
States agreed to renounce war as a means of settling disputes among them. US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and France's foreign minister Aristide Briand were its authors, and it was first signed at the French Foreign Ministry.
Notes
The pact took effect on 24 July 1929; 27 August 1928 is the signing date.
An Taibhdhearc, the national Irish language theatre, opens in Galway
Stage, music & film
Its first production was Diarmuid agus Gráinne by Micheál Mac Liammóir, with Lady Gregory attending the opening night. The theatre was built on the ruins of Galway's original Augustinian friary.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body and Irish Wikipedia give 27 August 1928 for the first night, and the infobox and lead give 1928. Irish Wikipedia adds that the theatre first opened as the Galway Gaelic Theatre and took the name An Taibhdhearc later, and it dates the founding to 1929.
Wilhelm Wien was a German physicist who died in Munich. He derived Wien's displacement law for blackbody emission and won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on heat radiation.
Stuck was a painter, sculptor, printmaker and architect best known for paintings of ancient mythology. His painting The Sin won him major critical praise in 1892.
Brecht and Weill's The Threepenny Opera opens in Berlin
Stage, music & film
The Threepenny Opera opened at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. Bertolt Brecht adapted John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, and Kurt Weill wrote music drawing on jazz and German dance music.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1 January 1928 as an inception date, but the article gives 31 August 1928 for the opening.
Die Moritat von Mackie Messer, known as Mack the Knife, premieres in Berlin
Stage, music & film
Kurt Weill wrote the music and Bertolt Brecht the words for this opening number of The Threepenny Opera, about the knife-wielding criminal Macheath. It was slipped in shortly before the first night.
Notes
The English infobox gives 31 August 1928 as the publication date and Wikidata agrees; German Wikipedia gives the same day as the first performance, with The Threepenny Opera, at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm in Berlin, so the stored date is the premiere.
The marque was meant to compete in the mid-price class against Pontiac, Studebaker, Hudson and Willys. The first cars were 1929 models, sold as a cheaper alternative to Chrysler's own products.
Notes
The body gives 4 August 1928 for the founding of the marque; the infobox and lead say 1928 and the first cars were 1929 models.
· Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Andy Warhol is born in Pittsburgh
Lives
Born Andrew Warhola Jr. to working-class Rusyn immigrants, Warhol began in New York as a commercial artist and then moved into fine art. His early silkscreens include Campbell's Soup Can and Marilyn Diptych.
Notes
The lead and infobox give the birth date and place, matching Wikidata.
The adventure strip was the work of Lyman Young, whose younger brother Chic created Blondie. King Features Syndicate distributed it from 13 August, and at the start Tim Tyler lived in an orphanage.
Notes
The article names no city. The strip is stored under the United States because it appeared through King Features Syndicate, the article files it as an American comic strip, and Wikidata gives the United States as its country of origin.
· San Diego, California, United States · North America
San Diego dedicates its Lindbergh Field airport
Architecture
San Diego passed a bond measure to pay for the airport, inspired by Charles Lindbergh's flight, and named it for the aviator. A flyover of 140 Navy and 82 Army aircraft marked the dedication.
Notes
The English body and infobox give 16 August 1928 for the dedication, and Wikidata's preferred inception value agrees. Wikidata also lists a second inception date, 4 January 1940, taken from FAA airport data; the article does not mention it.
Lubitsch directed the American part-talkie, Paramount's first feature with spoken dialogue, about Emperor Paul I of Russia and Count Pahlen's plot to remove him. Emil Jannings starred.
Notes
The release date comes from the English infobox and Wikidata; no city is given, so the country is stored as the place.
· Forest Hills, New York City, United States · North America
The 1928 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament is played at Forest Hills
Sport
Played on grass at the West Side Tennis Club, the 48th staging was the year's fourth Grand Slam event. The women played from 20 to 27 August and the men from 10 to 17 September.
Notes
The two draws had separate dates, so the stored range runs from the start of the women's event to the end of the men's.
The Republic Monument is unveiled at Taksim Square, Istanbul
Architecture
The Italian sculptor Pietro Canonica designed the monument to mark the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923, and public donations helped fund two and a half years of building. One side shows Atatürk in military uniform.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 8 August 1928; Wikidata matches. Turkey used the Gregorian calendar by 1928.
A meeting founded the body under Mandatory Palestine, and it applied for FIFA membership. FIFA admitted it provisionally on 17 December and affiliated it in May 1929.
Notes
English Wikipedia's history section gives a founding meeting on 14 August 1928. Wikidata gives 18 July 1928, and French and German Wikipedia give the year 1928, so the exact day rests on one source.
Italy and Ethiopia sign a treaty of friendship and arbitration
Politics & diplomacy
Ras Tafari Makonnen, then 36, represented Ethiopia's government while Empress Zewditu ruled. Tafari was heir apparent and Regent Plenipotentiary, and he was proclaimed Negus on 7 October.
Notes
The photo caption places the signing at Villa Italia in Addis Ababa, where the Italian ambassador Giuliano Cora attended. Ethiopia kept its own calendar, but the treaty with Italy is dated in the European year count (1928), so 2 August is taken as a Gregorian date.
Scottish physician Alexander Fleming noticed that a fungal contaminant on a Staphylococcus aureus culture seemed to kill the bacteria. He first obtained penicillin as a crude mould extract, and the Oxford team of Florey and Chain isolated the purified compound in 1940.
Notes
Body gives 3 September 1928 for the chance observation and 28 September 1928 for the confirming experiment; Wikidata gives 28 September 1928. The name penicillin was coined on 7 March 1929. Month stored because the two day-level dates differ.
The club was formed by joining two junior clubs, Sligo Town and Sligo Blues, and won 9-1 against Ballyshannon in its first game on 23 September. It has played in the League of Ireland since 1934.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 17 September 1928 for the merger of Sligo Town and Sligo Blues, while German Wikipedia gives 27 September 1928 (noting a joint side already played on 23 September), so only the month is stored.
Parliament replaced the Albanian Republic with a constitutional monarchy, and President Ahmet Zogu became King Zog I. The kingdom kept close ties with Fascist Italy and ended with Italy's invasion in 1939.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 September 1928; the infobox gives 1 September as the start day and 1928 as the start year.
· Ljubljana, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Slovenia) · Europe
Radio Ljubljana begins experimental broadcasts
Technology
Radio Ljubljana went on air for the first time with experimental broadcasts. Slovenia's public broadcaster, RTV Slovenija, dates its radio service to this year and added television in 1958.
Notes
The body gives 1 September 1928, matching Wikidata.
The Soviet Union creates the all-Union Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Politics & diplomacy
The order began in 1920 as an award of the Russian SFSR alone, and an all-Union version was established by decree on 7 September. It honoured great deeds in production, science, culture, the arts, education, sport and health.
Notes
The Russian SFSR version dates from 28 December 1920.
The first Tour de Pologne is held as the Race Around Poland
SportSome details uncertain
Seventy-one cyclists started the race on 7 September and covered almost 1,500 km, and Felix Więcek of the Bydgoszcz Cycling Club won. Many regard it as Poland's oldest and most significant cycling race.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 7 to 11 September 1928 for the first race, but Polish Wikipedia gives 7 to 16 September (eight stages, 1,491 km), and German Wikipedia confirms the start on 7 September, so only the start date is stored. Wikidata gives only the year. The race was held only periodically until 1952.
A crash at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza kills driver Emilio Materassi and spectators
Sport
Louis Chiron won the 60-lap race in a Bugatti 37A. On lap 17 Emilio Materassi lost control while trying to pass Giulio Foresti, and his car hit the grandstand, killing him and at least 22 spectators.
Notes
Some sources put the number of spectators killed at 27, which the article calls unconfirmed.
Aarhus University begins as University Studies in Jutland
Science
Teaching started on a budget of 33,000 DKK with 64 students, rising to 78 by the end of term. The first courses were in languages and philosophy, and students travelled to Copenhagen for final examinations.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and body give 11 September 1928.
Italo Svevo, pen name of Aron Hector Schmitz, was born in Trieste in 1861. He was a novelist, playwright and businessman, regarded as having pioneered the psychological novel in Italy, best known for La coscienza di Zeno.
Notes
Birth place Trieste was then in the Austrian Empire.
Sweden holds the general election later called the Cossack election
Politics & diplomacy
The Social Democrats stayed the biggest party with 90 of the 230 lower-house seats, but Arvid Lindman of the Electoral League took over as prime minister from Carl Gustaf Ekman.
Notes
The lead gives 15 to 21 September 1928, matching Wikidata's range; the infobox gives 15 September as the election date.
The airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin makes its first flight
TechnologySome details uncertain
Built at Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance, the airship was christened on 8 July and first flew on 18 September. In October it flew to the United States for the first time, reaching Lakehurst in New Jersey.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1928. The 18 September 1928 first flight comes from the infobox alone, so confidence is medium; the first flight is used as the date of creation. The christening was on 8 July 1928 and the infobox gives 11 October 1928 as its introduction.
Ferrara's Stadio Comunale, now Stadio Paolo Mazza, opens
Architecture
The municipal stadium first held 4,000 spectators and is the home ground of the football club SPAL. It took the name of former SPAL president Paolo Mazza in February 1982.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year and the English lead gives September 1928; German, Italian and French Wikipedia all give 20 September 1928 for the inauguration. Building began in 1927.
The Wittorf affair, an embezzlement scandal, shakes the German Communist Party
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
John Wittorf, a KPD central committee member, embezzled from the party's 1928 election campaign fund. The committee expelled him on 26 September, and the party chairman Ernst Thälmann had tried to cover up the theft.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1928; the stored range runs from the expulsion of Wittorf on 26 September to Thälmann's reinstatement on 20 October, both from the body, so confidence is medium. The place is the Weimar-era German Reich.
Wiesel became a Romanian-born American writer and professor who survived the Holocaust. His book Night recounts his time as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald camps, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986.
Notes
The birth place comes from the infobox. The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 30 September 1928.
In June Pan American Airways bought 116 acres on NW 36th Street to build a private international airport. By September it was flying regularly scheduled air mail between Miami and Havana.
Notes
The infobox gives an opening of 15 September 1928, while the body dates the official dedication to 9 January 1929.
The meteorite was reported as found in September during excavation of the Sinagua village Elden Pueblo, but it actually came from another Sinagua site. It is a primitive achondrite and by far the largest of the winonaite group.
Notes
The body says the meteorite was reported as found in September 1928 during excavation of Elden Pueblo, but also says it was in fact found at another Sinagua site, so the exact place is unknown and only Arizona is stored. The infobox gives only the year 1928; month precision with medium confidence.
The film Our Dancing Daughters, starring Joan Crawford, is released
Stage, music & film
Harry Beaumont directed the American drama about the 'loosening of youth morals' in the 1920s, with Joan Crawford and John Mack Brown. It carried a synchronized score and sound effects but no audible dialogue.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and German, French and Italian Wikipedia give 1 September 1928 for the US release (Italian Wikipedia adds a New York showing on 7 October).
· Lake Okeechobee, Florida, United States · North America
The Okeechobee hurricane devastates Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico and Florida
Disasters
The storm struck Guadeloupe on 12 September, reached Puerto Rico at Category 5 strength on 13 September, and came ashore near West Palm Beach on 17 September. Storm surge poured out of Lake Okeechobee, flooding hundreds of square miles.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1928 with start 1928-09-06 and end 1928-09-21; infobox lists formed 6 September and dissipated 21 September 1928. Also called the San Felipe Segundo hurricane.
Josef von Sternberg's film The Docks of New York opens in New York
Stage, music & film
The silent drama, with George Bancroft, Betty Compson and Olga Baclanova, opened at the Paramount Theatre on 16 September and reached the rest of the country on 29 September. Jules Furthman adapted John Monk Saunders's story.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and body give 16 September 1928.
· Walla Walla, Washington, United States · North America
Adam West is born in Walla Walla, Washington
Lives
Born William West Anderson, West played Batman in the 1960s ABC television series and the 1966 Batman feature film. He later voiced parody versions of himself in Family Guy and other cartoons.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 19 September 1928.
Keaton and Marceline Day starred in the silent romantic comedy, directed by Edward Sedgwick with Keaton also directing without credit. It was the first film Keaton made under his MGM contract.
Notes
Wikidata gives 10 September 1928, with 22 September, 27 October and a 1929 date as other values; the infobox gives 22 September 1928, which French and German Wikipedia name as the nationwide release (both add a New York premiere on 16 September 1928). The nationwide release date is used.
The Galvin brothers found the company that became Motorola in Chicago
Economy & trade
Brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin founded the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in Chicago to make a battery eliminator. It took the Motorola name in 1947.
A Delhi meeting gives rise to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A gathering of revolutionary groups renamed the Hindustan Republican Association by adding the word socialist, a change thought to owe mostly to Bhagat Singh's influence. It came amid rising anti-colonial feeling in the year of the Simon Commission.
Notes
Wikidata gives 7 August 1928; the body dates the meeting that produced the HSRA to 8 and 9 September 1928, which is used, so confidence is medium.
Jean Epstein's silent horror film of Poe's House of Usher is released in France
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Epstein directed the French silent horror film, one of several adapted from Edgar Allan Poe's 1839 story. The screenplay is credited to Luis Buñuel and Epstein.
Notes
The English infobox gives 4 October 1928 and the English body and French Wikipedia give 28 October 1928, while Wikidata and German and Russian Wikipedia give 5 October 1928. All fall in October 1928, so only the month is stored with medium confidence.
Escrivá founded Opus Dei, Latin for Work of God, in Madrid. It belongs to the Catholic Church as a personal prelature, and its stated purpose is helping members seek holiness in daily work and social duties.
Notes
Infobox gives the formation date as 2 October 1928; the lead says founded in Spain, the body names Madrid.
· Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Serbia) · Europe
Ivan Meštrović's Pobednik monument is unveiled at Belgrade Fortress
Art & literature
The bronze nude figure carries a bird of prey and a sword, standing for peace and war. The monument commemorates Serbia's victories over the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox, body and German and French Wikipedia give 7 October 1928. English Wikipedia calls the bird a falcon, while German and French Wikipedia call it an eagle, so it is described only as a bird of prey.
The King inaugurates the first Parador hotel at Navarredonda de Gredos
Economy & trade
The Parador Nacional de Gredos was the first of the Spanish state's chain of hotels in historic buildings and nature areas. The chain was created to promote tourism where lodging was scarce.
Notes
The infobox gives 8 October 1928 as the company's founding date, while the lead and body give 9 October 1928 for the first parador's inauguration, which is used. Wikidata gives only the year.
Virginia Woolf's novel Orlando: A Biography is published
Art & literature
The Hogarth Press issued the novel, a satirical history of English literature whose hero is a poet who turns from man into woman and lives on for centuries. Woolf drew on the family history of Vita Sackville-West.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the month; the lead and infobox give 11 October 1928. The infobox lists the country as the United Kingdom; no city is named.
Born Princess Dagmar of Denmark, she was Russian empress as the wife of Alexander III from 1881 until 1894. She died of heart failure at Hvidøre outside Copenhagen, in a house once shared with her sister, Queen Alexandra.
Notes
Death took place in Denmark; the Gregorian date is given in the source. Abdication date 15 March 1917 is as stated in the lead.
Fisher was Australia's fifth prime minister, serving three separate terms between 1908 and 1915. Born in Scotland, he left school young to work in coal mines and later served as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Notes
Infobox gives Hampstead, London as the death place; Wikidata gives West Hampstead. Both are London, so London is stored.
Naur became a Danish computer science pioneer who won the Turing Award in 2005. With John Backus he contributed to Backus-Naur form, used to describe programming language syntax.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 25 October 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The Social Democrats took the most votes, ahead by only six, but the Free Democratic Party stayed the largest group in the National Council with 58 of the 198 seats.
Los Angeles International Airport opens as Mines Field
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The airport opened in October on land known as Mines Field, in what is now the Westchester neighborhood. The city had leased the land to the newly formed Department of Airports on 13 August.
Notes
Body and Wikidata give 1 October 1928; the infobox gives 2 October 1928. Month stored because the two day-level dates differ.
RCA brings two theatre and film businesses together to form RKO
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Keith-Albee-Orpheum theatre chain and Joseph Kennedy's film studio FBO came under RCA control in October. Production began under the RKO name in early 1929.
Notes
Wikidata gives 23 October 1928; the article dates the merger to October 1928, so month precision is stored. The infobox dates the founding of RKO Productions to 25 January 1929, so confidence is medium.
· Newark, New Jersey, United States · North America
Newark Metropolitan Airport opens
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Construction began on marshland beside Port Newark on 1 April, and the airport opened that October. Canadian Colonial Airways had signed its first lease in April.
Notes
The body says it opened on 1 October 1928 and Wikidata agrees, but the infobox says 2 October 1928.
· Detroit, Michigan, United States · North America
George Peppard is born in Detroit
Lives
Peppard became an American actor who starred with Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's. He later led the television series Banacek and played Hannibal Smith in The A-Team.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 1 October 1928.
Murnau directed the American drama starring Janet Gaynor. The October version had a synchronized score and no spoken dialogue, and Fox later pulled it and had talking sequences added.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox, German Wikipedia and French Wikipedia give 3 October 1928 for the synchronized-score version, with the New York premiere on that day.
· Schenectady, New York, United States · North America
Mary Daly is born in Schenectady, New York
Lives
Daly became an American radical feminist philosopher and theologian who taught at Boston College for 33 years. Her books include Beyond God the Father and Gyn/Ecology.
Notes
The body, lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 16 October 1928.
Lansing served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State from 1915 to 1920. In 1917 he reached the Lansing-Ishii Agreement with Japan, and in 1919 he sat on the American delegation at the Paris peace talks.
China's Nationalist government sets up a preparatory office for the Examination Yuan
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
After the Northern Expedition ended, the government opened the office in October, and an organic law for the body was promulgated. The Examination Yuan is the branch that checks the qualifications of civil servants.
Notes
The infobox gives the formation as January 1930, so the stored date is the preparatory office, not the final founding; the body and Wikidata give October 1928. Wikidata's place (Taiwan) is replaced by China, since the body places the events on the mainland.
· Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia) · Asia
Young Indonesians make the Youth Pledge in Jakarta
Politics & diplomacy
At the second Indonesian youth congress, young people pledged one motherland, one nation and one unifying language. The congress met on 27 and 28 October in three locations.
Le Petit Vingtième, where Tintin first appeared, publishes its first issue
Art & literature
The eight-page weekly supplement for young readers to Belgium's Le Vingtième Siècle came out every Thursday between 1928 and 1940. The serial Tintin in the Land of the Soviets started on 10 January 1929.
The Communist Party of Yugoslavia holds its 4th Congress in exile in Dresden
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The congress met in Dresden, Germany, from 6 to 12 November because the authorities in Yugoslavia had banned the party. It was the party's supreme body.
Notes
Wikidata gives 3 to 15 November 1928, while the lead gives 6 to 12 November 1928. The lead is used, so confidence is medium.
The Constructivist building, billed as the first Soviet skyscraper, stands on Freedom Square and began construction in 1925. Its name abbreviates words meaning State Industry.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox, body, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia give 7 November 1928. Russian Wikipedia calls it one of the first Soviet skyscrapers, so 'first' is given only as a billing.
The Swedish-Finnish director, born Moshe Stiller, pioneered the Swedish film industry and is remembered above all for finding Greta Garbo and taking her to America. He died of pleurisy aged 45.
Notes
Wikidata lists 8 November with 18 November as an alternate; the lead, infobox and body all say 8 November. Death place is Stockholm per the infobox; Wikidata names a Stockholm parish.
All Quiet on the Western Front begins serial publication
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of the First World War, wrote this semi-autobiographical novel about soldiers' trauma. It first ran as a serial in the Vossische Zeitung from 10 November to 9 December, and the book followed in January 1929.
Notes
Serialisation 10 November to 9 December 1928; book form 29 January 1929 (Wikidata also lists 29 January 1929). The lead gives November and December 1928 for first publication. German Wikipedia confirms the serial start on 10 November 1928 but gives different sales figures from the English article.
Morricone became a composer, conductor and trumpeter who wrote in many styles, starting a long partnership with the director Sergio Leone on A Fistful of Dollars. He won an Academy Award for Best Original Score for The Hateful Eight.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 10 November 1928.
The German dramatist and novelist suffered a stroke in 1928 and died shortly afterwards of a lung infection, aged 71. The films Sunrise and Flesh and the Devil drew on his stories.
Ravel's orchestral piece opened as a ballet on 22 November, choreographed by Bronislava Nijinska and commissioned by Ida Rubinstein. It was a sensational success.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1928; the article gives the premiere on 22 November 1928.
The convention creating the Bureau International des Expositions is signed in Paris
Politics & diplomacy
The Convention Relating to International Exhibitions established the Bureau International des Expositions, an intergovernmental body overseeing world expos. It also set rules under which organisers and participants could cooperate.
Scheer was an admiral of the Imperial German Navy who took charge of the High Seas Fleet in 1916 and led it at Jutland. He became chief of Naval Staff in August 1918.
Notes
Death place is Marktredwitz per the lead and infobox.
The Canadian Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company is founded
Economy & trade
It began as a servicing centre for P&W engines and is today Pratt & Whitney Canada, a Canada-based aircraft engine manufacturer. It holds a worldwide mandate to build small and medium aircraft engines.
Notes
The infobox and body give November 1928. Longueuil is the present headquarters.
King Vidor's comedy Show People, starring Marion Davies, is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Vidor directed the MGM comedy with Marion Davies and William Haines, which has a synchronized score and sound effects but no spoken dialogue. Cameo guests include Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks.
Notes
Wikidata gives 20 October 1928, which no article supports. The English infobox and Italian Wikipedia give 20 November 1928 for the MGM release, while German and French Wikipedia give 11 November 1928 as the US release and Italian Wikipedia calls that day the New York premiere, so only November 1928 is stored.
· Hollywood, California, United States · North America
The film Noah's Ark premieres in Hollywood
Stage, music & film
Michael Curtiz directed the Warner Bros. part-talkie epic, starring Dolores Costello and George O'Brien, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Most scenes are silent with a synchronized score, and some carry spoken dialogue.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox and body give a premiere on 1 November 1928. The infobox also lists a US re-release of a later cut on 15 June 1929.
Cuba holds a presidential election won by Gerardo Machado
Politics & diplomacy
President Machado, the only candidate, won a non-democratic vote while the opposition was repressed. He had promised to serve a single term but ran again.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 1 November 1928.
Republican Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis beat Democrats Al Smith and Joseph T. Robinson in a landslide. Smith, a Roman Catholic, faced anti-Catholic sentiment, opposition to Prohibition and his ties to Tammany Hall.
· Newton, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Anne Sexton is born in Newton, Massachusetts
Lives
Born Anne Gray Harvey, Sexton became an American poet known for personal, confessional verse. Her poems often blended fairy tales, mythology and religious imagery with her own life.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 9 November 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
Fuentes became a Mexican novelist and essayist who also served as ambassador to France. His novels include The Death of Artemio Cruz, Terra Nostra and The Old Gringo, and he received the Miguel de Cervantes Prize.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 11 November 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Boston Garden opens as Boston Madison Square Garden
Sport
The boxing promoter Tex Rickard designed the arena, which opened with a boxing card in which Boston's Dick Finnegan beat Andre Routis. It was later home to the Boston Bruins and the Boston Celtics.
Notes
The article gives two different construction costs, so none is used.
Disney's cartoon Steamboat Willie premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
Steamboat Willie debuted at the Colony Theater in New York City, treated as the official debut of both Mickey and Minnie Mouse. Disney aimed at one of the earliest cartoons with fully synchronized sound and supplied every voice himself.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 15 May 1928 as a publication date. The infobox gives the US release as 18 November 1928.
The camera maker that became Minolta is founded in Osaka
Economy & trade
Kazuo Tashima founded the firm, originally named Nichi-Doku Shashinki Shōten, in November. Its first camera came in 1929, and the Minolta name was adopted in 1931.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year. The English infobox and German Wikipedia both put the founding in November 1928, so the month is stored; German Wikipedia alone gives 11 November. French and Spanish Wikipedia give only 1928.
A partial solar eclipse is seen from Europe and Asia
Science
On Monday 12 November the Moon partly covered the Sun at a magnitude of 0.8078. It was visible across parts of Europe, northeast Africa and western, central and southern Asia.
Notes
Times are UTC. The eclipse was visible from parts of northeast Africa, Europe and western, central and southern Asia.
The Afghan Civil War begins when the Shinwari tribe revolts
War & conflict
Fighting began in mid-November when the Shinwari revolted and besieged Jalalabad, and lasted until 13 October 1929. Habibullāh Kalakāni's forces took Kabul on 17 January 1929 and defeated Amanullah Khan.
Notes
The Saqqawist attack on Kabul began 14 December 1928 and the infobox lists it as 14 to 25 December 1928. Afghanistan dates are stored as Gregorian.
The present Iidabashi railway station opens in Tokyo
Architecture
The JR East station sits where Tokyo's Chiyoda, Shinjuku and Bunkyō wards meet and is now a major interchange with several lines. It replaced two older Kōbu Railway stations nearby, Ushigome and Iidamachi.
Notes
The infobox, body, Wikidata and German and French Wikipedia agree on 15 November 1928. German Wikipedia says the station was formed by joining the platforms of the older Ushigome and Iidamachi stations and lies between their sites, while English Wikipedia says the original Iidamachi station stood in a slightly different place.
Known as Punjab Kesari, the Indian nationalist led a non-violent march in Lahore against the Simon Commission on 30 October. Police struck him with batons, and he died on 17 November; his supporters blamed the blows.
Notes
Lahore was in British India in 1928; Wikidata's Pakistan is its present-day country. The English article says he died of the injuries from the baton charge, while French Wikipedia says a heart attack that his supporters attribute to the blows, so the cause is left open. The body text about a later shooting by Rajguru and Singh is garbled and not used.
· Jakarta, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
A football club for Jakarta's Indonesian residents is founded, forerunner of Persija
SportSome details uncertain
The club, founded under Dutch colonial rule, grew into Persija Jakarta. Persija is Indonesia's most successful club, and its rivalry with Persib Bandung is known as the Indonesian El Clásico.
Notes
English text, Indonesian, Dutch and German Wikipedia give 28 November 1928 for the founding, but the English and Indonesian infoboxes list that date for Voetbalbond Boemipoetera (V.B.B.) and 30 June 1929 for Voetbalbond Indonesia Jacatra (V.I.J.), so the name of the first club is unsettled. Wikidata gives only the year.
· Manila, Philippine Islands (now Philippines) · Asia
The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company is established by government act
Economy & trade
PLDT is now one of the Philippines' major telecom providers. First Pacific of Hong Kong is its majority owner.
Notes
The body and infobox give 28 November 1928, and Spanish Wikipedia also gives 28 November 1928 for the act of the Philippine legislature; Wikidata gives only the year. The infobox lists Manila as the founding place.
Turkey enacts the law adopting a Latin-based alphabet
Everyday life
Law No. 1353 ended the Ottoman Turkish alphabet built on Arabic script. It was enacted on 1 November, and the Official Gazette printed it two days later.
Notes
Enactment is 1 November 1928; publication in the Gazette is 3 November 1928. This article says the law came into effect on publication, while the English article on the Ottoman Turkish alphabet says it took effect on 1 January 1929. Turkey was on the Gregorian calendar from 1926, so no conversion is needed.
The cathedral was inaugurated and consecrated for Catholic worship although only partly finished. The Romanesque Revival building was later turned into the Algeria Square Mosque.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body gives the inauguration as 24 to 26 November 1928. The body says the building was partly complete when opened.
The Scottish architect, designer and watercolourist was born in Glasgow. With his wife Margaret Macdonald he influenced Art Nouveau and Secessionism, and he died in a nursing home in London.
Ausstellung station opens in Berlin, now Westkreuz
Architecture
It was meant as a transfer point between the Stadtbahn and the Ringbahn and as an entrance to the planned exhibition centre, hence its name. The Stadtbahn platforms had electric trains from the start.
Notes
The body gives 10 December 1928 for the station's opening, and Wikidata lists it as the founding date alongside the year. The place is the Charlottenburg district.
Cadorna, a count and Marshal of Italy, headed the Italian Army as Chief of Staff from 1914 until late 1917. After a German-Austrian attack at Caporetto forced his troops back to the Piave, he was removed and succeeded by Armando Diaz.
Notes
Wikidata gives 23 December 1928 with 21 December as an alternative; the lead, the infobox and Italian Wikipedia all give 21 December, so that date is stored.
The stadium took a year to build and cost 3.5 million lire. Atalanta beat La Dominante Genova 2-0 at the official inauguration, before more than 14,000 spectators.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body and infobox give 23 December 1928.
Built between 1925 and 1928, the stadium is the home of the La Liga club Celta Vigo and is owned by Vigo's city council. The first match there pitted Celta against the Basque side Real Unión.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same day; the year-only lead is consistent.
The Colombian lawyer and author, best known for his national epic The Vortex, reached New York in late April hoping to have the novel translated, published and filmed. He had a seizure on 27 November and lay comatose for four days.
Notes
Death place is New York City per the infobox and body.
Clement Melville Keys founds North American Aviation as a holding company
Economy & trade
It began as a holding company buying and selling interests in airlines and aviation firms. The company later built the P-51 Mustang, the B-25 Mitchell, the X-15 and the Apollo command and service module.
Notes
The body and Wikidata give 6 December 1928; the infobox gives only the year. The article names no city of founding; the infobox lists Los Angeles as the company's headquarters.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Noam Chomsky is born in Philadelphia
Lives
Avram Noam Chomsky was born to immigrant Ashkenazi Jewish parents. His 1957 work Syntactic Structures made him a significant figure in linguistics, and he began teaching at MIT in 1955.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 7 December 1928.
The New York Life Building in Manhattan opens officially
Architecture
President Coolidge opened it by pressing a button at the White House. Cass Gilbert designed the tower in Gothic Revival style with some Art Deco influence, topped by a gilded pyramidal roof.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the body gives 12 December 1928, and the infobox and lead give construction in 1927 and 1928.
George Gershwin's An American in Paris premieres at Carnegie Hall
Stage, music & film
Walter Damrosch conducted the New York Philharmonic in Gershwin's jazz-influenced tone poem, drawn from his time in Paris. Gershwin added celesta, saxophones and automobile horns to the usual orchestra.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the lead and infobox give 13 December 1928.
The silent film A Woman of Affairs, starring Greta Garbo, is released
Stage, music & film
Clarence Brown directed the MGM drama starring Greta Garbo and John Gilbert, based on Michael Arlen's best-selling 1924 novel The Green Hat. The title was changed to appease censors who objected to the novel's daring content.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the infobox, German Wikipedia and French Wikipedia give 15 December 1928 for the US release.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Philip K. Dick is born in Chicago
Lives
Dick began publishing stories in 1952, aged 23. His 1962 novel The Man in the High Castle brought him acclaim and a Hugo Award, and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? followed in 1968.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 16 December 1928.
The talking Western In Old Arizona premieres in Los Angeles
Stage, music & film
Raoul Walsh and Irving Cummings directed the film, based on O. Henry's Cisco Kid story The Caballero's Way. It reached general release on 20 January 1929.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year; the lead gives the Los Angeles premiere on 25 December 1928 and general release in January 1929.
· McComb, Mississippi, United States · North America
Bo Diddley is born in McComb, Mississippi
Lives
Born Ellas Otha Bates, Bo Diddley played guitar and sang and wrote songs in the United States, helping to bridge blues and rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame took him in during 1987.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 30 December 1928. The birth place comes from the infobox.
The Mickey Mouse cartoon The Gallopin' Gaucho is released
Stage, music & film
Ub Iwerks directed the short, the second Mickey Mouse cartoon produced. It was released with sound on 30 December by Celebrity Productions.
Notes
Wikidata gives 2 August 1928, which fits the completion of the silent version in August 1928; French and Italian Wikipedia add a silent showing in Los Angeles on 28 August 1928 that was not distributed. The lead and infobox give 30 December 1928 for the sound release, which is used.
Troops kill striking United Fruit Company workers at Ciénaga
War & conflict
The government sent troops under Carlos Cortés Vargas to break a strike by United Fruit Company workers near Santa Marta, Colombia. About 1,500 workers and their families were camped in the town square on the day.
Notes
Strike began 12 November 1928; massacre on 5 and 6 December 1928. Wikidata gives month precision (1928-12). Death toll is disputed.
· Madras, British India (now Chennai, India) · Asia
India's national cricket board, the BCCI, is established in Madras
Sport
Grant Govan served as the first president and Anthony De Mello as the first secretary. The board is a consortium of state cricket associations and is now the wealthiest governing body in world cricket.
Notes
The lead gives 1 December 1928 in Madras, and the history section agrees on December 1928; Wikidata gives only the year. The lead's statement that the board joined the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1926 predates the founding and is not used.
· Sheker, Kirghiz ASSR, Soviet Union (now Kyrgyzstan) · Asia
Chinghiz Aitmatov is born in Sheker
Lives
Aitmatov was a Kyrgyz author who wrote mostly in Russian and also in Kyrgyz. Among his notable works are Jamila and a novel about a day that outlasts a century.
Notes
The lead, infobox and Wikidata agree on 12 December 1928.
China's Nationalist government makes the Blue Sky with a White Sun its national emblem
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
It replaced the Twelve Symbols emblem used since 1913, after the Northern Expedition. The white sun has twelve rays, which stand for the months of the year and for traditional Chinese hours.
Notes
The infobox gives 17 December 1928 for the Nationalist government's adoption; the body says only 1928, so confidence is medium. Wikidata gives the year 1928.
The Northern Expedition ends as Manchuria accepts Nanjing's authority
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Zhang Xueliang announced that Manchuria would accept the Nanjing government's authority, completing Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang campaign to reunify China. The campaign, begun in 1926, opened the Nanjing decade.
Notes
The infobox gives the campaign as 9 July 1926 to 29 December 1928, and the lead says Manchuria's acceptance was announced in December 1928. Wikidata gives 29 December 1928 as the point in time, and 1928 (year only) as the end year.
Zhang Xueliang announces the Northeast Flag Replacement
Politics & diplomacy
Zhang Xueliang announced that the Beiyang government banners in Manchuria would be replaced by the Nationalist government's flag. The move nominally united China under a single government after the Northern Expedition.
The Beiyang Government is dissolved as China comes under Nationalist rule
Politics & diplomacy
The Beijing-based government, named for the Beiyang Army, had been China's recognized government since 1912. The Nationalist government in Nanjing under Chiang Kai-shek took over, and China was unified under the Nationalist flag.
Notes
The infobox end date and the body agree with Wikidata on 29 December 1928, the formal end. Zhang Zuolin had left Beijing earlier, on 3 June 1928.
Hubert Wilkins discovers Cape Northrop in Antarctica from the air
Exploration
On a flight, Sir Hubert Wilkins spotted the rocky bluff on the east coast of Graham Land and named it for Jack Northrop, designer of the Lockheed aircraft the expedition used.
Events we can place in 1928 but not in a particular month.
Europe 88
· Soviet Union · Europe
The Soviet Union begins collectivizing its farming
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Collectivization merged individual landholdings into state-controlled collective farms and state farms, running from 1928 to 1940 under the first five-year plan. Grain requisitioning returned in 1928 and was resisted in the countryside.
Notes
Lead places the start in 1928; the nationwide accelerated drive was decided in November 1929, so exact start varies by reading. Year precision stored.
India wins its first Olympic gold medal, in men's field hockey
Sport
In Amsterdam, in its fourth appearance at the Summer Olympics, India entered Olympic men's field hockey for the first time and took the gold. The Indian Hockey Federation, set up in 1925, sent the team.
Gymnastics is held at the 1928 Summer Olympics, with women competing for the first time
SportSome details uncertain
Eight gymnastics events were contested at the Amsterdam Games, and women took part in Olympic gymnastics for the first time. Rope climbing and the sidehorse vault were dropped from the programme.
The first international Winter and Summer Spartakiads are held
SportSome details uncertain
The Soviet Union sponsored the Spartakiad through Red Sport International. The first Winter Spartakiad took place in Oslo in February, and the first Summer one followed in Moscow in August.
Notes
Two 1928 dates: the first Winter Spartakiad in February 1928 (Oslo) and the first Summer Spartakiad in August 1928 (Moscow). Year precision stored. Events called Spartakiad existed earlier: the article mentions a Prague event of that name in 1921.
Hans Geiger and Walther Müller develop the sealed Geiger-Müller tube
Technology
Geiger and his PhD student Müller developed the sealed tube that made the Geiger counter practical as an instrument for detecting ionizing radiation. The principle itself had been demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1908.
Notes
The English article gives only the year and no place for the 1928 work; Wikidata gives 1928.
Teófilo Yldefonso wins the Philippines' first Olympic medal
SportSome details uncertain
The Philippines made its second Summer Olympics appearance with four competitors. Yldefonso won bronze in the men's 200 metre breaststroke, the nation's first medal at any Olympic Games.
Notes
The lead states the Games ran from 17 May to 12 August 1928; no day-level date for the team itself.
Stalin's Great Break led the Soviet Union to give up the policy Lenin had proposed in 1921, which let private individuals own small and medium enterprises. It was phased out gradually over 1928 to 1931, and collectivization and Five Year Plans followed.
Notes
Source says abandoned in 1928 but phased out gradually over 1928 to 1931, so the end is stored at year precision.
D. H. Lawrence privately publishes Lady Chatterley's Lover in Florence
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Lawrence's final novel first appeared as a private edition printed in Florence and sent to subscribers in England, the US and France. It centres on a bond between a working-class man and an aristocratic woman.
Notes
The English article gives a print run of 2000 copies and German Wikipedia gives 1000.
Germany returns to the Olympics at the 1928 Summer Games
SportSome details uncertain
Germany had been kept out of the 1920 and 1924 Games over its First World War role. It came back with 295 competitors, 260 men and 35 women, entering 95 events in 16 sports.
Serial publication of Sholokhov's And Quiet Flows the Don begins
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The first three volumes of the four-volume novel appeared in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr between 1928 and 1932. It follows Don Cossacks through the Great War, the revolution and the civil war.
Notes
Only the year is given for the start of publication, so year precision is stored. The infobox lists the country as the Soviet Union; no city is named.
The Stade Roland Garros tennis complex is built in Paris
SportSome details uncertain
The complex was built so that France could stage its first Davis Cup defence, after taking the cup from the United States in 1927 largely through the Musketeers. Court Philippe Chatrier dates from this year.
Notes
Only the year is given for the opening (English article and Wikidata).
Eisenstein and Aleksandrov's film October is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Soviet silent film, co-written and co-directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov, dramatises the 1917 October Revolution. Edmund Meisel composed the original score.
Notes
The English infobox gives release on 20 January 1928; French Wikipedia lists 7 November 1927, 20 January 1928 in Leningrad and 14 March 1928 in Moscow, and German Wikipedia gives the premiere as 14 March 1928 in Moscow. Only the year is stored. No city is given for the release, so the country is stored as the place.
Ilf and Petrov publish the satirical novel The Twelve Chairs
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Two Soviet authors wrote this picaresque satire, set in the NEP period, about a hunt for jewellery hidden inside a chair. Its hero Ostap Bender seems to die but returns in the 1931 sequel The Little Golden Calf.
Notes
Only the year of publication is given, so year precision is stored.
Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich are commissioned for the Barcelona German Pavilion
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The offer came after Mies ran the successful 1927 Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgart. The pavilion, built for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, is known for its simple form and expensive stone.
Notes
The infobox gives construction start as 1928, completion in 1929 and inauguration on 27 May 1929, so only the commission and start of work belong to 1928. Year precision is stored.
Eric Gill designed it, building on Edward Johnston's 1916 lettering for the London Underground. It first came out as titling capitals, quickly followed by a lower-case.
Notes
Only the year is given for the release (English article and Wikidata). The article says the titling capitals were first shown at a printing conference in 1928. Monotype's British branch released the typeface and Wikidata gives the United Kingdom as its country of origin, so the place is stored as the United Kingdom.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
The Soviet Union begins selling Hermitage paintings to Western buyers
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
In February the Hermitage was ordered to list art works for export, and the first sale, of 447 lots, took place in Germany. About 250 paintings were sold in all.
Notes
The lead dates the sales 1928 to 1931 while the infobox says 1930 and 1931. Wikidata gives an end date of 1939. English Wikipedia sets the value of the export list at two million rubles, but French Wikipedia gives a target of 30 million gold roubles.
Otto Jespersen creates the constructed language Novial
Art & literature
The Danish linguist introduced Novial as an international auxiliary language in his book An International Language. Its vocabulary comes mostly from Romance and Germanic languages, and its grammar is shaped by English.
Under Joseph Stalin, the first five-year plan set economic goals centred on rapid industrialization together with collectivization of agriculture. Stalin wished to do away with the New Economic Policy's mixed economy.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1928-01-01 (placeholder). Body says the rapid industrialization ran from October 1928 to December 1932. Year precision stored.
· Soviet Ukraine, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Forced collectivization of farming begins in Soviet Ukraine
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The campaign aimed to pool private farmland and labour into collective farms, known as kolkhozes, which peasants saw as a revival of serfdom. A drought had cut the 1927 harvest in the south, and food rationing began in Odesa in the second quarter of 1928.
Notes
A multi-year policy, stored as 1928 to 1933 at year precision (English lead and Wikidata). Wikidata also lists 1939 as a second end year, without a reference.
Nadja was Breton's second published book. It opens with the question 'Who am I?' and draws on his real encounters with a young woman over ten days, with 44 photographs.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 May 1928 and German Wikipedia says the book appeared in May 1928, but the English article gives no month, so only the year is stored. The article names no city of publication; the place is the author's country. Breton issued a revised edition in 1963.
Moscow's Central Park of Culture and Leisure, now Gorky Park, opens
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
A Moscow Council resolution of 15 March turned a farming and crafts exhibition into a culture park beside the Moskva River. It was the first park of its type in the country.
Notes
The resolution was dated 15 March 1928, and the 90th anniversary in August 2018 suggests an August 1928 opening, which matches Wikidata's 12 August.
The Alexandrov Ensemble, the Red Army Choir, is founded
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The ensemble serves as an official choir of Russia's armed forces and includes a male chorus, an orchestra and dancers. It is named after Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov, its first director, who led it from 1928 to 1946.
Notes
The article gives two versions of how the ensemble was formed.
The satirical opera, Opus 15, draws on Nikolai Gogol's story of 1836. Shostakovich wrote it between 1927 and 1928, and its premiere is given as 18 January 1930 in Leningrad.
Notes
Wikidata labels this a founding; the date stored is the completion of the work, given as 1928 only. The infobox gives a premiere of 18 January 1930 in Leningrad, while the body mentions a concert performance in June 1929. No place is named for the writing.
Seville's Plaza de España is built in María Luisa Park for the Ibero-American Exposition
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The architect Aníbal González built it for the following year's Ibero-American Exposition, for the client King Alfonso XIII. Its Spanish Regionalism design blends Baroque Revival, Renaissance Revival and Neo-Mudéjar elements.
Notes
English Wikipedia's lead and infobox give 1928 for completion, matching Wikidata's year, while Spanish Wikipedia says the plaza was built between 1914 and 1929 and hosted the Exposition's opening ceremony on 9 May 1929, so the year 1928 is stored as an approximate completion with medium confidence.
Construction of the Stadio Olimpico in Rome begins
SportSome details uncertain
Building began under the architect Enrico Del Debbio, and the stadium was first called the Stadio dei Cipressi. It did not open until 17 May 1953, with Italy playing Hungary.
Notes
Year precision is stored because only the year is given for the start of building. The stadium itself opened in 1953.
Tigger first appears in A. A. Milne's The House at Pooh Corner
Art & literature
Tigger is a toy tiger created by A. A. Milne, drawn from a stuffed toy owned by Christopher Robin Milne. He debuted in the 1928 follow-up to Winnie-the-Pooh, with orange fur, black stripes and a love of bouncing.
Notes
Body says his birthday is believed to be October 1928, the year the book was first published; year precision stored.
The football club that becomes FC Kuban Krasnodar is formed
SportSome details uncertain
The club's history begins with the formation of Dynamo NKVD in Krasnodar, first named Dynamo Krasnodar. It reached the Russian Premier League in 2011 and dissolved from bankruptcy in May 2018.
Notes
The 1928 date rests on the club's own account and on documents in the archives. The article adds that some reports put the club's founding a year earlier, but no documents for that exist.
Girl Guides and Girl Scouts form a worldwide association at a conference in Hungary
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
WAGGGS was founded at the fifth International Conference, held in Parád, after the Baden-Powells were approached about a formal association following the 1926 conference. Its headquarters is the World Bureau in London.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox names Robert Baden-Powell as founder.
The vessel Leise Mærsk set off from Baltimore on its first voyage on 12 July, sailing across the Panama Canal to East Asia and back. Maersk Line is the largest operating subsidiary of the Maersk group.
Notes
The infobox, lead and Wikidata agree on 1928. The body gives 12 July 1928 for the first voyage. The place is the headquarters.
Two French engineering firms merge to form Alsthom
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The merger joined the electrical engineering arm of SACM of Alsace with the French Thomson-Houston company. Today the company, spelled Alstom, makes high-speed, regional and urban trains, trams and signalling.
Notes
Only the year is given, so year precision is stored. The spelling Alsthom later became Alstom.
Federico García Lorca's Romancero gitano is published
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The collection gathers eighteen romances on themes such as night, death, the sky and the moon, using the Romani people and their culture to carry a broader message. Lorca described it as a 'carved altar piece' of Andalusia.
During a spring trip to Belgium and Holland, Miró admired the Dutch masters of the 17th century. Dutch Interior I reinterprets Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh's The Lute Player, and the other two rework paintings by Jan Steen.
Notes
Only the year is given (English article and Wikidata); no place of painting is stated.
Hub van Doorne founds the company that becomes DAF
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1928 Hubert van Doorne founded a firm called Hub van Doorne's Machinefabriek, with his brother Wim listed as co-founder. DAF Trucks is now a division of Paccar, based at Eindhoven.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 April 1928. The place is the company's headquarters.
Soviet security forces liquidate the Poale Zion party
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Poale Zion, meaning Workers of Zion, was a Labor Zionist movement of Jewish workers. The Soviet Union had forcibly disbanded the Bund in 1921 but let Poale Zion operate freely until this year.
Notes
The article names the NKVD as the liquidating body; that agency name may not fit 1928, and this has not been checked against another source.
Vsevolod Pudovkin's silent Soviet film, titled The Heir to Genghis Khan in Russian, stars Valéry Inkijinoff, from a script by Osip Brik and Ivan Novokshonov. It closes his revolutionary trilogy.
Notes
Only the year is given for the release, so year precision is stored.
The first pieces of the bronze Jockey of Artemision are recovered
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The first pieces of this large Hellenistic bronze of a boy riding a racehorse were recovered in 1928. More pieces were found in 1936 or 1937, and the statue is held in Athens.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 1926 for the discovery; the body says the first parts were recovered in 1928. Wikidata gives 1928. Year precision stored.
The club chose a name that avoided both the contested Londonderry and the old Derry Celtic, to be inclusive. It joined the Irish League as a professional side in 1929.
Notes
Only the year is given for the founding, so year precision is stored.
The Nuremberg stadium now called the Max-Morlock-Stadion opens
SportSome details uncertain
The stadium in Nuremberg, first named the Städtisches Stadion, later hosted six football matches at the 1972 Summer Olympics and five games at the 2006 World Cup.
Notes
Only the year is given, so year precision is stored.
Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein commissioned the modernist house and chose Paul Engelmann as architect. The family gathered there that Christmas to mark its completion.
Notes
Only the year is stored. The infobox and Wikidata give 25 December 1928 as the opening date, but the English body says only that the house was ready in December 1928 and that the family gathered there that Christmas. German Wikipedia says it was occupied at the end of 1928 and Italian Wikipedia in the last months of 1928; French Wikipedia says built in 1927 to 1928.
The group was formed by merging Lyon's Rhône chemical works with Paris-based Poulenc Frères. As of 2015 its drug operations belong to Sanofi, and its chemicals units to Solvay and Bayer Crop Science.
Notes
French Wikipedia and Wikidata give 28 June 1928 for the creation of the merged company, while English Wikipedia gives only the year, so year precision is stored. A stock certificate was issued in Paris on 5 September 1928. Wikidata also lists 1895 as an alternative date, which is not used.
The surrealist work shows two people kissing, each with their face covered by white cloth, which turns passion into frustration. It is the first of four variations on one theme and now hangs at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
Notes
Only the year is given for the painting, so year precision is stored. Wikidata's place (the Museum of Modern Art) is where the work is now, not where it was made.
The Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam opens for the 1928 Games
SportSome details uncertain
The central venue of the Summer Games held 31,600 spectators when finished. Prince Hendrik had laid the ceremonial first stone on 18 May 1927.
Notes
The English infobox gives an opening on 17 May 1928, Dutch Wikipedia says the stadium was completed on 1 May 1928 and that the Games opening ceremony was held there on 28 July 1928, and Wikidata gives 28 June 1928, so only the year is stored. Prince Hendrik laid the first stone on 18 May 1927 (confirmed by Dutch Wikipedia). The Olympic Flame statement is the body's wording.
Machine and Tractor Stations are introduced in the Soviet countryside
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The stations shared scarce farm machinery and technical staff, each serving around 40 collective farms. The first was organised in the Odesa Oblast, and by 1932 the stations had supplied 75,000 tractors.
Notes
English Wikipedia's lead says the stations were introduced in 1928, and Russian Wikipedia dates the first station to 1928 (after a first tractor column in 1927). German and Spanish Wikipedia put the first station in 1927, and a state decree organising the stations nationwide followed in 1929. Year precision is stored.
The lyrics of the Finnish song Ievan polkka are printed
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Eino Kettunen wrote the words, in the Eastern Savonian dialect of North Karelia, to a traditional Finnish polka tune. It tells of a girl named Ieva who sneaks out to dance all night.
Notes
Only the year is given (English lead and Wikidata, which also lists 1995 as another publication year). The article names no place of printing; Finland is stored because the writer, Eino Kettunen of Juuka, and the song are Finnish (Finnish Wikipedia).
Jean-Léon Reutter designs the first Atmos clock in Neuchâtel
TechnologySome details uncertain
The clock draws its energy from temperature changes in its surroundings and needs no manual winding, keeping time with a torsion pendulum. The French firm CGR began making the first commercial model on 1 June 1929.
The first Volvo truck came off the production line this year, after Volvo's first vehicles in 1927. The LV series 1 was shown to the public in early 1928.
Notes
The body says early 1928 for the presentation. The place is the division's headquarters.
Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammóir, joined by Daisy Bannard Cogley and Gearóid Ó Lochlainn, founded the theatre. It stands on Cavendish Row and has the Irish-language name Amharclann an Gheata.
Notes
The infobox, lead, body and Wikidata give 1928 only.
The Great Break begins as Stalin turns from the NEP to collectivization
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Also called the Great Turn, the Great Break was a sweeping change in Soviet economic policy in 1928 and 1929. It meant abandoning the New Economic Policy of 1921 for faster collectivization, industrialization and a cultural revolution.
Notes
The lead gives 1928 to 1929 and Wikidata gives 1929; the start is stored as 1928, with 1929 as the end. One historian argues the era lasted until 1934.
The Soviet Latin alphabet Yañalif is reformed into its final form
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Yañalif, the New Turkic Alphabet, was a Latin alphabet used for Turkic languages in the Soviet Union. The 1928 reform produced its final version, which stayed in use for twelve years before Cyrillic replaced it.
Notes
The 1928 event is a reform of an alphabet first adopted for Tatar in 1927; Wikidata gives 1928 as its creation. The infobox gives 1924 to 1940 as its time span. Only the year is given for the reform.
Building begins on the Foro Mussolini sports complex in Rome
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Work on the complex, now the Foro Italico, ran from 1928 to 1938 on the slopes of Monte Mario, designed by Enrico Del Debbio and later Luigi Moretti. Its opening is dated 4 November 1932.
Notes
The English lead and German Wikipedia give 1928 to 1938 as the building period, and the infobox and Italian Wikipedia give 4 November 1932 for the opening of the first works; the stored date is the building period, with year precision. The English lead says the aim was to win the 1940 Olympics, while German Wikipedia says the complex first served the fascist youth organisation Opera Nazionale Balilla and an Olympic bid was planned.
Alexander Belyaev's science fiction novel Amphibian Man is published
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Soviet author's adventure novel in the science fiction genre has the original Russian title Человек-амфибия.
Notes
English Wikipedia and Wikidata give 1928 for the publication; no day is given. Russian Wikipedia says the novel first appeared in 1928 in the Moscow edition of the magazine Vokrug sveta (Around the World) and came out as books the same year. Wikidata also lists 1927 as an inception year; Russian Wikipedia gives 1927 as the year it was written.
Duguit was a leading scholar of French public law who became professor of constitutional law at Bordeaux in 1892. He saw the state as merely people engaged in public service.
Notes
The English article gives only the years 1859-1928, so year precision is stored. Wikidata (referenced to the French national library's authority file and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia) and French and German Wikipedia all give 18 December 1928, and Wikidata and French Wikipedia name Bordeaux as the place of death.
A symbolic Olympic flame burns at the Summer Games for the first time
SportSome details uncertain
A worker from Amsterdam's electric utility lit the flame in the stadium's Marathon Tower. The flame stands for continuity between the ancient and modern Games.
The 1928 European Figure Skating Championships are held in Opava
SportSome details uncertain
Senior skaters from European member nations of the ISU competed in Opava, Czechoslovakia. Only the men's singles event was held, and Willy Böckl won it.
Notes
Wikidata gives January 1928; the article refers to the 1927-28 skating season.
A military airfield is planned at Bouguenais, origin of Nantes Atlantique Airport
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Nantes Atlantique Airport, formerly called Château Bougon, grew from a military airfield first conceived this year. That original field occupied part of the airport's present site in Bouguenais.
Notes
The article says the airfield was conceived in 1928; the date stored is the year of conception, not an opening.
PAOK founds its basketball section in Thessaloniki
SportSome details uncertain
Alekos Alexiadis, a young PAOK board member, took the initiative to found the men's basketball team of the multi-sport club, which had itself been founded in 1926. PAOK won the Greek top-tier title in 1959 and 1992.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia (lead, infobox, body) give 1928 for the basketball section, but German Wikipedia says it was created in 1926, the year the club itself was founded, so only the year is stored with medium confidence. No day is given. Greece used the Gregorian calendar by 1928.
· Kutaisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union (now Georgia) · Europe
Kote Marjanishvili founds his theatre in Kutaisi
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The company moved to Tbilisi in 1930, where its Art Nouveau building was designed by the Polish architect Stefan Kryczyński. The renovated theatre reopened in 2006 with Brecht's The Threepenny Opera.
Notes
The lead says the theatre was founded in Kutaisi; Wikidata gives the theatre building as the place.
The Four Columns monument in Barcelona is demolished
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Josep Puig i Cadafalch's four Ionic columns on Montjuïc stood for the four stripes of the Catalan flag. Primo de Rivera's dictatorship removed Catalanist symbols before the 1929 Universal Exposition.
Notes
Only the year is given for the demolition (English article and Wikidata). The columns date from 1919, and a replica was put up in 2010.
Aircraft first use Ronaldsway as an airfield on the Isle of Man
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The site, near Castletown in the south of the island, became the Isle of Man's main civilian airport. Passenger services to the UK began in 1933, run by Blackpool and West Coast Air Services.
Notes
The year marks first use as an airfield rather than a formal opening.
The section was founded four years after the multi-sports club itself. Monaco won the EuroCup in 2021 and was EuroLeague runner-up in 2025.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia give 1928 for the basketball section, four years after the club's 1924 founding, but German Wikipedia says the basketball team was started in 1924, so the year is not fully settled and no day is given.
A company named Tintenkuli Handels GmbH was set up to make fountain pens. It took the name Rotring, meaning 'red ring' after the band on its pens, in the early 1970s, and Newell Brands acquired it in 1998.
Notes
The infobox, lead and body agree on 1928, and Wikidata also gives 1928 at year precision; no day is given. The article names no city of founding; the infobox lists Hamburg as the company's former headquarters, now closed.
Puch merges with Austro-Daimler to form Austro-Daimler-Puchwerke
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Johann Puch's firm in Graz made automobiles, bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles. It later belonged to the large Steyr-Daimler-Puch group.
Notes
English, German and French Wikipedia agree on the 1928 merger with Austro-Daimler. English Wikipedia dates the company to 1889 while German and French Wikipedia say 1899. The place is Puch's headquarters town.
A.C. Libertas is founded in Borgo Maggiore, San Marino
SportSome details uncertain
The football club plays in red and white, and no football club in San Marino is older. It reached the UEFA Cup preliminary phase in 2007 but lost to Ireland's Drogheda United.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
The Soviet Belarus film studio is founded in Leningrad
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The studio moved to Minsk in 1939. Belarusfilm, headquartered in Minsk, is Belarus's main film studio.
Notes
English, French and Russian Wikipedia all say the Soviet Belarus studio was set up in Leningrad in 1928 and stayed there until 1939. The date refers only to that studio: the English infobox gives 1926 and its body 1924 (as Belgoskino in Minsk) for Belarusfilm's own founding.
Poland holds its first men's basketball championship
SportSome details uncertain
Poland's men's basketball championship has been contested since this year, with Czarna Trzynastka Poznań listed as champion. The top league began in 1947-48 as the I Liga and turned professional in 2000-01.
Notes
The infobox gives 1995 as the founding of the present league company, and the lead says the league itself began in 1947-48; the 1928 date is for the national championship competition, so confidence is medium.
The Helsinki sports club IFK begins playing ice hockey
SportSome details uncertain
IFK Helsingfors, a sports club dating from 1897, started taking part in ice hockey. Today's HIFK Hockey plays in Finland's top league at the Helsinki Ice Hall.
Notes
The infobox and body give the sports club's founding as 1897; the English body says it started playing ice hockey in 1928, and Wikidata gives 1928. Russian Wikipedia has the club in the first Finnish championship on 29 February 1928, French Wikipedia says the hockey team has existed since 1927, and Italian and Russian Wikipedia date the present hockey section to 1945, so the year is a medium-confidence start of play.
Sten de Geer proposes the Baltoscandia idea of a Baltic and Nordic union
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Swedish professor put the idea forward in the journal Geografiska Annaler. It would cover eight countries, from Iceland and Norway to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Notes
Only the year is given (English article and Wikidata). The region is Europe because all the countries involved lie there.
The Omloop der Vlaamse Gewesten cycling race is first held
Sport
Jules Van Hevel won the first edition of the men's one-day race, run in varying Flemish provinces or in Brussels. Later winners include Rik Van Looy, Briek Schotte and Rik Van Steenbergen.
Notes
The infobox, the winners table and German and French Wikipedia agree that the first edition was in 1928 and Wikidata matches, but no day is given.
The Grand Prix de Fourmies cycle race is first held
SportSome details uncertain
The one-day road race in France is held in mid-September and organised by La Voix du Nord. It was a 1.HC-class race on the UCI Europe Tour from 2005 to 2019.
Notes
The infobox gives the first edition as 1928. Wikidata gives the same year.
Ernest Urdareanu won the first Rallye Internazionale di Sanremo in a Fiat 520. After a second rally in 1929, new organisers replaced it with a street race through the town.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 1928.
Albania's first brewery, Birra Korça, begins in Korçë
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The brewery in Korçë was set up by an Italian investor and is described as the country's first. Today it is Albania's third largest beer producer.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, lead, body, Wikidata and German, French, Italian and Russian Wikipedia agree on 1928. French and Italian Wikipedia call it Albania's first brewery, while German Wikipedia calls it the oldest still operating.
The funicular opened to serve the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. It links the Paral·lel metro station with the hill of Montjuïc, mostly through a tunnel, and a journey takes two minutes.
Carl Borgward and Wilhelm Tecklenborg found the German car maker Goliath in Bremen
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Goliath-Werke Borgward & Co. specialised in three-wheeler cars and trucks, and in medium-sized cars. It belonged to the Borgward group and closed in 1961.
Notes
The infobox, lead and Wikidata agree on 1928, although the body mentions a Goliath truck from 1926.
· Ostrava, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
The ice hockey club HC Vítkovice is formed in Ostrava
SportSome details uncertain
The club was formed in 1928 from a merger of local sports clubs. It is based in Vítkovice, a district of Ostrava in Moravia, and plays at the Ostravar Aréna.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, lead, Wikidata and German, French, Italian and Russian Wikipedia agree on 1928. English and French Wikipedia disagree on which clubs merged and German Wikipedia mentions no merger, so no merger partners are named.
Belgium's top basketball league, the Pro Basketball League, is founded
SportSome details uncertain
Brussels A.C. won the 1927-28 title. Oostende won the most titles, and the BNXT League, a Belgian-Dutch competition, took the league's place in 2021.
Notes
The infobox gives the founding year 1928 and Wikidata matches; the article's list of title holders starts with the 1927-28 season, won by Brussels A.C.
The present Pont de la Tournelle over the Seine opens in Paris
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The arch bridge replaced an older bridge that was demolished in 1918 after damage from several natural disasters, above all the flood of 1910. The present bridge is 122 metres long.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, body, Wikidata, French, German and Spanish Wikipedia all say the present bridge replaced the old one in 1928; French Wikipedia also mentions an inauguration on 27 August 1928, while the German and French infoboxes give construction in 1928 to 1930, so only the year is stored.
The Priest of Cádiz figure is found during building work in Cádiz
ScienceSome details uncertain
The figure turned up during foundation work for the Telefónica building. The small gold and bronze piece is dated to the 8th or 7th century BC and is kept at Spain's National Archaeological Museum in Madrid.
Notes
English Wikipedia dates the figure to the 8th century BC (infobox about 750 BC), while French and Spanish Wikipedia say the 8th or 7th century BC.
The Schlesierkampfbahn, now Wrocław's Olympic Stadium, opens in Breslau
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Richard Konwiarz designed the stadium, built from 1926 to 1928 and first called the Silesian Arena. It is home to the speedway team WTS Sparta Wrocław.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 1928.
Polonia Warsaw's stadium on Konwiktorska Street is built
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The multi-purpose stadium in the Muranów district, known colloquially as K6, is the home ground of the football club Polonia Warsaw. Its east stand was thoroughly modernised in 2004.
Notes
Only the year is stored. The English and French infoboxes give 30 September 1928 as the opening, but German Wikipedia says the stadium opened on 15 August 1928 with a league match against Hasmonea Lwów. English, French, German, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia all agree on 1928.
· Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Štefánik's Observatory on Petřín hill in Prague is built
ScienceSome details uncertain
The Czech Astronomical Society built it after fundraising that began when it formed in 1917. It is named after the Slovak astronomer Milan Rastislav Štefánik.
Notes
Only the year is given. The lead, body, Wikidata and German, French, Italian, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia agree on 1928 (most say founded).
The Hindenburg Cup, a German aviation prize, is founded
ExplorationSome details uncertain
President Paul von Hindenburg awarded it each year for achievements in powered flight. The first winner was Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen for a flight from Berlin to Tehran.
Notes
Only the year is given. Wikidata and the lead agree on 1928; Wikidata's end date is 1934.
The German Farmers' Party is founded in the Weimar Republic
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The agrarian party existed from 1928 to 1933, one of several narrow parties that middle-class groups founded in the mid to late 1920s to press their economic interests. It ended in 1933 under Nazi rule.
Notes
Only the years 1928 to 1933 are given for the party's existence, with no month or place for the founding. English Wikipedia says the NSDAP banned it in 1933, while German Wikipedia says it dissolved itself on 11 July 1933, so the manner of its end is left open.
The two men co-created the cartoon mouse to replace Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier Disney character. Disney first meant to call him Mortimer, until his wife Lillian suggested Mickey, and Disney supplied the original falsetto voice.
Notes
Wikidata gives 18 November 1928. A dispute in the 1928 meeting with producer Charles Mintz over Oswald preceded the character's creation.
The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal is renamed The New England Journal of Medicine
Medicine & epidemicsSome details uncertain
The journal took its new title in 1928, though it traces its name back to a journal founded in 1812. The Massachusetts Medical Society had bought it for one US dollar in 1921.
Notes
This is a renaming, not a founding; the journal began in 1812. Wikidata gives 23 February 1928.
During 1928 Walter Diemer, an accountant at Fleer Chewing Gum in Philadelphia, experimented with new chewing gum recipes. He is credited as the creator of bubble gum.
Notes
The article describes Diemer experimenting with recipes in 1928; the infobox credits him as creator.
Regular commercial service began at the airport in 1929, and it was officially inaugurated on 15 May 1931. It is now Mexico City International Airport, named for the nineteenth-century president Benito Juárez.
Notes
The infobox gives 15 May 1931 as the official opening, while the body says a small civilian airport opened in 1928, so year precision is stored. Wikidata lists 1928 and 1963 as inception years and 1952 as an opening year.
Braniff operated as a scheduled trunk airline from 1928 until 1982, flying mainly through the Midwest and Southwest, Mexico, Central America and South America. It stopped flying in May 1982, citing high fuel prices, credit costs and fierce competition.
Notes
Only the year is given. The body says the company was reincorporated in 1928 after being set up in Oklahoma in 1926, but that sentence is cut off, so the exact 1928 step is unclear. The infobox gives no founding date.
The Bell System renames its transmission unit the decibel
Technology
The Bell System renamed its telephone transmission unit the decibel, defined as one tenth of a newly defined unit, the bel. The bel honors Alexander Graham Bell.
The Dobro Manufacturing Company, maker of resonator guitars, is founded
TechnologySome details uncertain
The Dopyera brothers started the firm, whose single-cone design was meant to compete with National's tricone and biscuit designs. Dobro now belongs to Gibson.
Notes
The founding year is disputed within the article: the infobox and Wikidata give 1928, but the body says Dopyera left National in mid-1929 to start the Dobro Manufacturing Company.
Lovecraft wrote the cosmic horror story, set in Dunwich, an invented town in Massachusetts, and Weird Tales first printed it in April 1929. It counts among the core stories of the Cthulhu Mythos.
Notes
The story was written in 1928 and first published in April 1929 (infobox and lead); the date stored is the writing year.
The work is described as showing Futurist and Cubist influence and is one of five abstract, poster-style portraits Demuth made between 1924 and 1929. It was first shown at the Intimate Gallery in New York in 1929.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, lead and Wikidata agree on 1928. Wikidata's place (the Metropolitan Museum of Art) is where it hangs today, so the place is left empty.
The 52-story skyscraper on Public Square was finished in 1927 and took in tenants in 1928. The wider Union Terminal complex was dedicated only in 1930.
Notes
The English infobox gives completion on 18 August 1927 and opening on 28 June 1930, while the English body says it opened for tenants in 1928. German Wikipedia says the first tenants moved in during 1928, with the official opening on 28 June 1930, and Italian Wikipedia says it was inaugurated in 1928. The tenants' move-in is used, so the date is the year only with medium confidence.
The Cole Prize in algebra is first awarded, to L. E. Dickson
ScienceSome details uncertain
The American Mathematical Society's algebra prize is one of two Cole Prizes, the other being for number theory, first given in 1931. Frank Nelson Cole, whom it honours, served the Society for 25 years.
· Olympia, Washington, United States · North America
The Legislative Building of the Washington State Capitol opens in Olympia
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The domed building, designed by the architects Walter R. Wilder and Harry K. White, was the centrepiece of a larger capitol campus whose design had been restarted years earlier.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, lead, body, Wikidata and French, Italian, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia agree on 1928, though most of them say completed rather than opened. The 1912 start was for the wider campus; French Wikipedia dates the Legislative Building's own construction to 1922 to 1928.
It was named for Captain Fred J. Stevenson, a Manitoba aviator and pioneer bush pilot. It is now Winnipeg Richardson International Airport and shares its land with Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg.
The city government built the airport on the east flank of the Franklin Mountains. Standard Air Lines began El Paso's first scheduled passenger and mail flights, to Los Angeles, on 4 February.
Notes
The infobox says the airport opened in 1928, while the body says today's airport site was built in 1929; the 1928 airport was an earlier municipal field, which German Wikipedia says was inaugurated on 8 September 1928.
· Amboy, Camillus, New York, United States · North America
Airmail passes through the Syracuse City Airport at Amboy
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Syracuse mayor Charles Hanna had decided in 1927 that the city needed an airport, and land was bought at Amboy in the nearby town of Camillus. Airmail was already passing through by 1928.
Notes
The English article says only that the Amboy airport was handling airmail by 1928; no opening day is given, and Wikidata also gives the year 1928. The place is the early Amboy site, which was replaced in 1949 by today's airport near Mattydale.
Development begins on the current Regina airport site in Saskatchewan
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The site of Regina's current airport was developed between 1928 and 1930. Regina Airport Authority runs it as an airport of entry staffed by Canada Border Services Agency officers.
Notes
The article gives the site's development period, 1928 to 1930. Wikidata gives only the year 1928.
It is Bermuda's official football body, running the national team and overseeing the island's sporting leagues.
Notes
Only the year is given. Wikidata's place (United Kingdom), region (Europe) and category label (everyday life) are replaced by Bermuda, North America and sport.
The Ring magazine names Gene Tunney its Fighter of the Year for 1928
SportSome details uncertain
The magazine's editors choose a Fighter of the Year by judging a boxer's work in the ring. Tommy Loughran won in 1929.
Notes
English, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia date the award from 1928, but German, French and Italian lists extend it back to 1922 and count Tunney's 1928 win as his second.
Ernesto 'Che' Guevara became an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, author, guerrilla leader and diplomat. In Mexico City he met Raúl and Fidel Castro and joined their 26th of July Movement.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 14 May 1928, while Wikidata and the official birth record cited by German, French, Spanish, Italian and Russian Wikipedia give 14 June 1928; French and German Wikipedia add that his mother put the birth on 14 May. Because the day is disputed, only the year is stored.
The book is counted among the founding texts of Brazilian modernism. Its hero is a shapeshifter born in the Brazilian jungle who travels to São Paulo and back.
Notes
The infobox, lead and Wikidata agree on 1928. The place given is the author's country.
The Nationalist Government creates Qinghai province
Politics & diplomacy
Qinghai was made a province in 1928 with Xining as its capital, soon after the Northern Expedition consolidated central control. Its name comes from Qinghai Lake, whose name can be read as blue sea or green sea.
Notes
Wikidata names the place as the People's Republic of China, which did not yet exist; the source places it in the Republic of China. The Qinghai Lake article says classical Chinese had one colour word covering both blue and green, so the lake's name is rendered as blue sea, green sea or blue-green sea.
Jingshan Park lies just north of the Forbidden City and had been an imperial garden kept for its private use. Earlier, visitors could enter only from the south, through the Gate of Divine Might.
Notes
Only the year is given, so year precision is stored.
The Japanese Communist Party founds its newspaper Shimbun Akahata
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The daily paper is published by the Japanese Communist Party, which had been set up six years earlier. Money from selling it helps fund the party's activities.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox of Japanese Wikipedia give 1 February 1928, but the English article gives only the year, so only the year is stored. The paper's headquarters are in Tokyo; the English article does not say where it was founded.
The institution was set up in 1928 as the Republic of China's highest research body, with Cai Yuanpei as its first president. It was re-established in Taiwan in 1949 and is now Taiwan's national academy.
Notes
English Wikipedia (lead, body and infobox) gives April 1928 in Nanjing, while German Wikipedia (text and infobox) and Wikidata give 9 June 1928, so only the year is stored with medium confidence.
Ghanshyamdas Birla builds the Delhi house that later becomes Gandhi Smriti
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The 12-bedroom house began as the residence of the Birla business family. Gandhi lived there for his last 144 days and was assassinated at the house on 30 January 1948.
The Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China, is founded
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The premier heads the body and acts as head of government. It is now the executive branch of Taiwan's government, and from 1928 to 1937 its seat was in the Presidential Palace Complex.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 October 1928 and Chinese Wikipedia dates the body's authority from 3 October 1928 in Nanjing, while the English article gives only the year, so only the year is stored. The English infobox also lists 10 March 1950 as an established date. No place is stored because the English article names no city for 1928.
Chahar becomes a province of the Republic of China
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Chahar became a province in 1928, having begun in 1913 as a special administrative region carved out of Zhili Province. It covered mostly what is now eastern Inner Mongolia and was named for the Chahar Mongols.
Notes
The body says Chahar became a province in 1928, and Wikidata gives 1928 at year precision. The infobox gives the province years as 1928 to 1948 and later 1952, while the lead describes it as a province from 1912 to 1936, which conflicts.
Wu Jinding discovers the Chengziya site and the Longshan culture
ScienceSome details uncertain
The archaeologist's find in Shandong province revealed the Neolithic Longshan culture for the first time and advanced understanding of how Chinese civilization began. Longshan means Dragon Hill.
Notes
Only the year is given, so year precision is stored.
The Central Broadcasting System is founded in Nanjing
TechnologySome details uncertain
The station began as the voice of the Kuomintang government, then based in Nanjing on the Chinese mainland. It is now Radio Taiwan International, a foreign-language broadcaster.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 1928. Wikidata's place (Taiwan) is replaced by Nanjing, where the body says the station began, and its category label (architecture) by technology and invention.
Japan took up radio calisthenics to mark the enthronement of Emperor Hirohito. A Japanese postal insurance employee sent to study insurance at MetLife brought samples of the exercises home.
The first Kazakh institute of higher learning opened under this name and is now Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, in the centre of Almaty.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year. The English infobox and body and Spanish Wikipedia give 1 September 1928, German Wikipedia gives 1 October 1928 as the official founding, and French and Russian Wikipedia give only 1928, so only the year is stored with medium confidence. English, Spanish and Russian Wikipedia call it Kazakhstan's first higher-education institution.
Ten years of building work at Shanghai's Jade Buddha Temple come to an end
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Work on the Buddhist temple's present buildings ran from 1918 to 1928. The temple, which dates back to 1882, houses two jade Buddha statues shipped from Myanmar, one seated and a smaller reclining one.
Notes
The English infobox and lead give 1882 for the founding; the English body says the construction took ten years, from 1918 to 1928, and German Wikipedia says the present temple was built in those years under abbot Ke Chen. The completion year is stored. Wikidata gives 1928.
Suiyuan is established as a province of the Republic of China
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Its capital was Kweisui, now Hohhot. In 1937 it passed to Mengjiang, a state set up under Japanese rule, and in 1954 it was folded into the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Notes
The English infobox gives 1928 as the start year. Wikidata gives 28 June 1928, which the English article does not state, so only the year is stored.
The National Pacification Army is disbanded after Zhang Zuolin's assassination
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The warlord coalition, formed in November 1926 to counter Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, was led by the Fengtian general Zhang Zuolin. His son Zhang Xueliang disbanded it and pledged loyalty to the Kuomintang in Nanjing.
Notes
The English lead says Zhang Xueliang disbanded the army after the 4 June 1928 assassination of his father, and Wikidata gives 1928. The body says it was fully disbanded after Zhang had Yang Yuting and Chang Yinhuai executed, and Yang Yuting's article dates that to 10 January 1929, so the final end may fall in early 1929.
Medan's airport opens, now Soewondo Air Force Base
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The airfield opened in 1928 under the airline KNILM. It later served commercial flights as Polonia International Airport until passenger services moved in 2013.
Notes
Only the year is given. The infobox, body, Wikidata and German Wikipedia agree on 1928. English Wikipedia describes six KNILM aircraft landing on a temporary dirt runway, while German Wikipedia says a short grass strip, so the runway detail is left out.
The post of president of the Executive Yuan, the Republic of China's premier, is created
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The premier is officially the president of the Executive Yuan, and today is Taiwan's head of government, appointed by the president. In this form the post dates to 1928 on the Chinese mainland, with earlier versions under other names reaching back to 1912.
Notes
The dating is disputed: the English body says the post was originally founded in 1928 on the mainland, while its infobox gives 12 March 1912 under the Beiyang government. Spanish Wikipedia fits the two together: the head of government was called premier of the Cabinet from 1912, then secretary of state from 1914 and president of the State Council from 1916, and the Executive Yuan was set up in 1928. So 1928 marks the post in its present form and confidence is low. Wikidata's place (Taiwan) is replaced by China, and its category label (everyday life) by politics and diplomacy.
The Fourth Aliyah wave of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine ends
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Fourth Aliyah brought mostly European Jewish immigrants to Mandatory Palestine between 1924 and 1928. An economic crisis in 1926 and 1927 was the toughest Jewish settlement faced under the British Mandate.
Notes
The wave is dated 1924 to 1928 in the lead; no month or day is given for the end.
Leonard Woolley finds the Ram in a Thicket figures at Ur
ExplorationSome details uncertain
The archaeologist found the pair of figures near each other in the Great Death Pit, a grave in Ur's Royal Cemetery. They date from about 2600 to 2400 BC and combine gold, copper, shell, limestone and lapis lazuli.
Notes
The discovery is dated to the 1928 to 1929 excavation season; year precision stored.
· near Beisan, Mandatory Palestine (now Beit She'an, Israel) · Middle East
Kibbutz members find the mosaic floors of the Beth Alpha synagogue
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Members of nearby Kibbutz Beit Alfa came across the synagogue's large mosaic floors while working on irrigation construction. Excavation began the next year under the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, led by Eleazar Sukenik.
Notes
Only the year is given for the find, so year precision is stored.
· Damascus, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
Syria's National Bloc emerges as the independence party under the French Mandate
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The political party was formed to fight for independence from France, with Ibrahim Hananu, Shukri al-Quwatli and Jamil Mardam Bey among its founders. It was headquartered in Damascus and dissolved in 1947.
Notes
The English infobox, German, Italian and Russian Wikipedia date the founding to 1928, after a national conference, while the English body and French Wikipedia say it was formed informally in October 1927 (French Wikipedia says in Beirut), so confidence is low. The place given is the party's headquarters in Damascus.
Reginald Campbell Thompson scouts the prehistoric site of Tell Arpachiyah
ExplorationSome details uncertain
Thompson scouted the mound, just outside modern Mosul in northern Iraq, in 1928. It was excavated in 1933 by Max Mallowan and John Cruikshank Rose, together with Agatha Christie.
Notes
Wikidata calls this a discovery in 1928; the article says the site was scouted in 1928 and excavated in 1933.
The professional football side from Muharraq counts among Bahrain's oldest and most successful clubs. Its rivalry with Al-Ahli Club ranks among the biggest in Bahraini football.
Notes
Only the year is given. The place is the town where the club is based.
The first official Palestine Cup, later the Israel State Cup, is held
SportSome details uncertain
The knockout tournament for Israeli football clubs is organised by the country's football association and informally nicknamed the People's Cup. Maccabi Tel Aviv hold the record with 25 titles.
Notes
Only the year is given. German Wikipedia says an unofficial cup was played from 1922 to 1927 and is not recognised by the Israel Football Association, so 1928 is treated as the first official edition; French Wikipedia also dates the creation to 1928. The 1928 competition was held under the name Palestine Cup.
The Institute of Communications, later K. N. Toosi University, is founded in Tehran
ScienceSome details uncertain
The university dates from the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi and is named after the medieval Persian scholar Khajeh Nasir Toosi. Its Faculty of Electrical Engineering was also founded this year.
Notes
The infobox, body and Wikidata agree on 1928; no day is given.
· French Equatorial Africa and French Cameroon (now Central African Republic, Cameroon and Chad) · Africa
The Kongo-Wara rebellion breaks out against French colonial rule
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The anticolonial uprising, also called the War of the Hoe Handle, began in French Equatorial Africa and Cameroon after authorities recruited villagers for railway construction and rubber tapping. French forces killed its leader Karnou on 11 December.
Notes
The English infobox and Wikidata date the rebellion 1928 to 1931 at year precision, so the stored range covers it; the article says armed conflict broke out in mid-1928. Wikidata gives the Central African Republic as the country and French Equatorial Africa as the location.
The angolar is introduced as currency of Portuguese Angola
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The angolar was brought in to take the place of the escudo and served as money in Portuguese Angola until 1958. One angolar was divided into 100 centavos or 20 macutas.
Notes
Only the year is given, so year precision is stored.
· Mogadishu, Italian Somaliland (now Somalia) · Africa
Mogadishu Cathedral is completed under Italian rule
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Built in the mid-1920s under Italian colonial rule and finished in 1928, the Catholic cathedral served as the seat of Mogadiscio's Roman Catholic diocese until 1991. Al-Shabaab destroyed much of it in 2008.
Notes
The English infobox and Wikidata give 1928 for completion, and German, Spanish, French and Russian Wikipedia agree on 1928; Italian Wikipedia says the cathedral was inaugurated on 1 March 1928. The English body says construction began in 1923, while Italian and French Wikipedia say 1925.
· Sahara, French Algeria (now Laghouat Province, Algeria) · Africa
Explorers first visit the Talemzane impact crater in Algeria
ScienceSome details uncertain
The crater lies some 40 km south-east of the small city of Hassi Delaa and is 1.75 km across. Researchers from the universities of Oran and Nice studied it in 1950 and 1988.
Notes
Only the year is given (English article and Wikidata).
The 100 Miles Road Race, forerunner of the Australian Grand Prix, is first run
SportSome details uncertain
Most accept that the Australian Grand Prix began with this race, which Arthur Waite won in an Austin 7. A series of sprints at Goulburn Racecourse had carried the Grand Prix name in 1927.
Notes
Sources differ on the start: a 1927 sprint event at Goulburn used the name, but the article says the 1928 race is generally accepted as the beginning. The 1928 event was officially the 100 Miles Road Race. Year precision is stored.
Poly(methyl methacrylate), a transparent thermoplastic also called acrylic glass, was developed in 1928. It is sold under trade names including Plexiglas, Perspex and Lucite, often as sheets that are lighter and tougher than glass.
Notes
Developed by multiple chemists in several laboratories, so no single place or day is given; year precision only.
Brazil and Romania establish formal diplomatic relations
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Brazil and Romania established formal diplomatic relations in 1928, and Romania's first legation in Latin America opened that year, in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil returned the step in 1929.
Notes
French Wikipedia and Wikidata give 7 January 1928 (Wikidata cites a Romanian foreign ministry page), while English Wikipedia gives only the year, so year precision is stored.
A trade-union newspaper later called The Negro Worker is launched
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The newspaper of an international committee of Black trade unionists began as The International Negro Workers' Review. George Padmore edited it until 1931, and it stopped publishing in 1937.
One email when the Everywhere Then app is ready, and nothing else. Your address is optional, used only for that, and you can ask for it to be deleted at any time. Privacy