Our records for 1934 hold 499 events from 9 regions; the best-ranked is “Night of the Long Knives: Hitler has the SA leaders and other rivals killed”.
This page lists all 499 events in our records for 1934: 352 dated to the day, 109 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1934
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
Politics & diplomacyWidely known
Night of the Long Knives: Hitler has the SA leaders and other rivals killed
· Nazi Germany, German Reich · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Over three days from 30 June, Adolf Hitler had the SA chief of staff Ernst Röhm, Gregor Strasser and the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher killed, among others. The dead numbered at least 85, over a thousand suspected opponents were detained, and propaganda called it a strike against an SA plot.
Why it is interesting. Hitler used one purge to remove a rival armed organisation and to settle scores with political enemies, and he presented it to the public as self-defence.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 30 June 1934 as the start and 1 July 1934 as the end; the article's infobox and opening line both give 30 June to 2 July 1934.
The Chinese Red Army begins the Long March from Jiangxi
· Jiangxi Soviet, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Some details uncertain.
After a defeat in the Fifth Encirclement Campaign, about 100,000 troops of the Chinese Communist Party and Red Army set out from Jiangxi and other bases, heading for Yan'an in Shaanxi. The march lasted into October 1935.
Why it is interesting. Only about 8,000 troops of Mao's First Front Army reached Yan'an, and fewer than 7,000 of them were among the roughly 100,000 who set out; the losses came from fighting, hunger, cold, sickness and desertion.
Notes and dating details
The infobox gives 16 October 1934 as the start, while the article's timeline says the First Red Army began the march on 10 October 1934 from Yudu in Jiangxi; the lead says the Communist Party decided on 10 October 1934 to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet. Wikidata gives 16 October 1934. Because the days differ, only the month is stored. The end date of 19 October 1935 is the infobox's. The article says the survivors who reached Yan'an were the First Front Army only, that the losses included desertion as well as deaths, and that for the heavy early losses it is not possible to say how many were casualties and how many deserters; the interest line therefore gives no death toll.
Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact in Athens
· Athens, Greece · Europe
On 9 February the four states signed a treaty to preserve the regional balance left by the First World War. They agreed to put aside territorial disputes with one another and with nearby states, with Bulgarian ambitions in mind.
Why it is interesting. The four signatories wanted a united front against Bulgaria, and the alliance effectively ended with the Axis invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941.
Italy beat Czechoslovakia in the World Cup final in Rome
· Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome, Kingdom of Italy (now Italy) · Europe
On 10 June 1934 the hosts won 2-1 after extra time, coming back from a goal down in very hot weather. Uruguay, the defending champion, had stayed away from the tournament.
Why it is interesting. Italy had to fight back from behind in the heat to win the second World Cup final, and Czechoslovakia's goalkeeper lived to the age of 92.
The Polish-born physicist and chemist, a French citizen by then, died in Passy, Haute-Savoie, on 4 July 1934, with aplastic anaemia given as the cause. She had won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband Pierre and the chemistry prize in 1911.
Why it is interesting. Curie won Nobel Prizes in two different sciences, a distinction no one else has matched.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata places the death at Sancellemoz, France; the infobox gives Passy, Haute-Savoie.
Civil war breaks out in Austria as Dollfuss's government fights the Social Democrats
· Linz, Vienna and other industrial towns, First Austrian Republic (now Austria) · Europe
Some details uncertain.
From 12 February, fighting began in Linz when members of the Social Democrats' Republican Protection League fired on police searching for arms. It spread to Vienna and industrial towns, and the police and army ended it within days, followed by arrests and executions.
Why it is interesting. A police search for weapons in Linz set off an uprising that was crushed within about four days, with deaths put at about 350.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 16 February 1934 as the end; the infobox and opening line both give 12–15 February 1934.
A magnitude 8.0 earthquake strikes Bihar and Nepal
· northern Bihar, British India (now India), and Nepal · Asia
The quake hit on the afternoon of 15 January 1934. Two towns, Munger and Muzaffarpur, were razed entirely, and northern Bihar and Nepal both suffered widespread damage.
Why it is interesting. It ranks among the most destructive earthquakes in Indian history.
Notes and dating details
The article gives the time as about 2:13 pm Indian Standard Time, which is 08:43 UTC, so the local date and the UTC date are both 15 January 1934.
· Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
On 16 March 1934 at the Ambassador Hotel, Will Rogers hosted the ceremony honouring films from August 1932 to the end of 1933. Cavalcade won Best Picture and Katharine Hepburn won Best Actress.
Why it is interesting. Frank Capra stood up and ran to the stage when Rogers called out "Frank", only for the Best Director award to go to Frank Lloyd.
The Basmachi revolt against Soviet rule in Central Asia comes to an end
· Russian Turkestan, Soviet Union (now Central Asia) · Asia
Some details uncertain.
The Basmachi movement, led chiefly by Ibrahim Bek, was a revolt first against Russian imperial rule and later Soviet rule, beginning with violence over conscription in 1916. The movement is dated as ending in 1934.
Why it is interesting. The movement began as resistance to wartime conscription in 1916 and outlasted the Russian Empire, finally ending under Soviet rule.
Notes and dating details
The infobox gives the movement's span as 1916–1934. The history section dates the last major combat operation to October 1933, a defeat of Junaid Khan's forces in the Karakum desert, and says the movement had ended by 1934.
Donald Duck makes his film debut in The Wise Little Hen
· United States · North America
Some details uncertain.
The character first appeared in 1934 in this Silly Symphonies cartoon, created by Walt Disney and Dick Lundy, with Clarence Nash as his voice. Later that year he turned up again in a Mickey Mouse short.
Why it is interesting. Donald Duck, now one of the best-known cartoon characters, first came onto the screen in a Silly Symphonies short.
Notes and dating details
The date is uncertain. Wikidata and the infobox's date-of-birth field give 9 June, a character birthday. The body says the cartoon had a benefit showing at the Carthay Circle Theater on 3 May 1934 and an official debut at Radio City Music Hall on 7 June, and also places its first theatrical release five days after 29 April 1934. Only the year is stored.
Germany and Poland sign a non-aggression declaration in Berlin
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
On 26 January 1934 Józef Lipski and Konstantin von Neurath signed for the two countries, which pledged to settle problems by negotiation and renounce force for 10 years. It also ended a long customs war between them.
Why it is interesting. The pact eased relations strained by border disputes since the Treaty of Versailles and ended a customs war that had hurt both economies.
· Muroto and Kobe, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
A violent typhoon killed more than 3,000 people in Japan. On the morning of 21 September 1934 it hit Shikoku and southern Honshu, coming ashore at Muroto, Kaifu, Awaji Island and Kobe.
Why it is interesting. The pressure recorded at Muroto made it the strongest typhoon known to have hit Japan up to that time.
Notes and dating details
The article says the storm struck Shikoku and southern Honshu on the morning of 21 September 1934, after brushing the Ryukyu Islands on 20 September; that day is stored because the title is about the strike on Japan. The infobox gives the storm's whole lifetime as 13 to 25 September 1934 (formed over Micronesia, last noted over western Alaska), which Wikidata also lists.
Nazi Germany begins compulsory sterilisations under its hereditary-disease law
Medicine & epidemicsSome details uncertain
The law dated from 14 July 1933 and began to be applied in January 1934. It allowed Genetic Health Courts to order the compulsory sterilisation of anyone judged to have an alleged genetic disorder, and many of the listed conditions were not in fact genetic.
Notes
The statute dates from 14 July 1933 and became operative in January 1934; the month of its coming into use is what is stored.
Germany's amateur rocket society, the Verein für Raumschiffahrt, is dissolved
ScienceSome details uncertain
Johannes Winkler founded the society with Max Valier and Willy Ley, and it was active before the Second World War with some members from abroad. In January 1930 Valier carried out its first successful liquid-fuel test firing.
Notes
The infobox gives January 1934 for the dissolution, with no day; Wikidata gives the same month. The infobox says it was founded on 5 June 1927 in Breslau.
Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express is published
Art & literature
Collins Crime Club issued the Hercule Poirot mystery in Britain on 1 January 1934, and Dodd, Mead followed in the United States on 28 February. In the story, heavy snow halts the train and a murder turns up among a closed circle of suspects.
The German writer died at his home on 1 January 1934 after a heart attack. He had been among the best-selling German-language authors of his day, and his books were banned in Germany after the Nazis took power.
The English former player and manager died on 6 January 1934. His playing career was undistinguished, with under 40 League appearances and no major honours, but he became one of the most successful managers of his era.
The French road cyclist, nicknamed Monsieur Chrono, was the first rider to take the Tour de France title five times, in 1957 and again from 1961 to 1964.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 8 January 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and early-life section name Mont-Saint-Aignan, near Rouen.
The Dutch communist was beheaded by guillotine in a prison courtyard on 10 January 1934, after being convicted of setting the Reichstag fire of February 1933. Left-wing opponents of the Nazis claimed the Nazis themselves had arranged the fire.
· Żytyń Wielki, Poland (now Velykyi Zhytyn, Ukraine) · Europe
Leonid Kravchuk, later Ukraine's first president, is born
Lives
Born in a village that was then in Poland, Kravchuk led Ukraine as its president from 5 December 1991 until 19 July 1994. During his term the country became independent of the Soviet Union and handed over its nuclear weapons.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 10 January 1934. The infobox names the village as Żytyń Wielki in Poland, now Velykyi Zhytyn in Ukraine.
The Yakovlev aircraft design bureau is founded in Moscow
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The designer Alexander Yakovlev headed the new bureau from its beginning in 1934. It is known as OKB-115, and its aircraft carry the prefix Yak.
Notes
The infobox gives 15 January 1934 and the history section says the bureau formed in 1934 as OKB-115 under Alexander Yakovlev. The same section says the bureau itself counts 12 May 1927, when the AIR-1 aircraft first flew, as its origin, so the founding date depends on which origin is counted; confidence is medium.
The law of 20 January 1934 laid the foundation for labour relations in the country and imposed the leader principle on the economy. It turned owners and managers into factory leaders, who answered for the firm and for how its employees fared.
Notes
Wikidata gives 20 January 1934, the same as the lead.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk is first performed
Stage, music & film
It was first staged at the Maly Operny Theatre in Leningrad on 22 January 1934, with a Moscow premiere two days later. The libretto, by Alexander Preis and Shostakovich, comes from Nikolai Leskov's novella.
Germany and Poland sign a non-aggression declaration in Berlin
Politics & diplomacy
On 26 January 1934 Józef Lipski and Konstantin von Neurath signed for the two countries, which pledged to settle problems by negotiation and renounce force for 10 years. It also ended a long customs war between them.
The 17th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The congress sat from 26 January to 10 February 1934, opening in the Kremlin's Great Hall, with 1,225 voting delegates. It later became known as the Executed Congress.
A Socialist Party politician, she was France's prime minister in 1991 and 1992. She was the first woman in the post, and no other woman held it until Élisabeth Borne in 2022.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 27 January 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Boulogne-Billancourt.
The German chemist died on 29 January 1934. His Haber process, which produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, earned him the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
· Insarsky District, Soviet Union (now Mordovia, Russia) · Europe
The Soviet stratospheric balloon Osoaviakhim-1 crashes, killing its three crew
Disasters
The hydrogen balloon was built to carry three people into the stratosphere for scientific work. On its maiden flight, on 30 January 1934, it lost buoyancy on the way down and plunged out of control, breaking apart in the lower atmosphere, and all three crew members died.
Notes
The lead and infobox both give 30 January 1934. Wikidata matches. The crash site is from the infobox.
Alex Raymond created and drew Flash Gordon, a space-adventure strip published by King Features Syndicate from 7 January 1934. It was made to rival the earlier Buck Rogers strip.
· Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, Canada · North America
Jean Chrétien is born in Shawinigan Falls
Lives
A lawyer by training, he became Canada's 20th prime minister and held the post from 1993 to 2003. He entered the House of Commons at the 1963 election.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 11 January 1934, matching Wikidata. The lead says he was born and raised in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec.
Dashiell Hammett wrote and Alex Raymond drew this newspaper strip, which King Features Syndicate distributed. It started on 22 January 1934 and ran until 10 February 1996.
Founded on 25 January 1934 by the state's intervenor, Armando de Sales Oliveira, it brought together existing law, polytechnic and agricultural schools. A new Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature marked its creation.
The Soviet Union fought a military campaign in Xinjiang in 1934, helped by White Russian forces, backing the warlord Sheng Shicai as part of the Kumul Rebellion. It ended in a ceasefire that left the province divided in two.
Notes
The infobox gives January to April 1934; Wikidata gives April 1934, with 1 April as an end date. No exact start or end day is given in the article.
· Higashi Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
Tadao Yoshida founds the firm that became YKK in Tokyo
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In January 1934 the enterprise started in Higashi Nihonbashi, using the name San-es Shokai at first.
Notes
The lead and history section give January 1934; the infobox founding entry reads 1 January 1934 and Wikidata gives that day. The day is not supported by the running text, so only the month is stored, with medium confidence.
· Ürümqi, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Second Battle of Ürümqi ends in Xinjiang
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The battle was fought in the winter of 1933 to 1934, when Sheng Shicai's provincial army faced the Muslim general Ma Zhongying, allied with the Han Chinese general Zhang Peiyuan. The provincial government won.
Notes
The article gives the battle as December 1933 to January 1934, so the end falls in January 1934 with no day stated; Wikidata gives only the month.
· Kashgar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Uyghur and Kirghiz forces attack Kashgar
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Between 7 and 13 January 1934 Emir Abdullah Bughra's Uyghur and Kirghiz fighters attacked four times and trapped Chinese soldiers inside the city. Chinese and Chinese Muslim forces drove them back with heavy losses.
Notes
The infobox date is garbled ("7–13 of January – February 1934"). The lead describes four attacks over six days, with Khoja Niyas Hajji's force reaching the walls on 13 January, so the January span is stored with medium confidence. Wikidata gives February 1934 as the end.
· northern Bihar, British India (now India), and Nepal · Asia
A magnitude 8.0 earthquake strikes Bihar and Nepal
Disasters
The quake hit on the afternoon of 15 January 1934. Two towns, Munger and Muzaffarpur, were razed entirely, and northern Bihar and Nepal both suffered widespread damage.
Notes
The article gives the time as about 2:13 pm Indian Standard Time, which is 08:43 UTC, so the local date and the UTC date are both 15 January 1934.
An earthquake brings down most of the Dharahara tower in Kathmandu
DisastersSome details uncertain
The quake of 15 January 1934 destroyed most of the tower, which Bhimsen Thapa had built for Queen Lalit Tripurasundari. Prime Minister Juddha Shumsher Rana afterwards had it renovated.
Notes
The date is the one the infobox gives for the earthquake that destroyed most of the tower (two of its nine storeys remained). NOAA's significant-earthquake database puts it at about 08:43 UTC on 15 January 1934, so the local and UTC dates are the same. Wikidata also lists 25 April 2015, the date of the later earthquake that destroyed the rebuilt tower. The build year is disputed inside the article: the lead and infobox say 1832, the history section says the first tower was built in 1824 and the second in 1835, and Wikidata's inception statements are 1825, 1832 and 1936. The summary therefore gives no build year.
· Alma-Ata, Kazakh ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Almaty, Kazakhstan) · Asia
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University opens in Alma-Ata
Everyday life
The university opened officially on 15 January 1934, and that month it held its first entrance exams, covering biology, physics and mathematics. A Communist Party regional committee resolution of November 1933 had set it up.
Notes
The lead says the university was established on 13 November 1933 by a resolution of the party's Kazakh Regional Committee; the history section gives 15 January 1934 as the official opening, which is the date stored. Wikidata gives only the year 1934.
· Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Asia
Sverdlovsk Oblast is created in the Soviet Union
Politics & diplomacy
On 17 January 1934 the new oblast replaced the Ural Oblast, which had existed since 1923. Its centre was the city later renamed Yekaterinburg, then called Sverdlovsk.
The company began on 20 January 1934 as a subsidiary of Daicel, making photographic film. It moved to a holding-company structure in 2006 and is today a conglomerate headquartered in Tokyo.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 2 October 2006, the date of the holding-company restructuring and name change; the infobox gives 20 January 1934 as founding and the history section says 1934.
· Elandsfontein mine, Union of South Africa (now South Africa) · Africa
The Jonker diamond is found at the Elandsfontein mine
Science
Johannes Jacobus Jonker found the stone on 17 January 1934. Weighing 726 carats, it ranked at the time as the fourth biggest rough stone ever found, and the New York dealer Harry Winston bought it the next year.
Notes
Wikidata gives January 1934; the opening line and infobox give 17 January 1934.
· White City Tennis Club, Sydney, Australia · Oceania
The 1934 Australian Championships are held in Sydney
Sport
The 27th edition, on the grass of White City Tennis Club, ran from 18 to 27 January 1934. The Briton Fred Perry and Australia's Joan Hartigan took the singles titles.
The SS creates the Honour Chevron for its Old Guard
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Hitler approved this Nazi Party decoration in February 1934. SS men who had belonged to party organisations before 30 January 1933 wore a silver chevron on the upper right sleeve.
Notes
The lead and infobox give February 1934 with no day. Wikidata gives the same month.
The Soviet Union abolishes Rabkrin, the workers' and peasants' inspectorate
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Rabkrin, the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection commissariat, had audited government and state enterprise operations since 1920. It was dissolved in 1934, and other state bodies inherited its oversight and law enforcement work.
Notes
The lead says only 1934, and the article ties the end to the 17th Congress of the party. Its list of commissars ends Jan Rudzutak's term in February 1934, so the month is taken from that list. Wikidata holds 11 February 1934 as a day value; the article does not give a day, so only the month is stored.
The new Große Olympiaschanze ski jump opens in Garmisch-Partenkirchen
SportSome details uncertain
The hill opened on 5 February 1934, after its predecessor had been demolished in 1933, making space for the 1936 Winter Olympics ski jump. The hill normally stages the Four Hills Tournament's New Year event.
Notes
The history section gives 5 February 1934, matching Wikidata, but the infobox gives 1933 as the opening year. The same section says the older hill was pulled down in 1933, so the infobox year may refer to the start of the rebuild; medium confidence.
Street riot in Paris on 6 February shakes the French government
Politics & diplomacy
Anti-parliamentary demonstrators, including far-right leagues angered by the sacking of police chief Jean Chiappe, rallied in Paris, and one demonstration turned to violence at the Place de la Concorde. Prime Minister Daladier resigned and a national-unity government took over.
· Birkirkara, Crown Colony of Malta (now Malta) · Europe
Eddie Fenech Adami is born in Birkirkara
Lives
The Maltese lawyer and politician was prime minister from 1987 to 1996 and again from 1998 to 2004, and followed that with the presidency, Malta's seventh, from 2004 until 2009.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 7 February 1934, matching Wikidata. The full article's infobox names Birkirkara in the Crown Colony of Malta.
Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact in Athens
Politics & diplomacy
On 9 February the four states signed a treaty to preserve the regional balance left by the First World War. They agreed to put aside territorial disputes with one another and with nearby states, with Bulgarian ambitions in mind.
· Oslo, Norway (ladies); Stockholm, Sweden (men); Helsinki, Finland (pairs) · Europe
The 1934 World Figure Skating Championships are held in three cities
Sport
The men's event took place in Stockholm from 16 to 18 February, the ladies' in Oslo on 10 and 11 February, and the pairs' in Helsinki on 23 February. Karl Schäfer and Sonja Henie won the singles titles, and Emília Rotter and László Szollás the pairs.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the month for the whole event, with start 10 February and end 23 February; the lead gives the day ranges for each discipline, which agree with those.
· Tatsfield, Surrey, England, United Kingdom · Europe
John Surtees is born in Tatsfield
Lives
The British racer collected seven Grand Prix world titles on motorbikes, including four at 500cc with MV Agusta, and later became Formula One champion with Ferrari.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 11 February 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Tatsfield, Surrey.
· Linz, Vienna and other industrial towns, First Austrian Republic (now Austria) · Europe
Civil war breaks out in Austria as Dollfuss's government fights the Social Democrats
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From 12 February, fighting began in Linz when members of the Social Democrats' Republican Protection League fired on police searching for arms. It spread to Vienna and industrial towns, and the police and army ended it within days, followed by arrests and executions.
Notes
Wikidata gives 16 February 1934 as the end; the infobox and opening line both give 12–15 February 1934.
A law of 14 February 1934 abolished the council, which represented the German states and whose members were appointed by their governments. On 30 January 1934, at its final sitting, it had approved the law ending the states' parliaments.
Notes
The infobox and the text both give 14 February 1934. Wikidata gives the year only. The article says the council approved the law remaking the Reich at its last session, on 30 January 1934.
The Falange Española de las JONS is formed in Spain
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Falange Española and JONS, the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, signed a merger agreement on 15 February 1934 and presented the new party at a rally in Valladolid on 4 March. José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Ramiro Ledesma and Onésimo Redondo are listed as its founders.
Notes
Spanish Wikipedia says the merger agreement was signed on 15 February 1934 and the new party was presented at the Teatro Calderón in Valladolid on 4 March 1934. The English infobox gives 4 March as the foundation date, the English article on the earlier Falange Española gives 15 February as the day that party was dissolved into the merger, and Wikidata gives February 1934. The merger date is stored.
The Swiss computer scientist created Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon, three programming languages. He also headed the work on Lilith and Ceres, two workstations built at ETH Zurich.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 15 February 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section names Winterthur.
King Albert I of Belgium dies in a climbing accident
Lives
Albert, king since 23 December 1909, died on 17 February 1934 while climbing alone at Marche-les-Dames. Leopold III followed him as king.
Notes
English Wikipedia's account says he died in a mountaineering accident while climbing alone at Marche-les-Dames, and adds that some people questioned the official account of his death.
The German chess player and writer died on 17 February 1934. He is counted among the best players of his era and one of its most influential theorists.
The English composer died on 23 February 1934. His works include the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, the Enigma Variations, two symphonies and choral pieces such as The Dream of Gerontius.
The referendum on 24 and 25 February 1934 was called by the Social Democratic Workers' Party and its backers. It would have provided social protection for the elderly, the disabled and the unemployed.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 24 and 25 February 1934. Wikidata gives 25 February, the second day.
The screwball comedy, produced and directed by Capra, pairs Claudette Colbert as a spoiled socialite with Clark Gable as a roguish reporter. Robert Riskin's screenplay adapts a 1933 short story, "Night Bus".
Notes
The infobox gives 22 February 1934; Wikidata gives 27 February 1934, and also lists 22 February and 27 August 1934. Only the month is stored.
Established in 1934, the federal corporation was the forerunner of EXIM, the official export credit agency of the US government. It finances American exports in cases where private lenders cannot or will not.
Notes
Wikidata gives 2 February 1934; the infobox gives 2 February 1934 and the lead says it was established in 1934.
· Pasadena, California, United States · North America
Geographer William Morris Davis dies in Pasadena
Lives
The American geographer, geologist and meteorologist died on 5 February 1934. He is best known for his ideas on the cycle of erosion and on peneplains.
The American right fielder played 23 Major League seasons, from 1954 through 1976, 21 of them for the Braves, who played in Milwaukee and later Atlanta. He ended with two years at the Milwaukee Brewers of the American League.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 5 February 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Mobile, Alabama.
The Panamanian army officer and dictator held real power in Panama from 1983 to 1989 without ever being president, governing through figurehead presidents.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 11 February 1934, which the article calls the generally given date but a matter of uncertainty: it says his birth has been recorded as 11 February in 1934, in 1936 and in 1938, and that Noriega himself gave differing dates. Wikidata holds all three; the 1934 statement is the preferred, referenced one, and the 1936 and 1938 statements carry no references. The day is stored as the most widely given date, but the birth year is disputed. The infobox names Panama City.
· Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, French colony (now an overseas department of France) · North America
Maryse Condé is born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
Lives
The Guadeloupean novelist, critic and playwright, who held French nationality, taught in Europe, the Caribbean, North America and West Africa. She is best remembered for her novel Ségou, published in 1984 and 1985.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 11 February 1934, matching Wikidata's preferred statement. Wikidata also lists 11 February 1937, marked deprecated. The infobox names Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe. The Guadeloupe article says it was a colony until 1946, when it became an overseas department.
Union Pacific takes delivery of the streamlined trainset M-10000
Technology
The M-10000 arrived on 12 February 1934 and toured the United States before entering regular service on 31 January 1935. No streamlined passenger train had been delivered in the country before it.
Notes
The delivery date comes from the history section in English Wikipedia's article, which also gives 31 January 1935 as the start of regular service. Wikidata lists 12 February 1934 as the start, with 31 January 1935 as another date.
· New York City, New York, United States · North America
George Segal is born in New York City
Lives
The American actor and musician rose to fame in the 1960s through Ship of Fools and King Rat, both released in 1965, and in 1966 was one of the stars of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 13 February 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names New York City.
RKO's pre-Code film, written by Dudley Nichols from Philip MacDonald's novel Patrol, features Victor McLaglen and Boris Karloff, with Wallace Ford and Reginald Denny. It remakes a British silent film of 1929.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 16 February 1934.
Sandino led an uprising between 1927 and 1933 against the American occupation of Nicaragua, which pulled US Marines into a guerrilla war. In 1934 National Guard troops commanded by General Anastasio Somoza García put him to death.
· The Bronx, New York, United States · North America
Botanist Elizabeth Gertrude Britton dies in the Bronx
Lives
The American bryologist died at home on 25 February 1934 after a stroke, and her husband Nathaniel outlived her by four months. She wrote 170 papers on mosses.
· Winsted, Connecticut, United States · North America
Ralph Nader is born in Winsted
Lives
The American lawyer and activist worked on consumer protection, environmental issues and government reform. Unsafe at Any Speed, his 1965 book, went after the car industry over safety.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 27 February 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Winsted, Connecticut.
· Nanchang, Jiangxi, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Chiang Kai-shek launches the New Life Movement
Politics & diplomacy
On 19 February 1934 Chiang, as head of China's Nationalist government, and the Nationalist Party began this civic campaign in Nanchang. It pressed for cultural change and Neo-Confucian morality in daily life, and aimed to unify China under a single ideology.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the lead gives 19 February 1934, and the history section names Nanchang as the place.
South African Airways is formed from Union Airways
Economy & trade
On 1 February 1934 the government took over Union Airways, founded in 1929, and renamed it. Three Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft the new airline had ordered arrived in October.
· Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), Raj of Sarawak (now Malaysia) and South Seas Mandate (now Micronesia) · Oceania
Total solar eclipse seen from the Dutch East Indies, Sarawak and the South Seas Mandate
Science
Observers in the Dutch East Indies, in Sarawak and in Japan's South Seas Mandate saw it as a total eclipse. Many places across East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia saw it only as a partial eclipse.
Notes
The lead says the eclipse fell between Tuesday 13 and Wednesday 14 February 1934 because it began late on 13 February UTC; the greatest eclipse is on 14 February UTC, the date in the article's title and stored here. Times are UTC.
The 1934 comedy follows Yury Tynyanov's novella, and in the United States it was shown as The Czar Wants to Sleep. The score was written by Sergei Prokofiev.
Notes
Russian Wikipedia says the film reached Soviet screens on 7 March 1934, citing a 1961 Soviet feature-film catalogue that I did not open. Wikidata lists 7 March 1934 and 9 December 1934, neither with a reference. The English infobox gives 9 December 1934 without any citation, and which kind of release that day marks is not confirmed. The Soviet date is stored with medium confidence. Release date not confirmed outside Wikipedia.
Hitchcock's Waltzes from Vienna is released in Britain
Stage, music & film
Alfred Hitchcock directed this 1934 film, also known as Strauss' Great Waltz, which was adapted from a Vienna stage musical first performed in October 1930.
Notes
The infobox gives 7 March 1934 for the British release. Wikidata gives 7 March 1934 as well, with 7 April 1935 as an alternative date, probably another country's release; the article does not explain it.
· Klushino, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Yuri Gagarin is born in the village of Klushino
Lives
Gagarin was born on 9 March 1934 and became a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. On 12 April 1961 he flew Vostok 1 from Baikonur for one orbit of the Earth, lasting 108 minutes.
Estonia's government is overthrown in a bloodless coup
Politics & diplomacy
On 12 March 1934 Johan Laidoner, Konstantin Päts and August Rei organised the takeover. Päts broke the constitution by making Laidoner commander-in-chief and halting the State Elder election due in April.
Italy, Austria and Hungary sign the Rome Protocols
Politics & diplomacy
The three agreements were concluded in Rome on 17 March 1934, signed by Mussolini, Dollfuss and Gömbös. They aimed to resist German expansion into Austria and give the signatories greater security.
Emma, the widow of William III, had become queen consort in the Netherlands and grand duchess consort in Luxembourg by marrying him. She died of complications of bronchitis and was buried at the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft.
The vote on 25 March 1934 was in effect a referendum on a single list drawn up by the Grand Council of Fascism, because Italy was a one-party state and Mussolini's National Fascist Party the only one allowed. Voters approved the list by 99.84%.
Notes
Sources disagree on the day: the infobox and Wikidata give 25 March 1934, but the lead says 26 March 1934. 25 March is stored, with confidence lowered to medium.
The Italian particle physicist and inventor shared the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics with Simon van der Meer. The prize recognised CERN work that led to finding the W and Z particles.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 31 March 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section says he was born in Gorizia.
· Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
The 6th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles
Stage, music & film
On 16 March 1934 at the Ambassador Hotel, Will Rogers hosted the ceremony honouring films from August 1932 to the end of 1933. Cavalcade won Best Picture and Katharine Hepburn won Best Actress.
· Homestead, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Orrin Hatch is born in Homestead
Lives
The American attorney and politician represented Utah in the US Senate between 1977 and 2019. No Republican senator had served longer until Chuck Grassley overtook him in 2023.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 22 March 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Homestead, Pennsylvania.
The American journalist and activist grew into a leading national voice of the second-wave feminist movement. Her writing for New York magazine and her co-founding of Ms. magazine added to that standing.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 25 March 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section names Toledo, Ohio.
· Charleroi, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Shirley Jones is born in Charleroi
Lives
The American actress and singer starred in the film musicals Oklahoma, Carousel and The Music Man, and took the best supporting actress Oscar for Elmer Gantry.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 31 March 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Charleroi, Pennsylvania.
Launched on 14 March 1934, she was completed at Kure on 28 July 1935. Mogami headed a class of four ships that the London Naval Treaty classed as light cruisers, though they were unusually large for that type.
Notes
The service history gives 14 March 1934 for the launch, and the German article gives the same day. Wikidata gives 27 October 1934, which does not match: 27 October is the day the keel was laid, in 1931. Both the English and German infoboxes name the Kure naval yard as the builder, so Kure is given as the place.
· Seto Inland Sea, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
Setonaikai National Park is designated in Japan
Disasters
It gained national park status in 1934 and has been enlarged more than once. The park spans stretches of the Seto Inland Sea and ten prefectures around it.
Notes
The infobox gives 16 March 1934 and Wikidata gives the same; the lead and history section give only the year 1934. The park was far smaller at first than it is now.
The company that became Isuzu Motors is founded in Japan
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The firm began on 30 March 1934, and its Tsurumi Factory opened that year as Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. It was reorganised in 1937 as Tokyo Automobile Industries Co., Ltd.
Notes
The infobox gives 30 March 1934 as the founding date, "as Isuzu"; the history section says the Tsurumi Factory opened in 1934 under the company name Automobile Industry Co., Ltd.
A psychologist with Israeli and American ties, he studied how people judge and decide, work that fed into behavioural economics. Vernon L. Smith was his co-winner of the 2002 economics Nobel.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 5 March 1934. The early-life section says he was born in Tel Aviv while his mother was visiting her family; the infobox names only the British Mandate of Palestine.
· Saudi–Yemeni border region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Kingdom of Yemen (now Saudi Arabia and Yemen) · Middle East
Saudi Arabia declares war on Yemen
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Saudi Arabia declared war on the Kingdom of Yemen on 20 March 1934 and took the port of Hodeida in May. The peace treaty concluded at Taif gave Saudi Arabia temporary sovereignty over Jizan, Asir and Najran and returned Hajjah and Hodeida to Yemen.
Notes
The war's dates follow the infobox (20 March to 14 June 1934). The infobox dates the Treaty of Taif to 14 June, but the aftermath section says only that a signed treaty was reported on 14 June; German Wikipedia says the two sides reached agreement at Taif on 20 May 1934, which is also Wikidata's end date. Wikidata gives only March 1934 for the start. The background section says Yemen declared war in November 1933 and calls February 1934 the start of the war.
The Marxist party dates its foundation to 31 March 1934. For decades, through the 1970s, it was a leading force of the left in Iraqi politics, and it is the country's oldest party still active.
Notes
The infobox gives 31 March 1934; the lead gives 1934. Wikidata gives 31 March 1934.
Rebry of Belgium won the 35th running of the one-day race on 1 April 1934, which ended at a velodrome in Roubaix. The Frenchman Roger Lapébie crossed the line first but was disqualified.
Guy Moll, from French Algeria, drove an Alfa Romeo for Scuderia Ferrari to win on 2 April 1934 around Monte Carlo. It was the first Grand Epreuve run under the Grand Prix formula announced in October 1932.
Notes
Wikidata gives 2 April 1934, the same as the lead; French and German Wikipedia give the same day. The winner, his age and his team come from the English article. The English article on Moll calls him a French driver whose parents had settled in Algeria, then a French colony.
The English primatologist and anthropologist became a pioneer in the study of primate behaviour. Her name is bound up with fieldwork on wild chimpanzees at Gombe, Tanzania, which began in 1960.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 3 April 1934; the infobox gives London and the early-life section names Hampstead.
Trains began running on 3 April 1934 over two short stretches: Klampenborg to Hellerup, and Vanløse to Frederiksberg. The system, which blends commuter rail and rapid transit, now has 87 stations.
Notes
The history section gives 3 April 1934, matching Wikidata and the infobox year.
A politician, judge and law professor, he served as German president from 1994 to 1999, after presiding over the Federal Constitutional Court between 1987 and 1994.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 5 April 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section names Landshut in Bavaria.
The party was formed on 7 April 1934 by a merger of the Scottish Party and the National Party of Scotland. Its first president was the Duke of Montrose, and Alexander MacEwen led it from 1934 to 1936.
Radicals who broke away from the National Party formed this ultranationalist, antisemitic movement on 14 April 1934. It soon split into two branches, Falanga and ABC, and it was outlawed by the government that July.
Notes
The lead gives 14 April 1934, matching the infobox and Wikidata. The infobox gives 10 July 1934 as the day the Polish government banned the camp. The article says it soon split into the Falanga and ABC branches.
The Soviet Union creates the title Hero of the Soviet Union
Politics & diplomacy
The Central Executive Committee set up the award on 16 April 1934 and the first honours were made four days later. The pilots Anatoly Liapidevsky, Sigizmund Levanevsky and Vasily Molokov were among the first recipients.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 20 April 1934, which the infobox gives as the date the title was first awarded; the establishment date is 16 April 1934 in the infobox and the body.
The Norwegian explorer died on 21 April 1934. On a whaling voyage from Norway in 1894 he was among the earliest people to land on the Antarctic mainland, an achievement that helped him gain backing for the Southern Cross expedition.
The regime set up the tribunal on 24 April 1934 to try political offences such as treason, after acquittals in the Reichstag fire trial. It sat in Berlin until 1945 and became one of the Nazi state's most notorious instruments of terror.
Jean Vigo's L'Atalante is shown to French distributors
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
On 25 April 1934 the Palais Rochechouart hosted a preview for French distributors of the film, with Michel Simon, Dita Parlo and Jean Dasté in the cast. It went badly, and Gaumont took control of the film.
Notes
The history section says the preview to distributors was on 25 April 1934, and the infobox gives that date for the preview; Wikidata gives 24 April 1934. The infobox gives 12 September 1934 as the initial release. The preview day from the article is stored, with confidence lowered to medium.
The association was set up on 28 April 1934 and is based in Schaan. It joined UEFA in 1974 and is responsible for the national side and for the country's football cup.
President Ignacy Mościcki opened the airport on 29 April 1934, and it took over all the traffic that had flown from the civilian aerodrome at Mokotów Field. Its modernist terminal building had been completed in 1933.
Notes
Wikidata also lists a founding date of 1934 without a day; the infobox and history section give 29 April 1934.
Stravinsky's Perséphone is first performed at the Paris Opéra
Stage, music & film
Igor Stravinsky himself conducted the premiere on 30 April 1934. Ida Rubinstein's company staged the work, with Rubinstein both speaking and dancing the role of Persephone.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 30 April 1934 and the Opéra in Paris, matching Wikidata; Wikidata's 1 January 1934 is a placeholder for the year.
· Long Branch, New Jersey, United States · North America
Paul Cohen is born in Long Branch
Lives
The American mathematician showed that the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis are each independent of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, work that earned him a Fields Medal.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 2 April 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and early-life section name Long Branch, New Jersey.
Alfred L. Werker directed this 1934 historical drama, which traces how the Rothschild banking family rose and has George Arliss, Loretta Young and Boris Karloff in the cast. Nunnally Johnson adapted it from a play.
Notes
The infobox gives 7 April 1934 as the release date, and French Wikipedia gives the same day for the US release; the lead gives only the year. German Wikipedia says the film had its premiere in New York on 14 March 1934, so the day stored is the general release, not the premiere. Wikidata gives the year 1934.
Jack Conway's pre-Code Western stars Wallace Beery as the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa in a highly fictionalised biography, with a screenplay by Ben Hecht. Part of it was shot in Mexico.
Notes
The infobox gives a release date of 10 April 1934, and the history section says it was released in April 1934. The article also gives a Los Angeles premiere at the Paramount Theatre on 17 May 1934 and a Mexican premiere on 7 September 1934; those later dates are not used. Wikidata gives only the year.
Charles Scribner's Sons issued the novel on 12 April 1934, after a serial run in Scribner's Magazine. The story unfolds on the French Riviera and centres on Dick Diver, a psychiatrist, and Nicole, who is both his wife and his patient.
The act closed the American bond market to any foreign government that had failed to repay what it owed. President Roosevelt signed it on 13 April 1934.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 13 April 1934 for the signing. The infobox also lists passage dates of 11 January and 4 April 1934. Wikidata matches the signing date.
Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan star in this pre-Code adventure based on Edgar Rice Burroughs's character, the second film in the Tarzan series. Cedric Gibbons is the credited director, though Jack Conway and James C. McKay took over parts of the direction during production.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 16 April 1934.
· Richmond, Virginia, United States · North America
Shirley MacLaine is born in Richmond, Virginia
Lives
Born Shirley MacLean Beaty, the American actress and author has had a career of over 70 years. Her trophies include an Oscar, six Golden Globes, two BAFTAs and an Emmy.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 24 April 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Richmond, Virginia, as her birthplace.
· Heathman Plantation, Mississippi, United States · North America
Delta blues musician Charley Patton dies
Lives
The American singer and songwriter died on 28 April 1934 at Heathman Plantation, Mississippi. In 1933 he had settled in Holly Ridge with his partner Bertha Lee, and he performed in New York City in 1934.
Notes
Wikidata gives Indianola as the place of death; the infobox names Heathman Plantation, Mississippi.
· Yangi Hissar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Battle of Yangi Hissar is fought in Xinjiang
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In April 1934 General Ma Zhancang's New 36th Division attacked the Uighur force at the town and wiped it out. Its commander, Emir Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, was killed in the fighting, which formed part of the Kumul Rebellion.
Notes
The article gives only the month, April 1934, in the infobox and lead.
· Yarkand, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Battle of Yarkand is fought in Xinjiang
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In April 1934 Hui Muslim troops of the New 36th Division entered the new city of Yarkand and helped its defenders against Uyghur forces from Khotan and Afghan volunteers. The battle ended in a Chinese victory.
Notes
The infobox gives April 1934 with no day, and Wikidata gives the same month; the infobox places the battle before the Battle of Yangi Hissar, which that article also dates to April 1934, and the article on Abdullah Bughra, killed at Yarkand, gives his death as 16 April 1934. The lead is short, so the sides and outcome come from the infobox.
· Kashgar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The breakaway republic of East Turkestan, centred on Kashgar, collapses
Politics & diplomacy
The Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan, which historians call the First East Turkestan Republic, came into being on 12 November 1933 and ended on 16 April 1934. It emerged from the Kumul Rebellion, set off when Governor Jin Shuren abolished the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the lead gives the end as 16 April 1934 and the infobox agrees.
On 25 April 1934 the state chose an emblem for its emperor, an all-yellow orchid flanked by five sorghum branches. The design also appeared on his personal standard.
· Singapore, Straits Settlements (now Singapore) · Asia
The Straits Settlements Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve is formed in Singapore
War & conflict
The British colonial government created the reserve on 27 April 1934 to help the Royal Navy defend Singapore. The Royal Malaysian Navy traces its roots to it.
Notes
The history section and infobox both give 27 April 1934 for the reserve force that the navy traces its roots to. The navy in its present form came much later; Wikidata gives the year only.
· Cebu, Philippine Islands (now Philippines) · Asia
Pope Pius XI makes Cebu a metropolitan archdiocese
Religion & philosophy
By the apostolic constitution Romanorum Pontificum semper of 28 April 1934, six dioceses were taken out of the Manila province and a separate Cebu province was set up with Cebu at its head.
Notes
The history section and the infobox give 28 April 1934 for the apostolic constitution Romanorum Pontificum semper; Wikidata matches. The infobox also gives 14 August 1595 for the original diocese.
The Arabic daily Al-Difa' is first published in Jaffa
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Palestinian newspaper appeared from 1934 to 1971, with some breaks, and was based in Jaffa until 1948. It competed with Falastin.
Notes
The history section and the infobox give 20 April 1934 for the first issue. Wikidata gives 8 February 1934, so the day is disputed and confidence is medium.
The 1934 Levant Fair opens at new grounds in Tel Aviv
Economy & trade
High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope opened the international trade exhibition on 26 April 1934, at permanent fairgrounds near Tel Aviv Port. A cornerstone ceremony for the grounds had been held in August 1933.
Notes
The history section gives 26 April 1934 for the opening, matching the infobox; the infobox gives 26 May 1934 as the closing day. The infobox's separate year field reads 1933, which looks like a slip, since its open and close dates and the text all say 1934. Wikidata gives only the year.
The Confessing Church forms at the Barmen synod in Germany
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
In May 1934 opponents of the pro-Nazi unification of Protestant churches declared themselves the true Evangelical Church of Germany. The synod issued the Barmen Declaration, written chiefly by Karl Barth, which refused the idea of state control over the church.
Notes
The month comes from English Wikipedia's account of the Barmen synod of May 1934; no day is stored.
The authoritarian Federal State of Austria is proclaimed under the May Constitution
Politics & diplomacy
From 1934 to 1938 it continued the First Austrian Republic as a one-party state ruled through the Fatherland Front. Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg promoted its idea of government by estates, and it mixed Italian Fascist and conservative Catholic influences.
Notes
The infobox gives the start as 1 May under the May Constitution without a year in that field; the lead and the infobox title give 1934 as the first year of the state. Wikidata gives 1 May 1934.
The First Austrian Republic ends with the May Constitution
Politics & diplomacy
In 1934 the authoritarian Federal State of Austria replaced the republic that had begun after the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1919. The new state was a dictatorship run by Engelbert Dollfuss and the Fatherland Front.
White Star Line and Cunard merge to form Cunard-White Star
Economy & trade
Hit by the Great Depression, both shipping companies were struggling in 1933, and the British government offered aid if they combined their North Atlantic services. Cunard-White Star Limited came into being on 10 May 1934.
Notes
The merger agreement was finalised on 30 December 1933, while the merger itself happened on 10 May 1934.
The American architect, an early supporter of skyscrapers, died on 17 May 1934. Among his buildings are the Woolworth Building and the US Supreme Court Building.
Notes
The date agrees across the lead, infobox and Wikidata. The place does not: the infobox gives Brockenhurst, U.K., while Wikidata gives New York City; the lead and history text do not state where he died. Brockenhurst is used, with confidence lowered to medium.
The club came into being at Peterborough's Angel Hotel to replace Peterborough & Fletton United, which had folded, and entered the Midland League. The Football League elected it in 1960.
· Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria (now Bulgaria) · Europe
A military coup in Bulgaria topples the government
Politics & diplomacy
On 19 May 1934 the Zveno organisation and the Military Union, with the army's help, overthrew the coalition government of the People's Bloc, and Kimon Georgiev led its replacement.
The 22nd Giro ran from Milan back to Milan between 19 May and 10 June. Guerra finished first, with Francesco Camusso and Giovanni Cazzulani behind him, after taking the lead in the time trial from Bologna to Ferrara.
The last qualifier was played in Rome three days before the finals, when late entrant the United States beat Mexico. It was the first World Cup with qualifying: 32 teams entered for 16 places, and even hosts Italy had to earn theirs.
Notes
The infobox gives the qualification period as 11 June 1933 to 24 May 1934, which matches Wikidata's end date of 24 May 1934; only the end of the period is stored here. Both the qualification article and the 1934 World Cup article say Italy's need to qualify as host is the only such case.
The English composer and teacher Gustav Holst died on 25 May 1934, born Gustavus Theodore von Holst. His orchestral suite The Planets remains his best-known work.
The 1934 World Cup knockout rounds end with Italy as champions
Sport
Sixteen qualified teams entered a single-elimination tournament across Italy, from the round of 16 on 27 May to the final on 10 June. Italy beat Czechoslovakia 2-1 after extra time in Rome.
Notes
The lead gives the start and the final but not the host country; English Wikipedia's results table lists the matches, including the final on 10 June, in Rome.
Varney Speed Lines, later Continental Airlines, is founded
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The airline began in May 1934 and set out to fly mail and passengers across the American Southwest, linking El Paso and Pueblo, Colorado. Services under that name began in 1937.
Notes
The infobox gives May 1934 for the founding, as Varney Speed Lines; the history section says only that it was formed in 1934.
· Newark, New Jersey, United States · North America
Frankie Valli is born in Newark
LivesSome details uncertain
Born Francesco Castelluccio, the American singer and occasional actor is above all the lead singer of the Four Seasons, with an unusually powerful countertenor voice.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 3 May 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section says earlier publicity used a birth year of 1937 and that other sources, including a record release and a 1965 mug shot, give 1934, so the year was once disputed and confidence is medium. The infobox names Newark, New Jersey.
MGM's pre-Code crime drama, directed by W. S. Van Dyke and starring Gable, Powell and Loy, came out on 4 May 1934. Mickey Rooney played the young Gable character in one of his first film roles.
Notes
The day is the release date in the infobox, 4 May 1934; German Wikipedia gives the premiere as 2 May 1934.
Edgar G. Ulmer directed this pre-Code horror film for Universal, with Boris Karloff and Béla Lugosi in the leading roles. Its link to the 1843 Edgar Allan Poe story is only a loose one, and it was among the first films to carry an almost continuous musical score.
Notes
The infobox gives 7 May 1934 for the US release and 18 May 1934 for New York City; Wikidata gives 7 May.
The West Coast waterfront strike begins in the United States
Economy & trade
The International Longshoremen's Association organised the strike, which began on 9 May 1934 when dockers at every West Coast port downed tools. Two workers died on Bloody Thursday, and a general strike then halted all work in San Francisco for four days.
Notes
The lead gives the length as 83 days and the infobox as 84 days, running from 9 May to 31 July 1934; the start date is the same in both, and the 31 July end comes from the infobox.
The screwball comedy Twentieth Century is released
Stage, music & film
Howard Hawks directed this pre-Code comedy starring John Barrymore and Carole Lombard. Most of the action takes place aboard the 20th Century Limited, a train running from Chicago to New York City.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 11 May 1934.
· New York City, New York, United States · North America
Robert Moog is born in New York City
Lives
An American electronics engineer, he founded the maker Moog Music and helped pioneer electronic music. The first Moog synthesizer appeared in 1964.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 23 May 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names New York City; the early-life section places the birth at Flushing Hospital.
W. S. Van Dyke's pre-Code comedy-mystery, adapted from Dashiell Hammett's novel, came out on 25 May 1934 to glowing reviews. William Powell and Myrna Loy play the drinking, flirting Nick and Nora Charles.
The American New Wave speculative fiction writer had a combative reputation. His body of work runs to over 1,700 stories, scripts, essays and critical pieces, and he wrote The City on the Edge of Forever, a 1967 Star Trek episode.
Notes
The lead, infobox and biography section give 27 May 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and biography name Cleveland, Ohio.
· Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Indiana, United States · North America
Bill Cummings wins the 1934 Indianapolis 500
Sport
Cummings, a native of Indianapolis, won the 22nd running on 30 May 1934, leading for 57 laps in all, the last 26 among them. At the finish just 12 of the 33 cars that began were still going.
The Yenisey air wing is founded in Krasnoyarsk, forerunner of KrasAir
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Northern Sea Route's chief directorate set up the air wing in May 1934. KrasAir, the Russian airline later based at Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport, traced its roots to it before flights ended in 2008.
Notes
The history section gives May 1934 with no day for the air wing the airline traces its roots to; the company itself is dated 1993 in the infobox. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Birobidzhan, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Asia
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is established in the Soviet Far East
Politics & diplomacy
A decree of 7 May 1934 made the territory around Birobidzhan a Jewish autonomous region within the Russian republic. It had been designated in 1928 and lies on the border with China.
Tōgō died of throat cancer on 30 May 1934, aged 86, one day after being raised to the rank of marquis. Commanding the Combined Fleet in the Russo-Japanese War, he bottled up the Russian Pacific fleet in Port Arthur and then defeated the relief fleet at Tsushima in May 1905.
· Listvyanka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Asia
Alexei Leonov is born in Listvyanka
Lives
The future cosmonaut, air force general, writer and artist was born on 30 May 1934. On 18 March 1965 he left Voskhod 2 for a spacewalk lasting 12 minutes and 9 seconds.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 30 May 1934. The infobox names Listvyanka in the West Siberian Krai.
· Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Timor Sea · Oceania
The Ashmore and Cartier Islands formally become part of Australia
Politics & diplomacy
The Commonwealth had passed an acceptance act on 15 December 1933, and the islands joined Australia on 10 May 1934. They are five low-lying islands on two reefs in the Timor Sea, with no residents.
Healesville Sanctuary opens under the name Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary
Everyday life
Set in the Yarra Ranges of Victoria and devoted to Australian native animals, the sanctuary was formally opened on 30 May 1934. The reserve had earlier passed to the Healesville Council.
Notes
The history section and the infobox both give 30 May 1934; Wikidata gives only the year.
In June and July 1934 mobs attacked Jewish citizens and their property in Thrace, beginning in Çanakkale in late June. A Resettlement Law passed on 14 June was a major factor, and foreign diplomats believed the government implicitly backed the pogrom.
Notes
Wikidata gives 21 June to 4 July 1934; the article gives June and July 1934 and places the first incidents in Çanakkale during late June.
Agatha Christie publishes The Listerdale Mystery in Britain
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Collins issued it in Britain in June 1934. It contains Philomel Cottage in its first appearance in a book, a story later turned into a play and films.
Notes
The lead and infobox give June 1934 with no day; a Times Literary Supplement review dated 5 July 1934 is quoted in the article. Wikidata gives the same month.
Plant No. 19 is founded in Perm, the origin of Aviadvigatel
TechnologySome details uncertain
The factory was founded near Perm on 1 June 1934 to produce the Shvetsov M-25, a design derived from America's Wright Cyclone. Its chief designer was to be Arkadiy Shvetsov.
Notes
The history section and the infobox both give 1 June 1934, but the history sentence is marked as needing a citation, so confidence is medium. Wikidata gives the year only. The plant was set up to build the Shvetsov M-25, a licensed copy of the Wright Cyclone.
The Paris Zoological Park opens in the Bois de Vincennes
Everyday life
The zoo opened on 2 June 1934 under the National Museum of Natural History, conceived as a partner to the Ménagerie at the Jardin des plantes, which was older. It aimed to give visitors a better setting for observing how animals behave.
Luxembourg holds a partial election for the Chamber of Deputies
Politics & diplomacy
On 3 June 1934 voters in the southern and eastern constituencies chose 29 of the 54 seats. Of those, 12 went to the Party of the Right, though its total in the chamber fell from 26 to 25.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 3 June 1934, matching Wikidata. Only part of the Chamber was elected; seats in the south and east were contested.
Albert, the future King Albert II of the Belgians, is born in Brussels
Lives
The son of King Leopold III and Queen Astrid, who was a Swedish princess, he took the throne after his brother Baudouin's death in 1993 and abdicated in 2013.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 6 June 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names the Château of Stuyvenberg in Brussels; Wikidata names Laeken, which is the district where that château stands.
· Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome, Kingdom of Italy (now Italy) · Europe
Italy beat Czechoslovakia in the World Cup final in Rome
Sport
On 10 June 1934 the hosts won 2-1 after extra time, coming back from a goal down in very hot weather. Uruguay, the defending champion, had stayed away from the tournament.
Delius, an Englishman born in Bradford into a wealthy merchant family, died on 10 June 1934. He resisted a career in commerce and in 1884 went to Florida to run an orange plantation.
Notes
Wikidata gives Grez-sur-Loing as the place of death.
· Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Lev Vygotsky dies in Moscow
LivesSome details uncertain
The Soviet psychologist, known above all for his work on how children develop, died on 11 June 1934 at the age of 37, from a relapse of tuberculosis. His book Thinking and Speech appeared after his death.
Notes
Wikidata gives 10 June 1934, with 11 July 1934 as another listed date; the infobox, opening line and body text all give 11 June 1934.
Bulgaria suppresses the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Politics & diplomacy
After the coup of 19 May 1934, officers moved to crush the secret society founded in Salonica in 1893, whose killings had made it seem like a gang. It had begun by seeking autonomy for Macedonia and the Adrianople region.
The Wolf brothers found the Croatian food company Podravka
Economy & trade
On 14 June 1934 the brothers Marijan and Matija Wolf set up the business, at first a fruit factory. It makes food products and has become a very large food company by the standards of Southeast Europe.
Notes
The history section gives 14 June 1934 and says the firm began as a fruit factory; the lead, infobox and Wikidata give the year. The company is based in Koprivnica today, but where the Wolf brothers first set it up is not stated, so the place is given at country level.
Polish interior minister Bronisław Pieracki is assassinated in Warsaw
Politics & diplomacy
On 15 June 1934 the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists had Bronisław Pieracki shot dead on Foksal Street in Warsaw. The assassin, Hryhorii Matseiko, was a trusted member of the group, and Mykola Lebed was the mastermind. Pieracki had been responsible for the pacification campaign against ethnic Ukrainians.
Chinetti and Étancelin win the 1934 24 Hours of Le Mans
Sport
The twelfth Le Mans 24 Hours was run on the Sarthe circuit on 16 and 17 June 1934, and Luigi Chinetti and Philippe Étancelin won comfortably. The Riley works team finished second, third, fifth and sixth.
On 17 June 1934 the vice chancellor spoke at Marburg University, demanding that government-inspired Nazi terror end and that freedom and dignity return. It is described as the final prominent public speech made within Germany against National Socialism.
Notes
The day is from the article text; Wikidata also gives 17 June 1934.
· Bereza Kartuska, Poland (now Biaroza, Belarus) · Europe
Poland sets up the Bereza Kartuska detention centre
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Poland's Sanation government ran the prison from 1934 to 1939, holding inmates without trial or conviction. The order came from President Ignacy Mościcki on 17 June 1934, and the centre was set up on 12 July in former Russian barracks.
Notes
The lead gives 17 June 1934 as the date of the order that established the prison, while the history section says it was created on 12 July 1934 on the strength of that order, so the dates differ and confidence is medium. Wikidata gives only the year.
The Revvoyensoviet, the Soviet Union's military council, is dissolved
Politics & diplomacy
The Revolutionary Military Council directed the armed forces of Soviet Russia and later of the Soviet Union from September 1918, when the All-Russian Central Executive Committee created it. It was dissolved in 1934.
Notes
The infobox gives 20 June 1934. The body of the article gives just the year 1934 for the council's end, under Soviet rule. Wikidata gives the year only.
Iceland votes in the first election under reformed rules
Politics & diplomacy
Reforms had enlarged the Lower House, from 28 seats to 33, and meant all members of the Althing were elected together. The Independence Party became the largest group, with 14 of the 33 Lower House seats.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 24 June 1934, matching Wikidata.
Fred Perry and Dorothy Round win the Wimbledon singles titles
Sport
The 1934 Championships were played on the All England Club's grass courts between 25 June and 7 July. Perry won the men's singles and Round the women's.
Night of the Long Knives: Hitler has the SA leaders and other rivals killed
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Over three days from 30 June, Adolf Hitler had the SA chief of staff Ernst Röhm, Gregor Strasser and the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher killed, among others. The dead numbered at least 85, over a thousand suspected opponents were detained, and propaganda called it a strike against an SA plot.
Notes
Wikidata gives 30 June 1934 as the start and 1 July 1934 as the end; the article's infobox and opening line both give 30 June to 2 July 1934.
· Jacksonville, Florida, United States · North America
Pat Boone is born in Jacksonville
Lives
The American singer, actor and television personality was a top-selling recording star between the 1950s and the early 1960s, with 38 records reaching the American Top 40.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 1 June 1934, matching Wikidata. Wikidata's place is blank; the infobox and early-life section name Jacksonville, Florida.
The US Securities and Exchange Commission is created
Politics & diplomacy
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 brought into being this independent federal agency on 6 June, in the wake of the 1929 Wall Street crash. Its main task is to enforce laws against market manipulation.
The Disney cartoon The Wise Little Hen introduces Donald Duck
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
This Silly Symphonies short from Walt Disney takes the fable of the Little Red Hen. Donald Duck makes his first appearance, dancing to The Sailor's Hornpipe, and with his friend Peter Pig pretends to be ill to avoid work, until Mrs. Hen teaches them the worth of labour.
Notes
Sources differ on the date. United Artists gave 9 June 1934 as the release date, which is also the Wikidata date, but the history section says the film was first screened on 3 May 1934, at a Los Angeles theatre, for a benefit programme. The wider release date is stored, with confidence lowered to medium.
Lee Falk, who later created The Phantom, launched the strip on 11 June 1934 for King Features Syndicate. Phil Davis soon took over the drawing while Falk carried on writing it.
Notes
A picture caption in the article labels a debut strip as dated 15 June 1934; the infobox and opening line give 11 June 1934, as does Wikidata.
· Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina, United States · North America
Congress establishes Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Everyday life
The park was officially created on 15 June 1934 on the high ridge of the Great Smoky Mountains, and the Tennessee–North Carolina line runs through its middle. The Appalachian Trail crosses it.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
William F. Sharpe is born in Boston
Lives
The American economist, now an emeritus finance professor at Stanford, helped originate the capital asset pricing model and created the Sharpe ratio, a measure that weighs an investment's returns against its risk.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 16 June 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and body name Boston, Massachusetts.
The US Federal Communications Commission is created
Politics & diplomacy
The Communications Act of 1934 established the commission on 19 June. It inherited radio regulation from the Federal Radio Commission and wire communication from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
El Salvador founds its central bank, the Banco Central de Reserva
Economy & trade
The Central Reserve Bank, which sets the exchange rate and oversees parts of the economy, began as a private institution and passed under state control later. Its first president was Luis Alfaro Durán.
Notes
The infobox gives 19 June 1934, matching Wikidata. The lead says the bank was first privately owned and later brought under state control by a banking reorganisation law, but it gives no date for that change. The infobox names San Salvador as the headquarters.
· Radio City Music Hall, New York City, United States · North America
The film Of Human Bondage premieres at Radio City Music Hall
Stage, music & film
John Cromwell's drama for RKO, adapted by Lester Cohen from W. Somerset Maugham's 1915 novel, premiered on 28 June 1934 with Leslie Howard and Bette Davis in the lead roles. It went into general release on 20 July.
· Sagami Arsenal, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
The prototype of the Japanese Type 95 Ha-Go light tank is completed
TechnologySome details uncertain
The Army Technical Bureau engineer Tomio Hara proposed the tank, and the Army's Sagami Arsenal completed a first prototype in June 1934. Roughly 2,300 were built, a larger number than any other Japanese armoured vehicle of the war.
Notes
The month June 1934 is from the history section; the infobox gives the design period as 1933 to 1934 and production as 1936 to 1943.
Pridi Banomyong founded it, and it was inaugurated on 27 June 1934 as Thailand's national university. It began as an open university with a focus on law and politics.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 27 June 1934; the history section says the university was inaugurated that day and that Pridi, its founder, served as its first chancellor, without saying he opened it in person. The article gives two English names for it (University of Moral and Political Sciences in the lead, University of Law and Political Sciences in the history section), so the summary names neither. The figure of 7,094 is described as students in the lead but as applicants for admission in the body, so it is left out of the summary.
On 21 June 1934 the Turkish parliament required every citizen to adopt a fixed family name that would pass down the generations. Until then surnames had been optional, which the 1933 proposal said caused disorder.
Notes
The lead and the origin section give 21 June 1934 for the law's adoption, after a debate on 16 June. Wikidata gives 2 July 1934, perhaps a publication or in-force date; it could not be confirmed.
The Polish-born physicist and chemist, a French citizen by then, died in Passy, Haute-Savoie, on 4 July 1934, with aplastic anaemia given as the cause. She had won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband Pierre and the chemistry prize in 1911.
Notes
Wikidata places the death at Sancellemoz, France; the infobox gives Passy, Haute-Savoie.
Bialik died of a sudden heart attack on 4 July 1934, seven days after a prostate operation that had succeeded. He wrote chiefly in Hebrew and Yiddish and was a pioneer of modern Hebrew poetry.
Nine nations, including Denmark, France, Canada, England, Scotland and Wales, founded the federation on 5 July 1934, with its first office in Cheltenham. George Alan Thomas was its first president.
On 10 July 1934 the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs became the Soviet interior ministry and secret police, absorbing the OGPU. Genrikh Yagoda ran it until 1936, and Nikolai Yezhov and Lavrentiy Beria headed it after him.
The OGPU is dissolved and its work passes to the NKVD
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The OGPU had been the Soviet secret police since November 1923. In July 1934 its functions went to a new State Security directorate within the NKVD.
Notes
The infobox gives 10 July 1934 as the day; the lead and history section give only July 1934, so the day rests on the infobox alone. English Wikipedia says the OGPU was dissolved two months after Menzhinsky's death in May 1934.
The Italian fashion designer first made his name working with Cerruti 1881 and launched his own label in 1975. His name came to stand for minimalist, deconstructed tailoring.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 11 July 1934. The infobox and early-life section name Piacenza.
The largest flood of the Second Polish Republic strikes southern Poland
DisastersSome details uncertain
From 13 to 17 July 1934 heavy rain fell on the Dunajec and set off the flood, with the Raba, Wisłoka and Skawa rising after it. The flood claimed 55 lives, and damage was estimated at 60 million zlotys.
Notes
The lead says the rains fell between 13 and 17 July 1934 and the flood then spread to other tributaries of the Vistula over the following days; the infobox gives July 1934 as the duration. Wikidata gives 22 July for the event and 1 July for its start and end, which do not match the article, so only the start of the rains is stored, with medium confidence.
An order of 13 July 1934 created the medal, which President Paul von Hindenburg instituted to honour Germans who had served in the Great War. No earlier official German service medal had been made for soldiers of the imperial army.
Alexander Alekhine wins the Zurich 1934 chess tournament
Sport
Held from 14 to 29 July 1934 to mark 125 years of the Zurich Chess Society, it was won by Alexander Alekhine. Max Euwe and Salo Flohr tied behind him for second and third.
Notes
The opening paragraph gives 14 to 29 July 1934 and says the tournament marked the 125th anniversary of the Zurich Chess Society; Wikidata holds only the year. The article's own title spells the city Zurich.
Hans Stuck wins the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring
Sport
The seventh German Grand Prix took place on 15 July 1934 in wet, overcast weather. Stuck won in an Auto Union, with Luigi Fagioli second in a Mercedes-Benz.
Notes
Wikidata gives 15 July 1934, the same as the lead; French and German Wikipedia give the same day. The runner-up and weather come from the English infobox. The pole-sitter is disputed between Wikipedias (English names Balestrero, French names Minozzi) and all say the grid was drawn by ballot, so no pole claim is made.
The Austrian mathematician and philosopher died on 24 July 1934, aged 54, following cancer surgery. He worked across topology, functional analysis, set theory, order theory, real analysis and variational calculus.
Austrian Nazis attempt a putsch and kill Chancellor Dollfuss
War & conflict
Between 25 and 30 July members of the Austrian Legion and the SS stormed the Federal Chancellery and killed Engelbert Dollfuss, hoping to install a pro-Nazi government. The coup failed, as the army and most Austrians stayed loyal.
The Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary died on 25 July 1934. He had led, in the Ukrainian War of Independence, the Revolutionary Insurgent Army, a force within a mass peasant movement for anarchist communism.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 6 July 1934 as a date of death; the infobox and opening line give 25 July 1934.
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, opened the pool on 25 July 1934. Arthur Elvin built it for that year's British Empire Games, where it staged the swimming.
A Curtiss Condor that had flown from Zurich and called at Stuttgart ran into a thunderstorm and went down on 27 July 1934; all twelve people aboard died. No fatal accident had befallen the airline since it began in 1931.
Great Britain beat the United States in the Davis Cup Challenge Round
SportSome details uncertain
The Challenge Round was played at the All England Club's Centre Court from 28 to 31 July 1934. Great Britain won, after the United States had got past Australia in the Inter-Zonal play-off.
Notes
The dates are those of the Challenge Round; the article gives no dates for the earlier rounds of the 1934 competition, which Wikidata ends on 31 July 1934.
The German teams pull out of the 1934 Belgian Grand Prix
Sport
The race at Spa-Francorchamps on 29 July 1934 went ahead without Auto Union and Mercedes-Benz, who withdrew 48 hours before the start after Belgian customs asked them to pay duty on their special fuel. Bugatti took first and second places, with René Dreyfus winning.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the lead gives 29 July 1934.
· Lafayette, Indiana, United States · North America
Sydney Pollack is born in Lafayette, Indiana
Lives
The American film director also worked as a producer and actor across a career of more than four decades. He took Academy Awards for both directing and producing Out of Africa, which won best picture.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 1 July 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Lafayette, Indiana.
The Bank of Canada Act gave the bank its charter on 3 July 1934, though it only began operating on 11 March 1935. It started as a privately owned corporation so that party politics would not influence it.
Lloyd Bacon directed this romantic comedy, also titled Hey, Sailor, with James Cagney and Pat O'Brien in the leading roles, alongside Gloria Stuart and Frank McHugh.
Notes
The infobox gives 21 July 1934 as the release date; the lead gives only the year. Wikidata gives the year.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Gangster John Dillinger is killed in Chicago
Lives
The American bank robber died of gunshot wounds on 22 July 1934. His gang was accused of raiding twenty-four banks as well as four police stations, and he escaped from prison twice.
· Birmingham, Alabama, United States · North America
Louise Fletcher is born in Birmingham, Alabama
Lives
The American actress, later seen in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as Kai Winn Adami, is remembered above all for playing Nurse Ratched in 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 22 July 1934. They name Birmingham, Alabama.
The American cartoonist and animator died on 26 July 1934. He is best remembered for Little Nemo, a comic strip, and for the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur of 1914.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 25 July 1934; the infobox and opening line give 26 July 1934. The infobox says his birth year is uncertain and that he was aged 63–68 at death, and gives New York City as the place of death, where Wikidata says Brooklyn.
· Santa Barbara, California, United States · North America
Marie Dressler dies in Santa Barbara
Lives
Dressler, who worked on stage and screen as actress, writer and comedian, was born Leila Marie Koerber in Cobourg, Ontario, and died on 28 July 1934. She left home at 14, reached Broadway in 1892 and became Hollywood's top box-office draw.
· Nanga Parbat, Jammu and Kashmir, British India (now Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan) · Asia
A German expedition loses ten lives on Nanga Parbat
DisastersSome details uncertain
A storm on 7 July 1934 caught the party high on the ninth-highest mountain on Earth. Ten people died, nine of them climbers, in what was then the deadliest mountaineering accident in history.
Notes
The Event section of the English article says two climbers reached their high point on 6 July 1934 and that a storm on 7 July caught them and 14 other people high on the mountain; the deaths came during the retreat over the following days, with no single day given, so the month is stored. Wikidata gives the year only.
The revolt began when the Hui general Ma Zhongying and Kumulik Uyghurs rose against the governor, Jin Shuren, and it ended in July 1934 with Sheng Shicai holding the north of Xinjiang while the Nationalist government kept the south.
Notes
The infobox gives the rebellion's span as 20 February 1931 to July 1934; the opening line says 1931 to 1934. Wikidata gives only the year 1934 for the end.
Prime Minister Saitō Makoto's government falls over the Teijin scandal
Politics & diplomacy
On 3 July 1934 Saitō dissolved his government after hearing that cabinet ministers might be arrested over the sale of Teijin shares. In April, arrests had been ordered of the Vice-Minister of Finance, the head of the Bank of Taiwan and the president of Teijin.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934 for the whole scandal, which the lead calls a 1933-34 affair; the 3 July 1934 date for the cabinet's end comes from the history section.
Prime Minister Okada Keisuke, a naval officer, formed the 31st cabinet of Japan on 8 July 1934, after Saitō Makoto's resignation over the Teijin Incident. It stayed in office until 9 March 1936.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox, lead and history section give 8 July 1934.
· Kiryat Bialik, Mandatory Palestine · Middle East
Kiryat Bialik is founded near Haifa
Everyday life
German Jewish immigrants founded the town in the Fifth Aliyah, on 18 July 1934, on land from the Jewish National Fund. It is one of the Krayot, five suburbs north of Haifa, and the Ata textile factory was set up there the same year.
· Pointe-Noire to Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa (now Republic of the Congo) · Africa
The Congo-Ocean railway is inaugurated
Architecture
The line runs from the Atlantic port of Pointe-Noire to Brazzaville, getting round the rapids of the lower Congo River. It was built with forced labour, and an estimated more than 17,000 workers died from accidents and disease before construction ended in 1934.
Notes
French Wikipedia says the track was fully laid on 13 April 1934 and that the governor-general, Raphaël Antonetti, inaugurated the line on 10 July 1934, which matches Wikidata; the English infobox gives 1934 as the opening year. The forced labour and the estimate of more than 17,000 deaths come from the History section of the English article.
The 1934 European Rowing Championships are held on the Rotsee
SportSome details uncertain
Held on the Rotsee at Lucerne in Switzerland, the championships were for men only and covered all seven Olympic boat classes.
Notes
The infobox and article give only the month, August 1934. Wikidata also lists the month with the start and end written as the first of January, which is the year only and is not used.
The second Venice International Film Festival is held
Stage, music & film
Running from 1 to 20 August 1934, the festival held a competition for the first time. The Coppa Mussolini was awarded for the best Italian film and also for the best foreign one.
· Neudeck, Germany (now Ogrodzieniec, Poland) · Europe
Paul von Hindenburg dies as President of Germany
Lives
Hindenburg died at Neudeck on 2 August 1934 after serving as president from 1925. He had led the German army in the First World War and in 1933 named Hitler chancellor.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place of death as Ogrodzieniec, Poland; the infobox names Neudeck, Germany, a place now called Ogrodzieniec.
Hitler takes the title Führer und Reichskanzler after Hindenburg's death
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
When President Hindenburg died, the two offices of president and chancellor were combined. Hitler then gave himself the official style der Führer und Reichskanzler.
Notes
Wikidata gives 3 August 1934; the infobox gives 2 August 1934 as the formation date of the post.
· Pavlovsky Posad, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Valery Bykovsky is born in Pavlovsky Posad
Lives
The Soviet cosmonaut flew into space three times, on Vostok 5, Soyuz 22 and Soyuz 31. On two other missions, Vostok 3 and Soyuz 37, he served as the back-up pilot.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 2 August 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Pavlovsky Posad in the Russian SFSR.
The 1934 World Archery Championships are held in Båstad
Sport
Båstad in Sweden staged the fourth World Archery Championships on 3 and 4 August 1934. FITA, the federation now called World Archery, organised the event.
Held from 4 to 11 August 1934, mainly at Wembley Park and White City Stadium, with the track cycling in Manchester. King George V opened the Games, in which seventeen teams took part.
Sweden's People's Party is formed by a merger of two liberal parties
Politics & diplomacy
On 5 August 1934 the Liberal Party of Sweden and the Free-minded National Association made peace and united as Folkpartiet, the People's Party. It carried the name Liberal People's Party until 2015 and is now simply the Liberals.
Notes
The infobox gives 5 August 1934 as the foundation date and the history section says the two parties merged in 1934. Swedish and German Wikipedia give the same day in their infoboxes, and Swedish Wikipedia's list of party leaders has Felix Hamrin taking office on 5 August 1934.
Hergé begins serialising Tintin's adventure The Blue Lotus
Art & literature
From 9 August 1934 the fifth Tintin story ran weekly in Le Petit Vingtième until October 1935. Tintin is invited to China as Japan invades in 1931 and uncovers a drug-smuggling ring.
Cycling joins the British Empire Games at Manchester's Fallowfield Stadium
Sport
Cycling made its first appearance at the Games in 1934, with the races on the final day, 11 August, at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester. The rest of the Games were hosted in London.
Notes
The lead and infobox both give 11 August 1934. Wikidata gives the year only.
The Dutch architect and designer died on 12 August 1934. A founder of the Amsterdam School of architecture, he left buildings such as the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam and the Kunstmuseum Den Haag.
The British novelist and poet wrote mainly speculative fiction for children and young adults. Among the series that made her name are Chrestomanci, Dalemark and the Moving Castle books.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 16 August 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names London.
On 17 August 1934 the company was formed to carry on aircraft development, and in 1935 James Martin and Valentine Baker flew its MB 1, a light touring aircraft. It later turned to ejection seats.
Notes
The history section gives 17 August 1934; the infobox gives the year. The article does not name the place of formation; its headquarters are at Denham, Buckinghamshire. Wikidata gives the year.
Germans vote to merge the offices of president and chancellor
Politics & diplomacy
On 19 August 1934, seventeen days after Hindenburg died, voters were asked to approve combining the two posts so that Hitler could hold supreme power. The vote was marked by intimidation and heavy fraud, and the large "yes" result let Hitler claim popular backing.
A cabinet law binds officials and soldiers to an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Reichswehr soldiers began swearing loyalty to Hitler personally after Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, under a new wording issued by Blomberg. A cabinet law of 20 August then required both soldiers and civil servants to swear such an oath, replacing the oaths used until then. It stayed in force until 1945.
Notes
The article says Blomberg issued the new oath wording on 2 August 1934, the day Hindenburg died, and that the cabinet law of 20 August 1934 superseded the original oaths and extended the oath to civil servants. The German article gives the same two days. The stored date is that of the law; the military oath began on 2 August. Confidence is medium. Wikidata gives the year only.
The second edition of the stage race began and ended in Zürich, over seven stages in Switzerland between 25 August and 1 September. Ludwig Geyer of Germany won.
· Bremgarten circuit, near Bern, Switzerland · Europe
Hans Stuck wins the 1934 Swiss Grand Prix at Bremgarten
Sport
Hans Stuck led from the start in an Auto Union in the race of 26 August 1934, run to the 750 kg formula over 70 laps near Bern. Hugh Hamilton, a British driver, was killed in a crash on the final lap.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 26 August 1934, matching Wikidata. A separate lead-in voiturette race, the Prix de Berne, ran earlier the same day.
Poland wins the last of the four international tourist plane contests in Warsaw
Sport
The Challenge was held in Warsaw between 28 August and 16 September 1934, opening at Mokotowskie field. The pilot Jerzy Bajan and his mechanic Gustaw Pokrzywka won for Poland, whose pilot Franciszek Żwirko had also won the previous Challenge, in 1932.
Under a 1933 disengagement agreement reaffirmed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the occupation that began when US Marines landed at Port-au-Prince in July 1915 formally ended. The Haitian flag was raised at a ceremony in Cap-Haïtien on 6 August, and the last Marines left on 15 August.
Notes
The infobox and opening paragraph give 1 August 1934 as the end of the occupation, as does Wikidata; a photo caption dates the flag-raising ceremony at Cap-Haïtien to 6 August 1934, and the opening paragraph says the last Marines left on 15 August 1934.
Jack Conway directed this romantic comedy drama for MGM, with Jean Harlow, Lionel Barrymore and Franchot Tone leading the cast. Anita Loos wrote the screenplay and Bernard H. Hyman produced it.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 3 August 1934.
· Alcatraz Island, San Francisco Bay, California, United States · North America
Alcatraz becomes a federal penitentiary
Politics & diplomacy
The island prison off San Francisco, nicknamed The Rock, came into use as a federal prison under the Bureau of Prisons in August 1934, once its buildings were modernised. Its main building dated from 1910 to 1912, when it was a US Army military prison.
The satirical strip began on 13 August 1934 and followed a family of hillbillies in Dogpatch, a poor fictional mountain village. United Feature Syndicate distributed it.
Cecil B. DeMille's film Cleopatra premieres in New York
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
DeMille produced and directed the Paramount epic, which premiered in New York City on 16 August 1934, with Claudette Colbert in the title role. Warren William played Caesar and Henry Wilcoxon was Mark Antony. Preparation started in July 1933, and Jeanie MacPherson led a team of twelve who researched it for eight months.
Notes
The infobox gives 16 August 1934 for New York City and 5 October 1934 for the US release; Wikidata gives only the year 1934.
Victor Fleming directed this adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, in which Wallace Beery, Jackie Cooper and Lionel Barrymore head a cast that also includes Lewis Stone and Nigel Bruce.
Notes
Wikidata gives 17 August 1934 and the infobox gives the same date; the lead names only the year.
The American physicist took half of the 2005 physics Nobel jointly with Theodor Hänsch, for work on precision spectroscopy with lasers, including the optical frequency comb.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 21 August 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Denver, Colorado. English Wikipedia's lead wrongly quotes Roy Glauber's citation (quantum theory of optical coherence) for Hall; the article body and the Nobel Foundation's 2005 physics page credit Hall and Hänsch's half to their development of precision spectroscopy using lasers, with the optical frequency comb as part of it.
· Trenton, New Jersey, United States · North America
Norman Schwarzkopf is born in Trenton
Lives
The United States Army general, nicknamed Stormin' Norman, was commissioned in 1956. As commander of United States Central Command he directed the allied forces in the Gulf War.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 22 August 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and lead name Trenton, New Jersey.
Gregory La Cava directed this historical comedy, set in Florence, starring Frank Morgan and Constance Bennett, with Fredric March and Fay Wray. The script by Bess Meredyth came from a play, Edwin Justus Mayer's Firebrand of Florence.
Notes
The infobox gives 24 August 1934 as the release date; the lead gives only the year. Wikidata gives the year.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
Two teenage boys find the Baltimore gold hoard
Everyday life
Theodore Jones and Henry Grob uncovered copper pots holding 3,558 gold coins at the end of August 1934, as they dug in the basement of an Eden Street tenement. Another hoard came to light on the very same spot a year afterwards.
Notes
The background section gives 31 August 1934 for the dig. The lead says a second hoard was found by the same boys a year later, and that the two hoards together were worth about 30,000 dollars.
The Shia cleric and Iranian politician held the presidency from 1989 to 1997 and was among those who founded the Islamic Republic. He later led the Assembly of Experts from 2007 to 2011.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 25 August 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Bahreman as his birthplace; the early-life section spells the village Bahraman and places it near Rafsanjan in Kerman Province.
· Constantine, French Algeria (now Algeria) · Africa
Antisemitic riots break out in Constantine, French Algeria
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From 3 to 5 August 1934 violence was directed at the Jewish population of the city. Some 300 rioters moved for hours through the Jewish quarter, attacking homes and shops, and the violence spread to nearby towns.
Notes
The infobox, and a scholarly source quoted in the English article, give 3 to 5 August 1934. French Wikipedia says the riots ran from 3 to 6 August and Wikidata gives 6 August 1934. The 3 to 5 August span is stored, with confidence lowered to medium.
· Portuguese West Africa (now Angola), South West Africa (now Namibia), Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana), Mozambique and Transvaal (now South Africa) · Africa
An annular solar eclipse crosses southern Africa on 10 August 1934
Science
Across a belt of southern Africa, from Portuguese West Africa and South West Africa to Mozambique, observers saw a ring of sunlight around the Moon. Southern, central and eastern Africa and Antarctica saw a partial eclipse.
Notes
The belt of annularity comes from the path description in the article, which also lists Rhodesia and Swaziland. The eclipse times in the article are in UTC.
The country's central bank, created by a 1933 Act, started work on 1 August 1934 and put its first banknotes into circulation that year. It has been wholly government-owned since 1936.
Notes
The infobox and the history section give 1 August 1934, matching Wikidata. The lead gives the year 1934 and names the 1933 Act as its legal basis.
The General SS, a large branch of the Nazi SS administered by the SS Main Office, was formally established in autumn 1934. The aim was to set its men apart from the armed SS-VT units and from the camp guards.
Notes
The infobox gives September 1934 and the opening line says autumn 1934; no day is given.
Agatha Christie publishes Why Didn't They Ask Evans?
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Collins Crime Club issued the mystery in Britain in September 1934, and the American edition, called The Boomerang Clue, followed in 1935. A man dying on a golf course is found by Bobby Jones, which sets the plot going.
Notes
The article gives only the month, September 1934, for the British first edition; the American edition, as The Boomerang Clue, followed in 1935.
· Hindenburg (now Zabrze), Germany (now Poland) · Europe
The Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn opens in Hindenburg, now the Ernest Pohl Stadium in Zabrze
Architecture
The football ground opened in 1934 in Hindenburg, then a German city, and was named after Adolf Hitler. The city is now Zabrze, in Poland, and the ground is now called the Ernest Pohl Stadium, or Arena Zabrze, home to Górnik Zabrze.
Notes
The infobox gives 2 September 1934 for the opening of the old stadium, with a second date, 21 February 2016, for the rebuilt one; Wikidata lists both. The lead and history section confirm 1934 and say it was built in what was then Germany as the Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn. The Zabrze article says the city was named Hindenburg from 1915 to 1945 and took back the name Zabrze in May 1945.
The British writer's novel of 1934 centres on Tony Last, a country squire who is contented yet shallow. It is generally counted among his early comic satires.
Notes
The Publication history section says the full novel came out as a London hardback on 4 September 1934, from Chapman and Hall, after serialisation in Harper's Bazaar in the summer of 1934; the lead and infobox give only the year. That day rests on this one article, whose sentence cites a Waugh biography; I opened no second source. Wikidata gives only the year 1934.
The British econometrician, who worked on nonlinear time series analysis, held posts at Nottingham and the University of California, San Diego. He shared the 2003 economics Nobel with Robert Engle.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 4 September 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and biography section name Swansea in Wales. The academic-life part of the biography section describes the 1987 joint paper with Robert Engle that introduced cointegration.
The Bloomsbury Group member died on 9 September 1934. He was first a scholar of Old Masters, then a champion of recent French painting, for which he coined the term Post-Impressionism.
Notes
Wikidata places the death in London; the infobox names Hampstead, London.
The 12th Italian Grand Prix took place on 9 September 1934, on a different layout because of deaths in the 1933 race. Two Mercedes-Benz drivers, Rudolf Caracciola and Luigi Fagioli, are listed as the winners, with Hans Stuck's Auto Union second.
Notes
The infobox lists Rudolf Caracciola and Luigi Fagioli together as the winners, with Hans Stuck second; the lead does not explain how the two shared the win.
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia sign the Baltic Entente treaty in Geneva
Politics & diplomacy
On 12 September the three Baltic states signed a treaty of friendship and co-operation, aiming at a joint foreign policy and mutual political and diplomatic backing. It followed two non-aggression pacts that unsettled Lithuanian foreign policy that year.
· Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Revolutionary Catherine Breshkovsky dies in Prague
Lives
She died on 12 September 1934. A leading figure of Russian socialism, she began as a Narodnik and helped found the Socialist Revolutionary Party; her peaceful opposition to tsarism cost her more than forty years in prison and exile in Siberia.
Notes
Wikidata places the death at Horní Počernice; the infobox names Prague.
He was the Beatles' manager from 1961 until he died in 1967, having first seen them play a midday show at the Cavern Club in Liverpool. He helped secure the band a record deal with Parlophone, an EMI label.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 19 September 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section names 4 Rodney Street, Liverpool.
The Italian actress, who was born on 20 September 1934 as Sofia Villani Scicolone, has worked in film for more than seven decades. She has won an Oscar, a BAFTA and seven David di Donatello prizes.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 20 September 1934, matching Wikidata. Her birth name is Sofia Costanza Brigida Villani Scicolone.
An underground explosion at Gresford Colliery kills 266 men
Disasters
The explosion and fire at the colliery near Wrexham on 22 September 1934 ranks among the worst coal mining disasters Britain has seen. A controversial inquiry followed, which did not settle the cause.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 22 September 1934, about 2 am according to the infobox. Wikidata matches.
A football club in Pori, Finland, later renamed FC Jazz, is founded
Sport
Young men who had earlier played football with the Pyrintö sports club set up Porin Pallo-Toverit on 22 September 1934. The club adopted the name FC Jazz in November 1991.
Born on 28 September 1934, she became an actress, singer and model in France, appearing in 47 films, and later became an animal-rights campaigner. Many saw her as a symbol of the sexual revolution.
The Hungarian-American psychologist gave a name to the mental state called flow, which he tied to creativity. Claremont Graduate University gave him a distinguished professorship, and earlier he ran the University of Chicago's psychology department.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 29 September 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and early-life section name Fiume, now Rijeka, in the Kingdom of Italy.
Decca Records forms its American branch, the root of Universal Music Group
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The branch was formed in September 1934. The Universal Music Group of today traces its origins to it, and takes its name and logo from Carl Laemmle's Universal Pictures.
This Columbia musical set in the opera world stars Grace Moore and Tullio Carminati, and Victor Schertzinger directed it. The film's vertical cut sound recording won Columbia an Academy award for scientific and technical achievement.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 5 September 1934, which is stored.
Rowland V. Lee directed Robert Donat and Elissa Landi in this adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's novel whose hero spends 20 years wrongly imprisoned and then plots revenge. It was the first sound version of the novel, following five silent ones.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 7 September 1934 for the United States.
The film The Barretts of Wimpole Street is released
Stage, music & film
Sidney Franklin's historical romantic drama follows the courtship of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning, both poets, played by Norma Shearer and Fredric March, with Charles Laughton as her domineering father. It was adapted from a 1930 play by Rudolf Besier.
Aeronaves de México, the future Aeroméxico, flies its first route
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Julio Zinser piloted the inaugural flight from Mexico City to Acapulco on 14 September 1934. Antonio Díaz Lombardo established the airline, which is now Mexico's national flag carrier.
Notes
Sources disagree by a day. The infobox and Wikidata give 14 September 1934 as the founding date, but the history section says the airline was established on 15 September 1934; it also says the first flight, from Mexico City to Acapulco, took place on 14 September 1934. The 14th is stored with medium confidence.
· Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States · North America
Kate Millett is born in Saint Paul
Lives
The American feminist author, teacher, artist and activist is best remembered for Sexual Politics, published in 1970, which began as her doctoral thesis at Columbia.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 14 September 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Josef von Sternberg directed and produced this historical drama about Catherine the Great, with Marlene Dietrich in the title role. The young Catherine is played by Dietrich's own daughter, Maria Riva.
He played forward for the Lakers in Minneapolis and then Los Angeles, was chosen first in the 1958 draft and was the league's top rookie in 1959. He was a fast and accurate shooter, known for his hanging jump shot.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 16 September 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Washington, D.C.
The Canadian poet, novelist, singer and songwriter was born on 21 September 1934 and died on 7 November 2016. Faith, mortality, love, desire and loss recur through his work.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 21 September 1934, matching Wikidata. Wikidata names Montreal as the birthplace; the infobox gives the suburb of Westmount, Quebec, which is stored.
Leo McCarey directed this Paramount picture, her fourth, based on her own story It Ain't No Sin, whose title the censors objected to. West sang My Old Flame in it with Duke Ellington's orchestra.
Notes
The infobox and the production section both give 21 September 1934; Wikidata gives only the year.
· Salt Lake City, Utah, United States · North America
Wilford Brimley is born in Salt Lake City
Lives
After serving in the Marine Corps, the American character actor found work as an extra and a stuntman on Westerns. He appeared in Cocoon, The Natural, The Thing and The China Syndrome.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 27 September 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox and early-life section name Salt Lake City.
· Alma-Ata, Kazakh ASSR, Soviet Union (now Almaty, Kazakhstan) · Asia
The first academic year begins at the Kazakh Mining and Metallurgical Institute
ScienceSome details uncertain
Teaching started on 19 September 1934 at the institute, which Soviet authorities had created by resolution in October 1933 with two faculties. It is now Satbayev University in Almaty.
Notes
The history section says the institute was established by a government resolution on 20 October 1933 and that its first academic year began on 19 September 1934; the infobox gives 1934 as the year established, so the founding date is dated differently by the two. The first-teaching date is stored.
· Muroto and Kobe, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
The Muroto typhoon strikes Japan
Disasters
A violent typhoon killed more than 3,000 people in Japan. On the morning of 21 September 1934 it hit Shikoku and southern Honshu, coming ashore at Muroto, Kaifu, Awaji Island and Kobe.
Notes
The article says the storm struck Shikoku and southern Honshu on the morning of 21 September 1934, after brushing the Ryukyu Islands on 20 September; that day is stored because the title is about the strike on Japan. The infobox gives the storm's whole lifetime as 13 to 25 September 1934 (formed over Micronesia, last noted over western Alaska), which Wikidata also lists.
· Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia) · Europe
The staff of the German 1st Infantry Division is assembled at Königsberg
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The division's staff was assembled in October 1934, disguised as Artillery Leader 1; the 1st Infantry Division name came on 15 October 1935.
Notes
The history section gives October 1934 with no day, and the infobox gives October 1934 as the start date; the unit took its division name on 15 October 1935. Its first headquarters were at Königsberg.
· Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia) · Europe
The I Army Corps of the German army is formed at Königsberg
War & conflictSome details uncertain
It was set up in October 1934 from the Reichswehr's 1st Division, and its first commander was Walther von Brauchitsch, who had led that division last. The corps served until 1945.
Notes
The history section gives October 1934 with no day; the lead and infobox give 1934 to 1945 for the corps' existence. The place comes from the same section, which says it was headquartered in Königsberg in East Prussia.
The corps was formed in October 1934. In 1939 it invaded Poland as part of Army Group North.
Notes
The article's section on the III Army Corps and the infobox give October 1934 with no day; that section also says the corps took part in the 1939 invasion of Poland with Army Group North, and the infobox gives 8 May 1945 as its end. The article does not name a place.
The future 13th Panzer Division is organised under a cover name
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In October 1934 the formation was set up in Magdeburg as Infantry Command IV, a cover name. A year later it became the 13th Infantry Division, once Germany openly cast aside the Versailles limits on its army.
Notes
The lead gives October 1934 with no day for the first organisation. The commanders list in the same article gives 1 October 1934 as the start of the first commander's term, which is not the same as the unit's formation. The unit was renamed the 13th Infantry Division on 15 October 1935 and became a Panzer division in 1940. The infobox lists the garrison as Magdeburg.
The line joins the station inside Vatican City to the Italian rail network. Pope Pius XI ordered a grand marble station building, which went up between 1929 and 1933, and the first locomotive entered the city in March 1932.
Notes
The history section's part on background and construction before 1934 says the station was officially opened on 2 October 1934, and French Wikipedia gives the same day; Wikidata and the infobox give the year 1934. That same part says a locomotive first reached the city in March 1932 and the marble station building went up in 1929 to 1933. The opening paragraphs and the operational-history part say John XXIII, in 1962, was the first pope to use the line.
· Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Ukrainian actress Maria Zankovetska dies in Kyiv
Lives
Born Maria Adasovska, she performed under the stage name Zankovetska and was on the stage from 1876 until the year she died. She died on 4 October 1934.
· Asturias and Catalonia, Second Spanish Republic (now Spain) · Europe
Revolution of 1934 breaks out in Spain, centred on Asturias and Catalonia
Politics & diplomacy
Between 5 and 19 October left-wing groups rose and called a general strike, after a conservative party joined the government in September. Most of the action was in Catalonia and Asturias, and government forces put down the risings within two weeks.
The French director died on 5 October 1934 from complications of tuberculosis, an illness he had contracted eight years before. His best-known films are L'Atalante, made in his final year, and Zero for Conduct, made the year before.
The Dutch painter, linked with Amsterdam Impressionism, died at home on 7 October 1934 after being struck by a car in the street. His father was the painter Jozef Israëls.
A German journalist and author, she was one of the founders of the Red Army Faction, which the press labelled the Baader-Meinhof gang. The 1971 text The Urban Guerilla Concept is attributed to her.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 7 October 1934, matching Wikidata. The early-life section names Oldenburg.
King Alexander I of Yugoslavia is assassinated in Marseille
Lives
Alexander was killed in Marseille on 9 October 1934. He had reigned since 1921 over the kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929, and was buried at Oplenac in Serbia.
· Paris, French Third Republic (now France) · Europe
Raymond Poincaré dies in Paris
Lives
The conservative French lawyer and statesman died on 15 October 1934. He had first been elected as a deputy in 1887, served as prime minister three times and was president from 1913 to 1920.
The air station opened on 16 October 1934, earlier than planned, because it had been picked as the starting point of the MacRobertson Air Race on 20 October. It ranked among the largest bomber stations of the RAF.
Notes
The history section gives 16 October 1934 and says the opening was brought forward because the station was chosen to host the MacRobertson Air Race on 20 October 1934. Wikidata matches.
The Spanish neuroscientist died on 17 October 1934 at the age of 82, working until the end. In 1906 he and Camillo Golgi shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The German First World War general died on 19 October 1934 and was buried in the South-Western Cemetery at Stahnsdorf. He had commanded the 1st Army with the rank of Generaloberst.
Constant Janssen founds N.V. Produkten Richter in Turnhout
Economy & trade
On 23 October 1934 Constant Janssen, who since 1933 had held the rights to sell the Hungarian firm Richter's medicines in Belgium, the Netherlands and the Belgian Congo, set up his own company in Turnhout. His son Paul founded Janssen Pharmaceutica itself in 1953.
Notes
The day, 23 October 1934, appears in the history section of the English article; French, German and Dutch Wikipedia give no day. The lead says Janssen Pharmaceutica itself was founded in 1953 by Paul Janssen, so the 1934 date is for his father's firm, from which it grew.
The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution closes in Rome
Art & literature
Mussolini had opened the show at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in October 1932, and it closed on 28 October 1934 after two years. Nearly four million people visited.
Notes
The infobox gives the run as 28 October 1932 to 28 October 1934. The history section says the first closing date, 21 April 1933, was put off to October and then to the following October. Wikidata gives only the year 1934.
Agatha Christie's Three Act Tragedy is first published in the United States
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The first edition came out in the United States in October 1934, from Dodd, Mead, titled Murder in Three Acts. Collins Crime Club published the British edition, with Christie's original title, in January 1935.
Notes
The article gives only the month, October 1934, for the first publication in the United States; the British edition, under the title Three Act Tragedy, followed in January 1935 from the Collins Crime Club. Wikidata gives only the year 1934.
Ernst Lubitsch directed and produced this screen version of Franz Lehár's operetta, with Maurice Chevalier and Jeanette MacDonald in the leads. A separate French edition, La veuve joyeuse, was made at the same time.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 11 October 1934.
The American photographer, born Stanton in Des Moines, Iowa, died on 12 October 1934. She is best remembered for pictures on the theme of motherhood and for portraits of Native Americans.
Mark Sandrich's musical romantic comedy, with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, reached cinemas on 19 October 1934. It grew out of the Broadway show Gay Divorce, though only one Cole Porter song, "Night and Day", survived.
Orwell's first novel and second book appeared in a US edition from Harper & Brothers in 1934. Set in British Burma as the empire neared its end, it shows both native corruption and imperial prejudice.
Notes
The infobox gives a single release date, 25 October 1934, beside both the American and the British publishers. The history section says the American edition from Harper & Brothers appeared in 1934 and the British edition from Gollancz followed after spring 1935, so the date is taken to be the American edition's. Wikidata gives only October 1934.
· Río Negro and Neuquén provinces, Argentina · South America
Nahuel Huapi National Park takes its present name in Argentina
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Created in 1922 as Parque Nacional de Sud, the park was reorganised in 1934 and received its current name on 9 October. It encircles Lake Nahuel Huapi, at the foot of the Patagonian Andes.
Notes
The history section gives 9 October 1934 for the present name; the opening line says the park was reconfigured in 1934, and Wikidata gives 8 April 1934.
· Jiangxi Soviet, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Chinese Red Army begins the Long March from Jiangxi
War & conflictSome details uncertain
After a defeat in the Fifth Encirclement Campaign, about 100,000 troops of the Chinese Communist Party and Red Army set out from Jiangxi and other bases, heading for Yan'an in Shaanxi. The march lasted into October 1935.
Notes
The infobox gives 16 October 1934 as the start, while the article's timeline says the First Red Army began the march on 10 October 1934 from Yudu in Jiangxi; the lead says the Communist Party decided on 10 October 1934 to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet. Wikidata gives 16 October 1934. Because the days differ, only the month is stored. The end date of 19 October 1935 is the infobox's. The article says the survivors who reached Yan'an were the First Front Army only, that the losses included desertion as well as deaths, and that for the heavy early losses it is not possible to say how many were casualties and how many deserters; the interest line therefore gives no death toll.
The MacRobertson Air Race from London to Melbourne begins
SportSome details uncertain
The race was run in October 1934 to mark Melbourne's centenary and was devised by the city's Lord Mayor, Sir Harold Gengoult Smith. Sir Macpherson Robertson, a maker of confectionery, put up the £15,000 prize.
Notes
The article gives October 1934 for the race; Wikidata gives only the year.
Fiat established Simca in November 1934 and bought the former Donnet factory at Nanterre. The Italian Henri Pigozzi ran it from July 1935 to May 1963.
Notes
The opening line says Simca was founded in November 1934 by Fiat; a later section says the company was founded in 1935 when Fiat bought the former Donnet factory at Nanterre. Wikidata gives 1934.
Agatha Christie publishes Parker Pyne Investigates in Britain
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Collins issued the collection in November 1934, and an American edition appeared the same year as Mr. Parker Pyne, Detective.
Notes
The lead and infobox give November 1934 with no day. The article says the American edition came out later the same year, from Dodd, Mead and Company, as Mr. Parker Pyne, Detective. Wikidata gives the year only.
A member of the French banking family and a keen Zionist, he died on 2 November 1934. Large gifts from him helped the first Jewish settlements in Palestine at the time of the First Aliyah.
William Hinds, a comedian and businessman, registered the firm as Hammer Productions Ltd in November 1934. It later became known for Gothic horror and fantasy films.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
The Soviet film Chapaev premieres in Leningrad
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Vasilyev brothers directed the biographical war film for Lenfilm, a heavily fictionalised life of the Red Army commander Vasily Chapayev, and it was first shown at Leningrad's Titan cinema on 6 November 1934.
Notes
Wikidata gives 7 November 1934, and also lists 14 January 1935; the history section says it premiered on 6 November 1934 at the Titan cinema in Leningrad, and the infobox gives only 1934.
Philosopher and psychologist James Mark Baldwin dies in Paris
Lives
The American, who lived in France until his death, died on 8 November 1934. Educated at Princeton under James McCosh, he helped to found psychology departments at Princeton and the University of Toronto.
The retired Swedish politician served two spells as prime minister, 1986 to 1991 and 1994 to 1996, and led the Social Democratic Party from 1986 to 1996.
Notes
The lead gives 9 November 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Borås as the birthplace; Wikidata names Borås parish.
The German engineer and businessman died on 16 November 1934, aged 92. He devised industrial processes for separating air and liquefying gases, and by 1876 had produced a dependable compressed-ammonia refrigerator.
Gasparri, a churchman and diplomat from Italy, died on 18 November 1934. He had signed the Lateran Treaty on the Vatican's behalf and been Cardinal Secretary of State to Benedict XV and Pius XI.
The Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer died on 20 November 1934 after a short illness. His name lives on in the de Sitter universe, a cosmological model.
Born in Bodmin, Cornwall, he died on 23 November 1934. He worked for the British Museum, wrote widely on the ancient Near East and was knighted in 1920.
The English playwright died in a Marylebone nursing home on 23 November 1934. He started as an actor, later joining the company of Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, and wrote his first play in 1877.
· Kislovodsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Mykhailo Hrushevsky dies in Kislovodsk
LivesSome details uncertain
The Ukrainian historian and politician died on 24 November 1934 of sepsis, soon after minor surgery. In 1917 and 1918 he headed the Central Rada, Ukraine's revolutionary parliament.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 November 1934, with 24 and 26 November also listed; the infobox and opening line give 24 November 1934.
The Soviet and Russian composer was strongly influenced early on by Dmitri Shostakovich, and his polystylistic technique is heard in his Symphony No. 1 and first concerto grosso. Abroad, his music gained wider recognition from the 1980s.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 24 November 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Engels in the Russian SFSR.
Eddie Cantor sings Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town on the radio
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Cantor performed the song, by J. Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie, on his radio show during November 1934, and it became a hit. Harry Reser's orchestra had already recorded it, with Tom Stacks singing, on 24 October.
Notes
The article gives November 1934 for Cantor's radio version, which Wikidata also gives as the month. The song's earliest known recording is dated 24 October 1934 in the history section.
Democrats gain seats in the 1934 US Senate elections
Politics & diplomacy
The elections came midway through Franklin Roosevelt's first term, with 32 Class 1 seats up plus special contests for vacancies. In the Depression voters endorsed the New Deal, and the Democrats picked up a net nine seats.
Notes
Wikidata gives 6 November 1934. The infobox lists a few special elections on other days, such as 26 June and 10 September 1934, but most seats were decided on 6 November.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
Rachmaninoff premieres his Paganini Rhapsody in Baltimore
Stage, music & film
The composer played the piano solo himself on 7 November 1934, with Leopold Stokowski conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra at the Lyric Opera House. He had written the one-movement work that summer at his home in Switzerland.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934 for the work. The event is the work's creation, but the premiere is the dated public event, so its day is stored; the lead says the composer wrote it at the Villa Senar in Switzerland from 3 July to 18 August 1934, according to the score.
· Brooklyn, New York, United States · North America
Carl Sagan is born in Brooklyn
Lives
Sagan grew up to be an astronomer and planetary scientist in the United States and a popular explainer of science. His career started with an assistant professorship at Harvard, and he then moved to Cornell and its David Duncan chair for astronomy and space sciences.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 9 November 1934; the article says he was born in the Bensonhurst area of Brooklyn, while the infobox shows only New York City.
Manson, born on 12 November 1934, became the leader of the Manson Family, an American cult, and was convicted of murder. In 1969 his followers killed ten people in the Los Angeles area, among them the actress Sharon Tate.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section all give 12 November 1934. The early-life section names Cincinnati General Hospital as the birthplace.
· New York City, New York, United States · North America
Garry Marshall is born in New York City
Lives
The writer, director, producer and actor started out in the 1960s writing for television comedies, including The Dick Van Dyke Show and The Lucy Show. In the 1970s he created the ABC sitcom Happy Days.
Notes
The lead, infobox and early-life section give 13 November 1934. The early-life section says only New York City; the infobox says Manhattan and Wikidata says the Bronx, so the borough is left out.
Fields plays a grocer beset by a nagging wife, a hopeless assistant, and a stream of children, customers and salesmen. It was his 16th sound picture and the fifth he made in 1934.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 17 November 1934.
The Painted Veil, starring Greta Garbo, is released
Stage, music & film
Garbo plays the lead in this Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer drama directed by Richard Boleslawski. Adapted from a Maugham novel, it follows a woman who goes to China with her new husband while he carries out medical research.
Notes
The infobox gives 23 November 1934 as the release date; the lead gives only the year. Wikidata gives the year.
Universal Pictures released John M. Stahl's melodrama on 26 November 1934, with Claudette Colbert, Warren William and Louise Beavers in the cast. The story comes from a novel by Fannie Hurst published the year before.
Frank Borzage directed this romantic musical. Its title comes from a West Point path, in New York, used by cadets with their dates, and the Hawaiian number went before the cameras from 3 July 1934.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 November 1934 as the release date; the lead gives only the year. Wikidata gives the year.
The Palace of Fine Arts is inaugurated in Mexico City
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The building was finished in 1934 and opened on 29 November, with a play by Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, La Verdad Sospechosa, as the first work staged in its theatre. It replaced the city's first National Theater.
Notes
Wikidata's main date is 29 September 1934, with 29 November 1934 as another listed date; the history section gives 29 November 1934, and the infobox gives only 1934.
The Christmas musical, based on Victor Herbert's 1903 operetta, came out on 30 November 1934. Hal Roach produced it and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed it.
Frank Capra's Broadway Bill has its New York premiere
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The 1934 comedy-drama stars Warner Baxter and Myrna Loy, with a screenplay by Robert Riskin from Mark Hellinger's story Strictly Confidential. At its heart are a man devoted to his racehorse and a woman who helps him chase his dreams.
Notes
The infobox lists two dates: 30 November 1934 for New York and 27 December 1934 for the United States release. The New York date is stored, with medium confidence. Wikidata gives only the year 1934.
A group of five army academy cadets, with two Imperial Way Faction officers at their head, plotted a coup in November 1934, one of several schemes for a "Shōwa Restoration". They worried that their faction was losing its influence following the January dismissal of Army Minister Sadao Araki.
Notes
The article dates the attempted coup to November 1934 without giving a day.
· Madras, British India (now Chennai, India) · Asia
The first Ranji Trophy match is played in Madras
Sport
India's domestic first-class cricket championship opened in 1934-35, with Madras against Mysore on 4 November. Anthony de Mello, a founder of the BCCI, had proposed it at a Shimla meeting in July 1934.
Notes
The lead and history section of the English article give 4 November 1934 for the opening match, Madras against Mysore, and say Anthony de Mello proposed the championship at a BCCI meeting in Shimla in July 1934. Wikidata gives only the year. The stadium is in Madras, now Chennai.
Trams began running in Novosibirsk on 26 November 1934, after building of the first line started in June 1933. Passengers could ride from that morning.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 26 November 1934, matching Wikidata. The history section adds that building of the first line began in June 1933 and that it opened that morning. Traffic and network figures in the lead describe today's system.
The Shrine of Remembrance is dedicated in Melbourne
Architecture
The memorial on St Kilda Road honours Victorians who served in the First World War. Its foundation stone went down on 11 November 1927, and it was formally dedicated on the same date seven years later.
Notes
The lead, history section and infobox give 11 November 1934 for the dedication, matching Wikidata. The history section says building work finished in September 1934.
Richard Byrd sights Mount Sidley in Antarctica from the air
Exploration
On 18 November 1934 Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd spotted the mountain from an airplane in Marie Byrd Land. It is a snow-covered shield volcano, and he named it for the daughter of a contributor to his expedition.
Notes
The history section dates Byrd's sighting of the mountain from an airplane to 18 November 1934; he named it for Mabelle Sidley, daughter of a contributor to the 1933-1935 Byrd expedition.
· Smolny Institute, Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
Sergei Kirov is assassinated in Leningrad
Lives
On 1 December 1934 Leonid Nikolaev shot Kirov, the party head in Leningrad and a personal friend of Stalin, in his offices at the Smolny Institute. Nikolaev and some alleged accomplices were convicted at a show trial and executed within a month.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
The ninth USSR Chess Championship opens in Leningrad
Sport
The ninth Soviet title tournament opened in Leningrad on 7 December 1934 and finished on 2 January 1935, with Grigory Levenfish and Ilya Rabinovich sharing first place.
Many regard the English actress as one of Britain's greatest, and she turned professional in 1957. Prizes she has won include an Oscar, a Tony and seven Olivier Awards.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 9 December 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Heworth, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, as her birthplace.
Ajax built the ground to replace a wooden stadium that had grown too small. It held 22,000 spectators when finished, with room for up to 29,500 at the limit.
Notes
The infobox gives 9 December 1934, and Wikidata gives the same day; the lead says only that it opened in 1934. An image caption in one version of the article read that it opened in 1935, which the infobox and lead do not support.
Deputies of several European Fascist organisations gathered at Montreux on 16 and 17 December 1934, at a meeting organised and chaired by CAUR, the network Mussolini's regime had founded in 1933.
Portugal holds its first parliamentary election under the Estado Novo
Politics & diplomacy
Voters went to the polls on 16 December 1934 for the earliest national election under the Estado Novo, a one-party system. Only the National Union was permitted to field candidates.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 16 December 1934, matching Wikidata.
· Littoria (now Latina), Kingdom of Italy (now Italy) · Europe
The Province of Littoria, later renamed Latina, is founded in Italy
Politics & diplomacy
The new province, called Littoria until it was renamed Latina in 1945, came into being on 18 December 1934. It covered mainly the reclaimed Agro Pontino, formerly part of the province of Rome.
Notes
English Wikipedia's history section gives 18 December 1934 as the founding date and does not mention the original name. French Wikipedia's history section and the opening part of German Wikipedia say the province was created on that day as the Province of Littoria and renamed Latina in 1945; Italian Wikipedia's history section names it Provincia di Littoria at its founding, and its infobox gives 7 June 1945 for the name Latina. German Wikipedia adds that part of its land came from Terra di Lavoro.
· Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
Linguist Nikolai Marr dies in Leningrad
Lives
The Georgian-born historian and linguist died on 20 December 1934 of complications of influenza and a stroke. From 1924 he promoted the "Japhetic theory" of how language began, which is now regarded as pseudo-science.
BMW splits off its aero-engine arm as BMW Flugmotorenbau
Economy & trade
MTU Aero Engines dates itself from 1934, the year BMW separated its aircraft-engine business as BMW Flugmotorenbau GmbH in Munich. Rapp Motorenwerke, and later BMW, had been building such engines in the city since 1913.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 22 December 1934. The history section says the modern company dates its formation to 1934, when BMW Flugmotorenbau GmbH was split off from BMW, and German Wikipedia also gives the year 1934.
The Soviet musical comedy Jolly Fellows is released in the Soviet Union
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Grigori Aleksandrov directed the 1934 film, which also went out as Moscow Laughs and Jazz Comedy, with his wife Lyubov Orlova in the star role. The script was written by Aleksandrov with Vladimir Mass and Nikolai Erdman.
Notes
Year only in the English article. French Wikipedia lists the Soviet release as 25 December 1934, matching Wikidata, and Russian Wikipedia says the film reached Soviet cinemas on 25 December 1934, after premiere screenings in Paris on 10 and 11 December; French Wikipedia also lists a Venice festival showing in August 1934 and a French release on 14 December 1934. The stored day is the Soviet release, with medium confidence.
The Football Federation of the Soviet Union is founded
Sport
In late 1934 the Supreme Council of Physical Culture resolved to form it, as a sports section of the council devoted to football alone. The All-Union Council of Physical Culture is recorded as taking its decision on 27 December 1934.
Notes
The lead says only late 1934; the 27 December 1934 date is in the history section, which names the decision of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture on that day, and in the infobox. Wikidata gives 27 December 1934.
The British actress, admired for the wit she brought to both comic and dramatic roles, worked on stage and screen for eight decades. Among her honours are a pair of Oscars, five BAFTAs and a Tony.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 28 December 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Ilford, Essex, as her birthplace.
· Central Park, New York City, United States · North America
The Central Park Zoo reopens as a city zoo
Everyday life
The zoo in the southeast corner of Manhattan's Central Park opened on 2 December 1934, replacing a menagerie founded there in 1864. It was one part of Robert Moses's 1934 revival of New York's parks, playgrounds and zoos.
Notes
The date comes from the infobox and the lead; Wikidata gives only the year. The menagerie that preceded the zoo was founded in 1864.
· Sacramento, California, United States · North America
Joan Didion is born in Sacramento
Lives
The American writer and journalist ranks with Truman Capote and Tom Wolfe among the pioneers of New Journalism. A Vogue-sponsored essay contest launched her career in the 1950s, and Play It As It Lays, her second novel, came out in 1970.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 5 December 1934, matching Wikidata. The infobox names Sacramento, California.
David Butler directed this 1934 comedy drama for Fox Film, starring Shirley Temple, James Dunn and Jane Darwell. William Conselman wrote the script, working from an idea by Butler and Edwin J. Burke.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1934; the infobox gives 28 December 1934.
Akan Mashu National Park is established on Hokkaido
Disasters
The park was set up on 4 December 1934, and it and Daisetsuzan National Park are Hokkaido's earliest pair of national parks. Its scenery includes volcanic craters, woodland, clear lakes and hot springs.
· Nadgaon, Bombay Presidency, British India (now India) · Asia
Pratibha Patil, later India's first woman president, is born
Lives
Born in the village of Nadgaon, she became an Indian lawyer and stateswoman. She governed Rajasthan between 2004 and 2007, then served as President of India from 2007 to 2012.
Notes
The lead and body give 19 December 1934, matching Wikidata. The body names Nadgaon, a village in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra.
The team that became the Yomiuri Giants is founded in Tokyo
Sport
In 1934 it started out as the Great Japan Tokyo Baseball Club, put together by the media owner Matsutarō Shōriki. His all-stars toured the United States and played an American side that included Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig.
The company was set up on 23 December 1934 by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, now BP, in partnership with America's Gulf Oil, now Chevron. It is now owned by the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and based in Al Ahmadi.
· Walwal, Ogaden, Ethiopian Empire (now Ethiopia) · Africa
Ethiopian and Italian forces clash at Ual-Ual
War & conflict
On 5 December 1934, after several weeks of tension, intense fighting broke out at Ual-Ual, in disputed territory near Italian Somaliland, between Ethiopian troops and the Italian-held post. Italian armoured cars and aircraft drove back the Ethiopian attack.
Notes
The lead and infobox both give 5 December 1934. The two sides disagreed about who held Ual-Ual by right: the Ethiopians said Italy had occupied it illegally. Wikidata matches the date.
It was formed in 1934 by combining the parties of J. B. M. Hertzog, the prime minister of the day, and Jan Smuts, an earlier prime minister, and it governed until 1948. Its support came from white English speakers, Afrikaners and Coloured voters.
Notes
The English article on the party gives the year 1934. German Wikipedia's article on the party says it emerged on 5 December 1934, and the English history section and French article on the South African Party give the same day for the merger, but the English infobox for that party gives 4 December 1934, so confidence is medium.
Australia's women cricketers play their first Test, against England at Brisbane
Sport
Australia and England met over four days, 28 to 31 December 1934, at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground in the first Test the Australian women's side played. The two teams still contest the Women's Ashes every two years.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 to 31 December 1934 for the first women's Test at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground, and the lead says the first Test was in 1934-35 against England. Wikidata gives the year only. The history section also says two more state associations affiliated in 1934.
Events we can place in 1934 but not in a particular month.
Europe 55
· Paris, France · Europe
Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer is published in Paris
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Obelisk Press brought out the autobiographical novel in 1934, with money Anaïs Nin had borrowed from Otto Rank. Miller had written it between 1930 and 1934, while living a wandering life in Paris.
Notes
The article gives 1934 for the first publication, with no month or day.
The historical novel takes the form of a memoir by the Roman Emperor Claudius. It spans the Julio-Claudian dynasty, from the murder of Caesar to the killing of Caligula, drawing largely on Suetonius and Tacitus.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for publication.
P. L. Travers publishes the first Mary Poppins book
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Australian-British author's Mary Poppins appeared in 1934, the first of eight children's books published until 1988. In it the east wind blows a magical nanny to the Banks children at 17 Cherry Tree Lane in London.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the first book; the infobox gives the whole series as 1934 to 1988.
Esteban Canal plays the "Peruvian Immortal" in Budapest
SportSome details uncertain
In a simultaneous exhibition in Budapest the Peruvian master Canal beat an unknown amateur in 14 moves, after giving up both his rooks and his queen. The game opened with the Scandinavian Defense and ended in Boden's mate.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 and does not name the opponent beyond an amateur called Horvath on Chessgames.com.
The conservative party had existed since 1891, and was founded by Karl Lueger. Dollfuss's Fatherland Front absorbed it in 1933, and the party formally ended once the May Constitution of 1934 took effect.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934. It says the party was finally dissolved when the May Constitution of 1934 took effect and the Federal State of Austria was founded; no day is stated in the text read. The infobox gives its start as 1891 or 1893.
· Duffus, Moray, Scotland, United Kingdom · Europe
Gordonstoun School is founded as the British Salem School
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Kurt Hahn, a German-Jewish educator, founded it in 1934 in Moray, Scotland, modelled on Schule Schloss Salem. He had left Nazi Germany after his arrest in the wake of the Reichstag fire.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 in the infobox, lead and history section.
The Spanish dramatist Federico García Lorca wrote Yerma in 1934 and it was staged for the first time that year. Its heroine, a childless woman in the Spanish countryside, grows obsessed with her desire to have a child.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the first performance, and the infobox names no premiere place; Spain is given as the playwright's country.
The Communist Party Central Committee set the union up in 1934, after other writers' groups such as Proletkult had been disbanded; it was meant to bring literature under party and state control. Maxim Gorky was its first chairman.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the founding.
· Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv is closed to worship
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
In 1934 a state reserve was created around the cathedral, its last acting vicar was expelled and the authorities banned services. The public could enter the reserve from the spring of 1935.
Notes
The history section dates the reserve's establishment and the expulsion of the last vicar to 1934 without giving a month or day.
Julius Springer brought out the German original of Popper's book on the philosophy of science in 1934, although its imprint reads 1935. Popper rewrote it in English as The Logic of Scientific Discovery in 1959.
Notes
The article gives the German original as 1934 with an imprint of 1935, so the year is not settled between 1934 and 1935; the English version dates from 1959. The article does not name the city of publication.
Oscar Reutersvärd draws the impossible triangle for the first time
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd created the three-sided figure in 1934, an object that can be drawn in perspective but cannot exist as an ordinary solid. Lionel and Roger Penrose later devised it independently.
The recoil-operated, air-cooled gun designed by Heinrich Vollmer entered use in 1934, though units received it only in 1936. It was meant as a universal machine gun, for use in many roles.
Notes
The article gives the year 1934 for the introduction; it was first tested in 1929 and issued to units in 1936.
Arnold Toynbee publishes the first volumes of A Study of History
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The first two volumes, both titled The Geneses of Civilizations, were issued by Oxford University Press in 1934. The universal history eventually ran to 12 volumes, the last in 1961.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the first two volumes, both published by Oxford University Press that year; the whole work ran to 12 volumes by 1961.
The art historian Paul Marmottan donated his late father's hunting lodge in 1932, and in 1934 the Académie des Beaux-Arts opened the mansion and the collection inside it to visitors. Today the museum is devoted to Claude Monet.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the opening. Wikidata also lists 1934 as the year of its inception.
· Glyndebourne, East Sussex, England, United Kingdom · Europe
The first Glyndebourne Festival Opera season is staged
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
John Christie founded the festival at Glyndebourne, a country house near Lewes in East Sussex, and the Christie family still runs it. Fritz Busch served as its first music director for seventeen years from the start.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, from the infobox and the history section; it does not state the opening day of the first season.
SS Cars, the company that became Jaguar, is formed
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
After Walmsley chose to sell out in 1934, Lyons set up SS Cars to take over the Swallow business, raising money by offering shares to the public. The firm had started in 1922 as the Swallow Sidecar Company.
Notes
The history section says Lyons formed SS Cars in 1934 to buy the Swallow business; the infobox gives 26 October 1933 as the founding date. The Jaguar name first appeared in September 1935.
Women compete at the gymnastics world championships for the first time
SportSome details uncertain
At the tenth edition of the event, in Budapest in 1934, women took part for the first time, in the all-around and the team event only. The all-around is credited to Vlasta Děkanová of Czechoslovakia, with Margit Kalocsai and Janina Skirlińska behind her.
Notes
The lead gives 1934 for the first women's events and the medal table gives Budapest as the place; no dates for the meet are given in the sources opened. Wikidata gives the year only.
Portugal's top football league, the Primeira Liga, is founded
SportSome details uncertain
The league began in 1934 as the Campeonato da Liga da Primeira Divisão, with eight clubs in its early seasons up to 1939. It is still the top level of Portuguese football.
Notes
The article gives 1934 as the founding year, in both the opening line and the infobox, without a month or day.
The Nazi government commissioned the stadium for the 1936 Summer Olympics, paying for it with state money and building it between 1934 and 1936. Werner March was the architect.
Notes
The article gives construction as 1934 to 1936 without a month or day; the stadium opened on 1 August 1936.
Hans Kelsen publishes Reine Rechtslehre, the Pure Theory of Law
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The first edition appeared in German in 1934. Kelsen had been working towards the theory since 1913, aiming at a science of law kept apart from moral and political considerations.
Notes
Year only, as in the lead and in Wikidata. Austria is the book's country in the infobox; a much revised edition followed in 1960 and an English translation in 1967.
Hergé's Tintin album Cigars of the Pharaoh is published
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
After a weekly serial in Le Petit Vingtième from December 1932 to February 1934, the fourth Tintin album came out as a book in autumn 1934. It was the first Tintin adventure that Casterman issued, under a contract Hergé had agreed with the publisher in late 1933.
Notes
The article puts the book edition in autumn 1934, so only the year is stored. The infobox gives the weekly serial as running from 8 December 1932 to 8 February 1934; the colour edition is 1955.
This Soviet submachine gun was built around a wooden stock and an open-bolt action, and it could fire in different modes. The Red Army took it on in 1935 as the PPD-34, though at first only a few were made.
Notes
The article gives the design year as 1934; the weapon entered Red Army service in 1935.
A museum of Catalan art is established in the Palau Nacional, Barcelona
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In 1934 the museum's first director drove a scheme to display Catalan art collections in the Palau Nacional, an enormous Italian-style building on Montjuïc hill from 1929. The Spanish Civil War interrupted the work.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 11 November 1934; the infobox and history section give only the year 1934.
The firm that became KTM is founded in Mattighofen
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Austrian engineer Hans Trunkenpolz opened a fitting and car repair workshop in Mattighofen in 1934. The business later became KTM, and the Kronreif & Trunkenpolz name was added in 1953.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the workshop, in the infobox and in the early-years part of the history section. The history section's part on the Kronreif & Trunkenpolz era says the firm took the name Kronreif & Trunkenpolz Mattighofen in 1953, when Ernst Kronreif became a major shareholder.
The bridge carried a road over the canal between Caen and Ouistreham and was first named the Bénouville Bridge, after the nearby village. In 1994 a modern bascule bridge took its place.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the original bridge; the infobox lists it as the year it opened.
Foreign Office officials set up the forerunner of the British Council
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In 1934 Foreign Office officials set up a body named British Committee for Relations with Other Countries, meant to support English teaching abroad, promote British culture and counter communism and fascism.
Notes
The history section dates the creation of the committee to 1934, and the infobox gives 1934 as the founding year; no month or day is given.
Sergey Vavilov sets up the Lebedev Physical Institute as it exists today
ScienceSome details uncertain
The Moscow physics research institute was reorganised by Academician Sergey Vavilov in 1934, the year it moved to Moscow and took Pyotr Lebedev's name. Vavilov directed it until 1951.
Notes
The lead and infobox give only the year 1934. Wikidata gives 28 April 1934, but that day is not found in the article, so only the year is stored.
The Orchestre National de France is founded in Paris
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The symphony orchestra, founded in 1934, belongs to the national radio of France, today known as Radio France.
Notes
The lead and infobox give only the year 1934. The English history section says the orchestra was founded by decree on 18 February 1934 and gave its first concert on 13 March 1934, but French Wikipedia gives 18 January 1934 for its creation, so the day is disputed and only the year is stored. Wikidata gives the year only.
Orwell started the novel in mid-January 1934, after pneumonia had sent him back to Southwold to recover, and had finished it by 3 October. Its heroine, Dorothy Hare, loses her memory and her life is overturned.
Notes
The article dates the writing to mid-January through 3 October 1934 and the publication to 1935 (Victor Gollancz); Wikidata gives the year 1934. The year of writing is stored, with medium confidence.
Vera Menchik defends her women's world chess title against Sonja Graf
SportSome details uncertain
The four-game match was played in 1934 at the Rotterdam home of Max Euwe. Graf won the first game, a minor sensation, but Menchik took the other three.
Notes
Only the year 1934 is given for the match. English Wikipedia's account of the 1937 match, which covers this earlier one, describes the 1934 match as arranged by the two players themselves rather than under FIDE.
Mussolini ordered the park's creation in 1934 on the advice of Senator Raffaele Bastianelli. It runs along the Italian coast from Anzio to Terracina, and it includes a stretch of forest as well as the island of Zannone.
Notes
The lead and infobox give only the year 1934. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Seefeld in Tirol, Austria (men); Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) (women and pairs) · Europe
The 1934 European Figure Skating Championships are held in two countries
SportSome details uncertain
Seefeld in Austria hosted the men's event, while the women's and pairs events were held in Prague. Karl Schäfer won the men's title, Sonja Henie the ladies' and Emília Rotter and László Szollás the pairs.
Notes
The article names the year 1934 and the 1933-34 season but gives no month or day. Wikidata lists January 1934, which the article does not support, so only the year is stored.
Soviet authorities demolish the Sukharev Tower in Moscow
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In 1934 the landmark was destroyed on the order of Lazar Kaganovich, who was Moscow's city party secretary. The tower, commissioned by Peter the Great, stood at the crossing of the Garden Ring and Sretenka Street.
Notes
The lead, infobox and history section all give the year 1934 only; no month or day appears in the sources. Wikidata also holds only the year.
Kodak introduces the 135 film name and a daylight-loading cassette
TechnologySome details uncertain
Kodak gave 35 mm film for still cameras the designation 135 and brought out a single-use cassette that could be loaded in daylight. August Nagel designed the cassette, together with the Retina camera, at Kodak's works in Stuttgart.
Notes
Year only; the Kodak Retina went on sale in the summer of 1934. The History section says the cassette and the Retina were the invention of August Nagel at the Kodak AG works in Stuttgart, which Kodak had bought in December 1931, so the place is Stuttgart.
Erik Philip-Sörensen takes over a guard firm in Helsingborg, the start of Securitas
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1934 Philip-Sörensen bought a little guard firm called AB Hälsingborgs Nattvakt, in Helsingborg. It grew into Securitas AB, the Swedish group offering guarding, patrols and monitoring.
Notes
The history section and infobox give only the year 1934. The company began under the name AB Hälsingborgs Nattvakt and took the name Förenade Svenska Vakt AB in 1935.
Steyr and Austro-Daimler-Puch merge to form Steyr-Daimler-Puch
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Austrian firm Steyr, which had become Steyr-Werke AG in 1926, was merged with Austro-Daimler-Puch in 1934 to make Steyr-Daimler-Puch.
Notes
Year only, from the history section, which also gives 1926 for the Steyr-Werke name; the opening paragraph says the group was split up step by step from 1987 to 2001. German Wikipedia also gives 1934. Wikidata gives 12 October 1934, and also 16 April 1864, the older firm's founding; neither day could be confirmed, so only the year is stored.
Florence's Santa Maria Novella station gets its present building
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The main railway station building of Florence went up between 1932 and 1934. The station itself had first opened on 3 February 1848, and the Bologna to Florence line reached it on 22 April 1934.
Notes
The history section says the building went up between 1932 and 1934 and the infobox gives 1934 as the year it was rebuilt; no day is given. The station itself opened on 3 February 1848. The lead also says the Bologna to Florence line opened on 22 April 1934.
Building of the first section of the A 4 motorway begins in Germany
TechnologySome details uncertain
Work on the opening stretch of the A 4, between Chemnitz and Dresden, ran from 1934 to 1937. The motorway today consists of two separate segments, running west to east.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the start of building the first sections; the infobox also lists 1934 as the year established.
Construction starts on the Uralkali potash works in the Urals
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Building began in 1934, around Berezniki and Solikamsk in Perm Krai, with carnallite production following in 1944. Uralkali today produces and exports potash fertilizer from Russia.
Notes
The company history lists 1934 as the start of construction and the infobox gives 1934 as the founding year; no day is given. The article does not say which town the first building work was in; Berezniki, the headquarters, is used. Carnallite production began in 1944.
University lecturers found the market research society that became GfK
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Nuremberg lecturers who founded it in 1934 included Ludwig Erhard, who became economics minister and then chancellor. A co-founder, Wilhelm Vershofen, developed the idea.
Notes
The history section and infobox give only the year 1934. Wikidata names three countries for the place, which does not match the article; the infobox and the text point to Nuremberg.
The Austrian car maker, active from 1899, joined Steyr Automobile in 1934 to create the group Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Until 1909 Austro-Daimler had been owned by the German firm Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft.
Notes
The history section and infobox give only the year 1934. Wikidata gives 12 October 1934, but that day is not found in the article, so only the year is stored.
The Leningrad Institute of Physics and Mathematics, set up in 1919 by Vladimir Steklov, was split in 1934, with its mathematics part becoming the Steklov Institute. It is now a leading mathematics research institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Notes
Year only, from the lead, which also says the institute was moved to Moscow at the same time as the split. Wikidata gives 28 April 1934, which could not be confirmed, so only the year is stored.
Spain became a member of the international basketball federation in 1934, and its team played its first game, winning 33-12 in Madrid, on 15 April 1935.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, from the infobox entry for joining FIBA; it does not say the team was founded then. Its first game was on 15 April 1935, a qualifier for EuroBasket 1935.
Spanish officials take bribes to allow the rigged Straperlo roulette
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Straperlo was a rigged roulette wheel, operated by a button, that came from the Netherlands to Spain. In 1934 the interior minister Rafael Salazar Alonso was among those who took bribes to legalise the game.
Notes
The English article says that in 1934 Rafael Salazar Alonso was interior minister and was one of several Radical Republican figures who took bribes to legalise the game, without a closer date; Catalan Wikipedia also puts the bribes in 1934. French Wikipedia says the game was brought into Spain in 1935, and the scandal became public and was debated in the Cortes in October 1935, so the year is uncertain. Confidence is low.
Germany joins FIBA, the international basketball federation
SportSome details uncertain
Germany became a member in 1934, though it declined to enter the first EuroBasket in 1935. Its national team made its debut at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, as host.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, for joining FIBA; it does not describe the team as founded then. Its first game was in Berlin in 1936.
The football club FC Haka is founded in Valkeakoski
SportSome details uncertain
Founded in 1934 as Valkeakosken Haka, the club is based in an industrial town in Finland, and the paper entrepreneur Juuso Walden gave it significant support.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 in the infobox, lead and history section.
Rebuilding work at the Royal Palace of Brussels is completed
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The palace is the official seat of the Belgian king and queen, though they live at Laeken. Construction had begun in 1783, and the works were finished in 1934.
Notes
The infobox gives 1934 as the completion date and lists Octave Flanneau as architect for 1930 to 1934; the history section says the east wing interior was rebuilt in 1930 and Henri van de Velde prepared the ground-floor study plan over 1934 to 1936. The article does not name a single opening event, so only the year is stored with medium confidence.
Poland joins FIBA, the international basketball federation
SportSome details uncertain
Poland became a member in 1934, and the Polish Basketball Federation runs its men's team. At the 1936 Olympics, the first with basketball, Poland came fourth.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, in the infobox entry for joining FIBA; it does not describe the team as founded then. Its first game was in Tallinn on 16 February 1935.
The Giro dell'Appennino cycle race is run for the first time
SportSome details uncertain
This one-day race in the Apennine Mountains of Italy is counted as a semi-classic. Winners down the years include Coppi, Gimondi, Moser, Bugno and Simoni.
Notes
The infobox gives 1934 as the year of the first race and no day. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Minsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union (now Belarus) · Europe
Dinamo Stadium opens in Minsk
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The multi-purpose ground opened in 1934 and was enlarged in 1939. Dinamo Minsk and FC Minsk have played there, as has the Belarus national football team.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the opening.
· Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Soviet authorities demolish St Nicholas Military Cathedral in Kyiv
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The cathedral, a five-domed Ukrainian Baroque church of 1696 standing in the Kyiv Fortress high above the Dnieper, was blown up by the Soviet authorities in 1934. A Pioneers Palace was put on the site.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the destruction. Wikidata gives the year only.
From 1934 to 1966 the institution was known as the College of Education, the middle stage of a history that began with a teacher seminary and ended in a university. Its roots lie in a teacher training college founded in 1863, the first in Finland to teach in Finnish.
Notes
The article gives 1934 in a campus passage that dates the College of Education to 1934-1966 and the teacher seminary to 1863-1937, and its list of rectors starts with Kaarle Oksala in 1934. Finnish Wikipedia says the seminary became the College of Education in 1934, took no new seminary students after 1933 and let classes already under way run on until 1937; German Wikipedia says the school became a college in 1937. The year 1934 is stored with medium confidence; the infobox gives 1863 as the origin of the university.
Neuendorf football clubs merge, a forerunner of TuS Koblenz
SportSome details uncertain
In 1934 three other Neuendorf clubs joined Fussball Verein 1911 Neuendorf, the successor of the 1911 club Fussball Club Deutschland Neuendorf, to form Turn- und Spielvereinigung Neuendorf. The Nazi regime forced two of them into the merger.
Notes
The year 1934 comes from the history section on the Nazi era. TuS Koblenz itself dates its foundation to 1911; the 1934 event is the merger that formed a predecessor club. The history section says the original 1911 club was lost in 1917 and its successor, Fussball Verein 1911 Neuendorf, was formed in 1919.
The first Cypriot Cup football competition is held
SportSome details uncertain
The knockout competition began in the 1934-35 season, when the Cyprus Football Association was founded, and was the first event the association ran. It ranks behind only the First Division in importance in the country.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 (the 1934-35 season) for the first Cup.
Donald Duck makes his film debut in The Wise Little Hen
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The character first appeared in 1934 in this Silly Symphonies cartoon, created by Walt Disney and Dick Lundy, with Clarence Nash as his voice. Later that year he turned up again in a Mickey Mouse short.
Notes
The date is uncertain. Wikidata and the infobox's date-of-birth field give 9 June, a character birthday. The body says the cartoon had a benefit showing at the Carthay Circle Theater on 3 May 1934 and an official debut at Radio City Music Hall on 7 June, and also places its first theatrical release five days after 29 April 1934. Only the year is stored.
· Central America and the Caribbean · North America
The era of US military intervention known as the Banana Wars ends
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Banana Wars were a run of US military occupations and interventions around Central America and the Caribbean, mostly carried out by the Marine Corps. They are dated from 1898 up to 1934, when the Good Neighbor policy began and the US occupation of Haiti ended.
Notes
The opening line closes the Banana Wars with the Good Neighbor policy's inception, in 1934. The history section gives 1934 as the end of the US occupation of Haiti and of Cuba's treaty arrangement with the United States.
· Charleston, South Carolina, United States · North America
George Gershwin and DuBose Heyward begin work on Porgy and Bess
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The project started in 1934 with a visit to Heyward's home town of Charleston. The libretto is by Heyward and Ira Gershwin, adapted from the Heywards' play Porgy.
Notes
The article dates the start of work to 1934 without a month or day; the opera was first performed on 30 September 1935.
Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart wrote it in 1934, and Robbins Music published it that year. The first recording, made in October by Ted Fio Rito's orchestra, featured the singer Muzzy Marcellino.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for writing and publication (published by Robbins Music); it dates the first recording to October 1934.
· Sulphur Springs, Arkansas, United States · North America
William Cameron Townsend founds the Summer Institute of Linguistics
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The Presbyterian minister started the organisation in 1934, after working among the Kaqchikel Maya in Guatemala and moving to Mexico in 1933 to translate the Bible into indigenous languages. It is an evangelical Christian nonprofit that studies lesser-known languages.
The novel about the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh was Stone's first major publication. It draws chiefly on the letters between Vincent and his younger brother Theo, an art dealer.
Notes
The article and infobox give only the year 1934, with no month or day. The publisher in the infobox is Longmans, Green; the article's categories list it as an American novel.
In 1934 Felix Bernard composed the music and Richard Bernhard Smith wrote the lyrics, and Richard Himber made the first recording.
Notes
The lead says the song was written in 1934 and the infobox says it was published in 1934 by Bregman, Vocco and Conn; neither gives a month or day. The article does not name a place.
The United States joins FIBA, the international basketball body
SportSome details uncertain
The Amateur Athletic Union handled the American entry into the federation late in 1934. The men's team went on to become the most successful in international play.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, saying the joining came at its end under the Amateur Athletic Union; it does not describe the team as founded then. Its first game was on 7 August 1936.
Los Pinos becomes the official residence of Mexico's president
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Lázaro Cárdenas took office in 1934 and refused to live in Chapultepec Castle, which he found too ostentatious. Los Pinos, in Chapultepec Forest, served as the president's residence and office until 2018.
Notes
The lead and history section give only the year 1934. Wikidata gives the year only.
When the state decided to number its highways, the first signs for the route went up in 1934. It runs north to south along most of California's Pacific coast, and no other state route in California is longer.
Notes
The year 1934 comes from the 'Signs first posted' passage in the history section; the infobox also gives 1934 as the year established.
· New Windsor, New York, United States · North America
Stewart Airfield near Newburgh, New York, begins
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In 1934 Douglas MacArthur, then in charge of West Point, proposed teaching cadets to fly at the site, and the Depression-hit city let the academy have the land for just a dollar. It later became New York Stewart International Airport.
Notes
The history section says that in 1934 Douglas MacArthur proposed cadet flight training and that the city then sold the land to the academy; it does not date the sale, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
The Walters Art Gallery opens in Baltimore
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The museum in Baltimore's Mount Vernon district was founded and opened in 1934, built on a collection put together largely by William Thompson Walters and then his son Henry.
Notes
The lead and infobox give only the year 1934. Wikidata's 1 January 1934 is a placeholder for the year, not a real day.
· Hollywood, California, United States · North America
Donn Beach invents the Zombie cocktail in Hollywood
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The tiki drink of fruit juices, liqueurs and several rums first appeared late in 1934 at Beach's Don the Beachcomber restaurant. He later wrote three different recipes for it.
Notes
The article says the drink first appeared in late 1934; no day or month is given.
The Ottawa Senators leave the NHL as the club splits
SportSome details uncertain
In 1934 the club split in two, one part becoming a senior amateur side and the other the St. Louis Eagles. That ended a run in the NHL that had begun in 1917.
Notes
The lead gives 1934 as the last NHL year, and the infobox says the club split in 1934 into a senior amateur Senators team and the St. Louis Eagles, who played in the NHL in 1934-35. The infobox also gives the club's whole life as 1883 to 1954. No day is given. Wikidata gives the year.
Pelletier's Les Concerts Symphoniques, the Montreal Symphony's forerunner, is formed
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Wilfrid Pelletier put the ensemble together in 1934, and it played its opening concert on 14 January 1935 under Rosario Bourdon.
Notes
The history section gives 1934 for the formation of the ensemble and 14 January 1935 for its first concert; the infobox gives 1935 as the founding year, so the sources differ by a year and confidence is medium. Wikidata gives 1934.
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin receives the first Annie Jump Cannon Award
ScienceSome details uncertain
The American Astronomical Society gives the award each year to a woman astronomer from North America early in her career, in honour of Annie Jump Cannon. Payne-Gaposchkin heads the list of winners, for 1934.
Notes
The list of winners names Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin as the 1934 recipient, the first entry, with the next award in 1937, and the article's category line lists the award as established in 1934. No day is given. Wikidata gives the year only.
Fleischer Studios begins the Color Classics series with Poor Cinderella
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The first of 36 shorts made for Paramount Pictures between 1934 and 1941, Poor Cinderella was the Fleischer studio's first colour cartoon. The series was created to rival Disney's Silly Symphonies.
Notes
The lead and infobox give only the year 1934 for the series. The article's release table dates the first cartoon, Poor Cinderella, to 3 August 1934, but that is one cartoon's release and I checked no specialist filmography, so the series start is stored at year level. Wikidata also gives only the year 1934.
The Kavanagh Building in Buenos Aires is designed and commissioned
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Corina Kavanagh, a rich woman with Irish roots, commissioned the apartment tower in the Retiro district in 1934, to designs by Sánchez, Lagos and de la Torre. It opened in 1936.
Notes
The lead and history section say it was designed in 1934 and the infobox lists construction as starting in 1934 and the building as opening on 2 January 1936. Wikidata gives April 1934, which the article does not mention, so only the year is stored.
· Russian Turkestan, Soviet Union (now Central Asia) · Asia
The Basmachi revolt against Soviet rule in Central Asia comes to an end
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Basmachi movement, led chiefly by Ibrahim Bek, was a revolt first against Russian imperial rule and later Soviet rule, beginning with violence over conscription in 1916. The movement is dated as ending in 1934.
Notes
The infobox gives the movement's span as 1916–1934. The history section dates the last major combat operation to October 1933, a defeat of Junaid Khan's forces in the Karakum desert, and says the movement had ended by 1934.
Tian Han writes the words of what became China's national anthem
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The communist playwright wrote them in 1934, taking a pair of stanzas from his "Great Wall" poem for a stage play he was writing. Nie Er later set them to music for a 1935 film.
Notes
The infobox gives 1934 for the lyrics and 16 May 1935 for the music; no day or month is given for the writing of the lyrics.
· British India (now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) · Asia
British India holds general elections for the Central Legislative Assembly
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Elections were held across British India during 1934. In the first national election the Indian National Congress took more seats than any other party.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 in the infobox and lead. Wikidata lists 10 June 1934, which the article does not support, so the year alone is stored.
· Kazym, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Asia
The Khanty and Nenets rising at Kazym is put down by the Red Army
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Khanty and Nenets people in western Siberia rebelled against Soviet rule over the enforcement of collectivisation. The Red Army and OGPU put the revolt down; accounts say troops killed Khanty and Nenets people and burned their forest settlements, while Soviet archives record no such action.
Notes
The article gives the lead revolt as 1933 and the infobox gives 1931 to 1934 with 1933 as the main stage; the lead adds that some sources list a series of conflicts from 1931 to 1934. No day or month of an end in 1934 is stated, so the end date is uncertain and confidence is low. Wikidata gives only the year 1934. The lead says the Red Army slaughtered Khanty and Nenets people and burned their settlements, but a later passage says Soviet archives record no inhumane action and that 88 natives were detained with no executions.
Originally the Joint Savings Society Building on Nanjing West Road, this Art Deco tower was designed in March 1931 by László Hudec, an architect of Hungarian and Slovak background, and finished in 1934.
Notes
The English infobox gives 1 December 1934 as the opening date and the history section says construction was completed in December 1934, but Chinese Wikipedia says the building was finished and opened for business in June 1934. The sources disagree on the month, so only the year is stored with medium confidence; Wikidata gives 1 December 1934.
The Nagasaki shipbuilder takes the name Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The firm, renamed Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering in 1917, adopted the Heavy Industries name in 1934 and absorbed the Yokohama Dock Company in 1935. It sits at the core of the Mitsubishi Group.
Notes
The year 1934 comes from the history section, which gives only the year; the infobox founding date is blank.
· Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Asia
The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is created on Kamchatka
DisastersSome details uncertain
A strict nature reserve, or zapovednik, was created in 1934 on the coast of Kamchatka, in the far east of Russia. Its largest lake is Lake Kronotskoye.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 in its lead. The infobox lists the establishment as "1882 / 1934", and the article's categories file the reserve under 1882 as well; the lead says it was created in 1934, so the year stays 1934 with medium confidence.
· Manila, Philippine Islands (now Philippines) · Asia
The Rizal Memorial Stadium in Manila opens
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The stadium is part of the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex, a recognised historical landmark. It hosted the Far Eastern Championship Games of 1934, a forerunner of the Asian Games.
Notes
The infobox gives only the year 1934; Wikidata also gives only the year 1934, for both inception and opening. The article says the 1934 Far Eastern Championship Games were among the first regional meets held there. In 1934 the Philippines was a United States territory.
· Alma-Ata, Kazakh ASSR, Soviet Union (now Almaty, Kazakhstan) · Asia
The Kazakhfilm studio is founded in Alma-Ata
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
It began in 1934 as a newsreel unit in the city, making it among the earliest film studios in Kazakhstan. Its first documentaries came out in 1936.
Notes
Year only for the newsreel studio; the infobox gives 12 September 1941 for the film studio proper, and the first documentaries came out in 1936. The history section names the city as Alma-Ata. The Kazakh SSR was formed only in 1936; in 1934 the area was the Kazakh ASSR within the Russian SFSR.
· Stalinabad, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union (now Dushanbe, Tajikistan) · Asia
The museum that is now the National Museum of Tajikistan is founded in Stalinabad
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The museum now called the National Museum of Tajikistan was established in 1934 in the Tajik capital, then named Stalinabad.
Notes
The infobox gives only the year 1934, and the article's categories place it among Soviet-era establishments. The article names the city Dushanbe; the opening paragraph of the Dushanbe article says the city was called Stalinabad from 1929 to 1961. Wikidata gives the year only.
· Cheonan, Korea under Japanese rule (now South Korea) · Asia
Hodu-gwaja, the walnut cookie of Cheonan, is first made
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
A husband and wife from Cheonan, Jo Gwigeum and Sim Boksun, were the first to make the sweet, in 1934. The walnut-shaped cookie has a dough of pounded walnuts and wheat flour and a filling of red bean paste.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934. Korea under Japanese rule is the territory's name in 1934, not wording from the article.
A football ground is laid out that became Hàng Đẫy Stadium in Hanoi
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The pitch was set up in 1934 for the physical-education school in Hanoi. It grew into the multi-purpose stadium at the centre of the city that is now used mostly for football.
Notes
The history section and infobox give only the year 1934. Wikidata's 1 January 1934 is a placeholder for the year.
· Karaganda, Kazakh ASSR, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan) · Asia
The first airport at Karaganda is built
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The first airport at Karaganda went up in 1934 close to the edge of the city centre, forerunner of today's Sary-Arka Airport. In 1944 it was relocated to a site farther out, where it stands today.
Notes
The history section gives only the year 1934 for the first airport, at the edge of the city centre; it was moved to its present site in 1944. Wikidata gives the year only.
A research institute is founded in Rehovot that later became the Weizmann Institute
ScienceSome details uncertain
Chaim Weizmann founded the institute in 1934 with an initial team of scientists. Called the Daniel Sieff Research Institute until 1949, it is now a graduate-level university and research centre.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 in the infobox, lead and history section.
The University of Tehran is officially inaugurated
ScienceSome details uncertain
The matter was raised in cabinet in 1933, and the university was formally inaugurated in 1934. Many of its departments were carried over from two earlier schools, the Dar al-Funun (1851) and the School of Political Sciences (1899).
Notes
The history section and infobox date the inauguration of the modern university to 1934, without a month or day. The article gives 1935 in one passage and 1937 in another for the first admission of women.
The government of Reza Shah built the permanent tomb of the poet Ferdowsi in 1934, to a design by the architect Hooshang Seyhoun, its white marble base topped by a decorative structure. Its architecture drew mostly on Achaemenid models.
Notes
The infobox gives 1934 as the completion date and the background section says the government built the permanent tomb in 1934; the lead says it was built in the early 1930s. No day is given.
Haifa Airport is established by the British Mandate authorities
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The authorities opened it in 1934 as their first international airport, on the site of the former RAF Haifa, which the Iraq Petroleum Company and British forces had used before.
· Sabya, Emirate of Asir (now Saudi Arabia) · Middle East
Saudi Arabia annexes the Emirate of Asir
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Idrisid state of Asir, a South Arabian emirate with Sabya as its capital, came to an end in 1934 when Saudi Arabia took it over. Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi had established it in rebellion against the Ottomans.
Notes
The lead and infobox give only the year 1934 for the annexation, and French Wikipedia also says 1934. The infobox lists 14 June 1934 beside the annexation and links the Treaty of Taif, but it does not say that day was the annexation itself, so no day is stored. The infobox gives 1907 as the start, Wikidata's description says 1906 and French Wikipedia says 1910; the start date is not stored.
A plaque on the shrine dates the temple's construction to 1934, built under the guidance of Jamshid Amanat with funds from India's Parsi Zoroastrians. The Zoroastrian temple houses the Atash Behram, the Victorious Fire.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, from an inscription plaque on the shrine, and the infobox lists 1934 as the groundbreaking. No day is given. The sacred fire itself is dated to 470 AD in the lead.
The Israeli professional club was established in Netanya in 1934. It began in the Palestine League and was one of the founders of the Israeli League in 1949.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 in the infobox, lead and history section.
Hapoel Petah Tikva establishes its football division
SportSome details uncertain
Hapoel Petah Tikva began in 1926 and added a football division in 1934. The football club went on to win six league titles between 1955 and 1963, and the State Cup in 1957 and 1992.
Notes
The article gives the club itself as founded in 1926 and its football division as established in 1934, which is the year stored here; the category lists the club as established in 1934. The year comes from the history section and is medium confidence. The honours table lists six league titles, from 1954-55 to 1962-63, and two State Cups (1956-57 and 1991-92); the lead says 'one State Cups', which the table and history section contradict. The article does not say the 1926 club was professional, so the summary does not.
Egypt joins FIBA, the international basketball federation
SportSome details uncertain
Egypt became a member in 1934, and its Basketball Federation runs the national team, nicknamed The Pharaohs. Its results include fifth place at the 1950 world championship and ninth at the 1952 Olympic Games.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934, in the infobox entry for joining FIBA; it does not describe the team as founded then.
Surviving Libyans are released from Italian camps, ending the Libyan genocide
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Between 1929 and 1934, in the Second Italo-Senussi War, Italian forces under Mussolini's colonial administration killed many Libyans. About half the people of Cyrenaica were deported to concentration camps, and survivors left them after their release in 1934.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the end, as the last year of the genocide and the year survivors were released from the camps; estimates of the dead range widely (20,000 to 100,000 in the lead).
Italy unites Tripolitania and Cyrenaica as the colony of Italian Libya
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
From 1934 to 1943 Libya formed a single Italian colony in North Africa, made by merging Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, both held by Italy since 1911. Italo Balbo was its governor between January 1934 and June 1940.
Notes
The English infobox gives 1 January 1934 for the start, matching the start of Italo Balbo's term as governor-general in the article's list of governors, but Italian Wikipedia says the union of the colonies was decreed by royal decree no. 2012 of 3 December 1934. The lead says only that the colony existed from 1934, and Wikidata gives only the year, so the day is disputed and only the year is stored.
· Eastern Rwanda, Ruanda-Urundi (now Rwanda) · Africa
Akagera National Park is created in Rwanda
DisastersSome details uncertain
The Belgian authorities, who then controlled Rwanda, established the park in 1934 in the east of the country, along the border with Tanzania. It takes its name from the Kagera River.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934. It says Belgium's government, then occupying Rwanda, created the park; the Ruanda-Urundi name is the territory's 1934 style, not wording from the article.
· Logone-et-Chari, French Cameroons (now Cameroon) · Africa
Waza National Park is established in Cameroon
DisastersSome details uncertain
The area in Cameroon's Far North Region was set up as a hunting reserve in 1934. It became a national park in 1968 and a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1979.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934. French Cameroons is the territory's name in 1934, not wording from the article.
· Tripoli, Italian Tripolitania (now Libya) · Africa
Italian Tripolitania merges with Cyrenaica to form Italian Libya
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The colony in what is now western Libya, which had existed since 1911, was joined in 1934 to Italian Cyrenaica to make the single colony of Italian Libya. Its main city was Tripoli.
Notes
The English infobox gives 1 January with the year 1934 as the end of the colony, and the lead says it was joined with Cyrenaica in 1934; the body notes celebrations in Tripoli for Governor Italo Balbo's arrival in January 1934. Italian Wikipedia says a royal decree of 3 December 1934 united Italy's North African territories in the General Governorate of Libya, and Wikidata gives the end as 9 January 1934, so the day is disputed and only the year is stored.
Nestlé launches the chocolate malt drink Milo in Australia
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The industrial chemist and inventor Thomas Mayne developed the malted chocolate powder in Australia in 1934, and it was presented to the public at the Sydney Royal Easter Show. It is stirred into milk or water.
Notes
The year 1934 is firm, but the day is not. The infobox gives 29 August 1934 as the introduction date, while the history section says Mayne first presented it at the Royal Easter Show in Sydney; the two accounts do not match, so only the year is stored and confidence is medium.
The federation, which now governs football in Vanuatu, brings together the country's clubs and runs national competitions and the national team's matches. It was founded in 1934, when the islands were the New Hebrides.
Notes
Year only, from the lead. The New Hebrides article says the islands carried that colonial name under an Anglo-French condominium from 1906 to 1980. The federation joined FIFA in 1988.
The British Graham Land Expedition sets off for Antarctica
ExplorationSome details uncertain
Led by John Rymill, the geophysical and exploration expedition spent two years in the Antarctic, using dog teams, motor sledges and a Fox Moth aircraft. Its findings established that Graham Land is a peninsula.
Notes
The article dates the expedition to the years 1934 to 1937 and gives no month or day for the start.
Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, who led the expedition that found the ice rise, named it in 1934 for US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It lies under the eastern Ross Ice Shelf.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 for the naming; the date of the discovery by Byrd's expedition is not given.
James Costen begins writing about a jaw-joint disorder
Medicine & epidemicsSome details uncertain
From 1934 the ear, nose and throat doctor James Costen wrote at length about painful, poorly working chewing muscles and jaw joints. He was not the first to describe the problem, but he was the one who first treated it in a systematic and integrated fashion.
Notes
The history section says only that Costen began writing on the topic in 1934, and a 1934 paper of his is cited; no month or day is given. The article does not name his city or country, so no place is stored; Wikidata's place, Nigeria, does not fit.
In 1934 Wigner predicted that electrons in the jellium model, a gas moving through a uniform neutralising background, would freeze into a crystalline solid below a critical density.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 and names no place of publication.
Møller and Plesset publish the main idea of their perturbation theory
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1934 Christian Møller and Milton S. Plesset set out the method now named after them, a way in computational chemistry of improving Hartree-Fock results by allowing for electron correlation.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1934 and does not name a journal or place of publication.
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