Over two days, 31 May and 1 June 1921, mobs of white men burned more than 35 square blocks of Greenwood, the prosperous Black district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, nicknamed Black Wall Street. In late August about 10,000 armed coal miners faced lawmen and strikebreakers at Blair Mountain in West Virginia, the biggest labor uprising in American history. In Russia, sailors at Kronstadt rose against the very Bolshevik government they had helped put in power, and famine along the Volga may have killed some five million people. In Morocco, Riffian fighters routed a Spanish army at Annual, a defeat the Spanish still call a disaster. In July a meeting in Shanghai's French Concession founded the Chinese Communist Party, and in December a treaty signed in London ended the Irish War of Independence and paved the way for an Irish Free State. In Paris, Coco Chanel launched Chanel No. 5 on 5 May, the fifth day of the fifth month.
This page lists all 500 events in our records for 1921: 348 dated to the day, 136 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1921
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
War & conflictWidely known
The Tulsa race massacre destroys Greenwood
· Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States · North America
On 31 May and 1 June 1921, white mobs, some armed and deputised by city officials, attacked Black residents, homes and businesses in Tulsa's Greenwood District. More than 35 square blocks were burned, and estimates of the dead run from 39 to around 300.
Why it is interesting. A prosperous Black district nicknamed 'Black Wall Street' lost more than 35 square blocks to fire and destruction.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 1921-06-01 (end) with start 1921-05-31. Death toll is disputed: the state recorded 36, a 2001 commission identified 39, estimates run up to about 300.
Kronstadt sailors rebel against the Bolshevik government
· Kronstadt, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Sailors, naval infantry and civilians at the Baltic Fleet base at Kronstadt rose against the Bolshevik government in March 1921, led by Stepan Petrichenko. The government crushed the revolt on 18 March.
Why it is interesting. The rebels were sailors who had helped install the very government they turned against, and they were crushed within weeks.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives 1–18 March 1921; lead says the revolt lasted sixteen days in March. Wikidata gives 1921 with start 1921-03-01 and end 1921-03-18.
British and Irish representatives signed the treaty in London on 6 December 1921, bringing the Irish War of Independence to a close. Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith were among the Irish signatories, and the terms created an Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion.
Why it is interesting. The treaty was approved only narrowly, and the split it caused led to the Irish Civil War.
The United States called a disarmament conference at Memorial Continental Hall in Washington, with nine nations taking part and the Pacific and East Asia as the focus. It ran from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922.
Why it is interesting. It is described as history's first arms control conference.
From 22 July 1921, Riffian Berbers defeated the Spanish Army at Annual in northeastern Morocco during the Rif War. The Spanish lost large quantities of rifles, machine guns, horses and cannons.
Why it is interesting. The Spanish still call it the Disaster of Annual, and it brought down governments and eventually a king.
Notes and dating details
Lead says fought on 22 July 1921; infobox gives 22 July – 9 August 1921. Wikidata gives start 1921-07-22 and end 1921-08-09.
The war between Poland and Soviet Russia ended with a peace treaty signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, five months after a ceasefire took effect. Poland's new frontier lay far east of the Curzon Line, keeping parts of Ukraine and Belarus.
Why it is interesting. The final peace came five months after the October 1920 ceasefire, once the Battle of Warsaw had turned the war.
Notes and dating details
Sources give the end as either 1920 or 1921: ceasefire in force 18 October 1920, treaty signed 18 March 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-03 (month).
· United Kingdom (now Ireland and Northern Ireland) · Europe
Fighting between Irish Republican Army guerrillas and the British Army, the Royal Irish Constabulary and its auxiliaries ended on 11 July 1921. The war had begun in January 1919, and it led to the Irish Free State and the partition of Ireland.
Why it is interesting. Irish railwaymen refused to carry British forces or military supplies, a form of civil disobedience.
Notes and dating details
Infobox dates the war 21 January 1919 – 11 July 1921; Wikidata also gives 1921-07-11.
· Logan County, West Virginia, United States · North America
Some details uncertain.
About 10,000 armed coal miners faced 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers backed by mine operators in Logan County, West Virginia, from 25 August 1921. The miners were trying to unionize the southwestern West Virginia coalfields.
Why it is interesting. No labor uprising in US history was bigger, and about one million rounds were fired before the US Army intervened.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives 25 August – 2 September 1921; the lead describes five days of confrontation around the turn of August and September 1921.
· Kars, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
Turkey's Grand National Assembly and the republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, with Soviet Russia taking part, signed the treaty at Kars on 13 October 1921. It fixed Turkey's frontiers with the three Transcaucasian republics.
Why it is interesting. Most of the territory ceded to Turkey had been taken by Imperial Russia from the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 1921-10-13. Place: Turkish forces took Kars on 30 October 1920 (Turkish-Armenian war article) and the Grand National Assembly government was the Turkish signatory.
· Volga region, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Some details uncertain.
The famine began in early spring 1921 and lasted into 1922, hitting the Volga and Ural River regions hardest. Drought, war damage, revolution, civil war and grain requisitioning combined to cause it.
Why it is interesting. The famine is estimated to have killed five million people.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives a death toll range of one to ten million; lead gives an estimated five million. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
· Sakarya River, near Polatlı, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
Some details uncertain.
Turkish forces under Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Greek forces under Anastasios Papoulas fought near Polatlı from 23 August to 13 September 1921. The battle was the decisive engagement of the Greco-Turkish War and stopped the Greek advance on Ankara.
Why it is interesting. After 21 days of fighting along a line of about 100 km, the Greek drive on Ankara failed.
Notes and dating details
Lead and infobox give 23 August – 13 September 1921; a body sentence says the Greeks broke off their assault on 14 September 1921. Wikidata gives start 1921-08-23, end 1921-09-13. Place: the Ankara government's army held the defence line near Polatlı against the Greek advance.
The Chinese Communist Party is founded in Shanghai
· Shanghai, China · Asia
The party was founded on 23 July 1921 at its first national congress, held in Shanghai's French Concession. Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao set it up with help from Russian Communist and Comintern bureaus.
Why it is interesting. The party that now rules China began as a gathering in the Shanghai French Concession in 1921.
Notes and dating details
The infobox ties the founding date to the first national congress. That congress itself ran into August 1921 (see the separate congress row).
Puccini started composing the opera in January 1921, before the librettists had finished the text. He had begun working on it in March 1920 after meeting Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year) as the inception. The premiere was 25 April 1926 at La Scala in Milan; the 1921 date is the start of composition.
The German imperial chancellor from 1909 to 1917 died in January 1921 in Hohenfinow. He had overseen Germany's entry into the First World War and backed Austria-Hungary's demands against Serbia.
Notes
The English lead and infobox give 1 January 1921; Wikidata and the German article give 2 January 1921, so only the month is stored. Infobox death place: Hohenfinow.
The Swedish silent film The Phantom Carriage is released
Stage, music & film
Victor Sjöström directed and starred in the film, adapted from a novel by Selma Lagerlöf, which Scandinavian audiences saw on New Year's Day 1921. It was shot at the newly opened Filmstaden studios in Solna.
Notes
Infobox: released 1 January 1921 in Sweden and 1 February 1922 in the United States. Wikidata alternate date 1922-06-04 not supported by the article.
The Reichswehr, the name of Germany's armed forces under the Weimar Republic, officially formed on 1 January 1921, once the Treaty of Versailles limits had been met. A provisional force had been formed from the old Imperial Army in March 1919.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 6 March 1919 (the provisional force); the lead and body give 1 January 1921 for the official formation.
Herbert Jonathan Cape and Wren Howard opened their publishing firm for business on New Year's Day 1921 at premises in Gower Street, Bloomsbury. Its list included Robert Frost, Roald Dahl, Ian Fleming, James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 1921; the day comes from the body only.
Karel Čapek's science fiction play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) was first staged in Hradec Králové on 2 January 1921. It reached Prague's National Theatre on 25 January, and thirty language versions existed by 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-01-25, the date of the National Theatre production in Prague; the lead and infobox give 2 January 1921 for the world premiere.
The Swiss author and dramatist was born in Konolfingen on 5 January 1921. He championed epic theatre, and his output ranged from avant-garde plays and philosophical detective fiction to dark satire.
The writer was also a novelist, essayist, playwright and politician. Films adapted from his works include Il giorno della civetta (1968) and Cadaveri Eccellenti (1976).
The Italian Socialist Party's 17th Congress opens at Livorno
Politics & diplomacy
Delegates gathered from 15 to 21 January 1921 at Livorno's Carlo Goldoni Theatre. After tumultuous proceedings the congress ended in a split, with the communist faction walking out to found a new Italian Communist Party.
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played ten fixtures between 15 January and 9 April 1921. It was the seventh Five Nations since France joined, and the 34th edition counting the earlier Home Nations seasons.
Notes
Infobox: 15 January - 9 April 1921; Wikidata gives the same start and end.
Sporting Clube de Braga was founded on 19 January 1921 in Braga, and besides football it runs departments for sports such as basketball, boxing and swimming. It reached the UEFA Europa League final in 2011.
Notes
Infobox: founded 19 January 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
The Communist Party of Italy is founded at Livorno
Politics & diplomacy
The party was formed at Livorno on 21 January 1921 when a breakaway group led by Amadeo Bordiga, Antonio Gramsci and Nicola Bombacci split from the Socialists. It was renamed the Italian Communist Party in 1943 and lasted until 1991.
The Ukrainian composer and choir conductor, a specialist in a cappella choral music, was killed in 1921 by a Soviet agent. The Ukrainian Orthodox church honours him as a martyr.
Notes
English article gives 23 January 1921; Ukrainian Wikipedia gives 23 January 1921 at Markivka (Haisyn county, Podillia) and quotes an account dating the killing to Sunday 10 January 1921 in the Old Style calendar, which is Sunday 23 January in the Gregorian calendar. The Ukrainian SSR used the Gregorian calendar by 1921. Wikidata gives Markivka as the place.
Deportivo Alavés is officially founded in Vitoria-Gasteiz
SportSome details uncertain
The football club, now based in Vitoria-Gasteiz in the Basque Country and playing in Spain's top flight, dates its official foundation to 23 January 1921. It had begun life under the name Sport Friends.
Notes
Two accounts in the source: the lead and infobox put the founding on 23 January 1921 under the Sport Friends name; the History section says it was founded in 1920 as Sport Friends and that 23 January 1921 (a name change) is the official foundation date. Day stored as the official date; confidence medium.
· Zagreb, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Croatia) · Europe
The Zagreb firm Elektra is formally registered, forerunner of Končar
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Two engineers founded the firm in 1919, and it was registered as Elektra on 24 January 1921, when electric motor production began in Zagreb. The company is named after the wartime resistance fighter Rade Končar.
Notes
The infobox lists founding as both 1921 and 1946. The body says two engineers founded the firm in 1919 and that it was formally registered on 24 January 1921, so the date used is the registration.
Two trains collide head-on at Abermule, killing 17
Disasters
A stopping train from Whitchurch met an express from Aberystwyth shortly before midday on a single-line section. One train had set off with the wrong tablet, and misunderstandings among staff overrode the Electric Train Tablet safety system.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
The Ambassador Hotel opens in Los Angeles
Architecture
The luxury hotel designed by the architect Myron Hunt opened for business at midnight as New Year's Day 1921 began, and its Cocoanut Grove nightclub opened on 21 April. It hosted six Oscar ceremonies and every US president from Herbert Hoover to Richard Nixon.
Born Mortimore Bookchin, the American social theorist and political philosopher developed the theory of social ecology. His ideas influenced the Rojava democratic confederalism and Occupy Wall Street.
Notes
Wikidata places the birth in The Bronx; the infobox says New York City. The body gives only the year in its early-life sentence.
· Fort Worth, Texas, United States · North America
Patricia Highsmith is born in Fort Worth, Texas
Lives
Born Mary Patricia Plangman, she wrote 22 novels and many short stories, among them five novels about Tom Ripley. Her debut novel Strangers on a Train (1950) became a Hitchcock film the next year.
The Kid first screened at Carnegie Hall on 21 January 1921, raising money for a children's fund. Charlie Chaplin wrote, produced, directed and starred in it, with Jackie Coogan as his foundling sidekick.
Notes
Infobox gives release 21 January 1921 (Carnegie Hall) and 6 February 1921 (United States). Wikidata also gives 1921-01-30.
Born Donna Belle Mullenger, she played Mary Hatch Bailey in the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life and won an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity (1953). She later starred in the sitcom The Donna Reed Show between 1958 and 1966.
· Seattle, Washington, United States · North America
Carol Channing is born in Seattle
Lives
The only child of Adelaide and George Channing, she originated the lead in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in 1949 and in Hello, Dolly! in 1964, winning a Tony Award for the latter. She was nominated for an Oscar for Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967).
· Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil · South America
Italian immigrants found the football club that became Cruzeiro
Sport
Italian immigrants living in Belo Horizonte founded the club on 2 January 1921 under the name Societa Sportiva Palestra Italia, and it first wore green, white and red. It became Cruzeiro Esporte Clube on 7 October 1942.
Notes
Infobox, lead and History section all give 2 January 1921.
The college, linked to the University of London, was formally declared open in January 1921 in the old main building of Royal College Colombo. It later became the University of Colombo.
Notes
Infobox gives established 1870, which the lead describes as the roots in the Ceylon Medical School. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
Chiba City was formed on 1 January 1921. It is now the capital of Chiba Prefecture, east of central Tokyo on Tokyo Bay, and one of the main seaports of the Kantō region.
· Mughalpura, Lahore, British India (now Pakistan) · Asia
Mughalpura Technical College is founded in Lahore
Everyday life
Mughalpura Technical College began on 1 January 1921 in a suburb of Lahore. It became MacLagan Engineering College in 1923 and is now the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.
An Azerbaijani-language newspaper, Kommunist, appears in Yerevan
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
A weekly Azerbaijani-language paper called Kommunist first appeared in Yerevan on 7 January 1921. It was published until 8 February, and on 9 February Dashnaks burned its editorial office.
Mitsubishi Electric was founded on 15 January 1921, split off from the electrical machinery division of Mitsubishi Shipbuilding at Kobe. It is headquartered in Tokyo.
Notes
Day comes from the infobox only; the lead gives 1921.
The Japanese-American physicist, born in Tokyo on 18 January 1921, originated the theory of spontaneous symmetry breaking, which transformed particle physics. He was a pioneer of quantum chromodynamics and a founding figure of string theory.
· İnönü, Eskişehir, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The First Battle of İnönü begins
War & conflict
From 6 to 11 January 1921, Turkish and Greek forces fought near İnönü during the Greco-Turkish War, with İsmet Pasha's troops attacked near the railway station on 9 January. It was the first battlefield test for the Grand National Assembly's new regular army.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 6 to 11 January 1921 (result inconclusive); Turkish Wikipedia gives the same dates. Wikidata gives start 1921-01-06 and end 1921-01-11. Turkish civil dates had used Gregorian day numbering since 1917, so the Turkish dates need no conversion. Place: the Ankara government's troops defended against the Greek advance from Bursa.
After Turkish troops pushed into Iraqi Kurdistan in 1920 and forced small British garrisons out of Sulaymaniyah and Rawanduz, the British set up the Iraqi Army on 6 January 1921. It was called the Royal Iraqi Army until the coup of July 1958.
Istanbul's Kasımpaşa club came into being on 15 January 1921, when two earlier clubs merged. It is based in the Beyoğlu district.
Notes
The day comes from the infobox only (15 January 1921); the lead and history section give 1921. Turkish civil dates had used Gregorian day and month numbering since 1917 (only the year was counted in the Rumi era), so the day and month are the same under either reading.
· Domain Cricket Club, Auckland, New Zealand · Oceania
The 1920 Davis Cup final ends in Auckland
SportSome details uncertain
The final of the 1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge, the 15th edition of the Davis Cup, ran at Auckland's Domain Cricket Club from 30 December into 1 January 1921. Bill Tilden and Bill Johnston reclaimed the cup from Australasia.
Notes
This is the 1920 edition; the final ran from 30 December 1920 into 1 January 1921, which is why it appears among 1921 items. Wikidata gives 1921-01-01 as the date.
Istrian peasants rebel against fascist squads at Proština
War & conflict
Peasants in Istria rebelled in early February 1921 after fascist squads raided Krnica and Proština on the night of 2–3 February. The rising was put down on 5 April, when army, police and fascist squadrons broke the resistance and burned the village of Šegotići.
The Institute of Red Professors is founded in Moscow
Science
Founded in February 1921 to fix a shortage of Marxist academics in the social sciences, it offered graduate-level teaching in Moscow's Convent of the Passion. Pokrovsky coordinated the organising work.
Notes
Infobox says established February 1921; the body adds the 11 February 1921 resolution by the Council of People's Commissars but does not say the institute opened that day.
Marshal Józef Piłsudski became first Grand Master of the Order of Polonia Restituta, created by Poland on 4 February 1921. The order rewards outstanding service in fields such as education, science, sport, culture and the economy.
Notes
Infobox, lead and History section give 4 February 1921.
The Russian anarchist philosopher and geographer died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921 in Dmitrov. He was known for advocating anarchist communism, and his books include The Conquest of Bread and Mutual Aid.
· Askania-Nova, Ukrainian SSR (now Kherson Oblast, Ukraine) · Europe
Askania-Nova is reorganised into a state-run steppe reserve
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
On 8 February 1921 Askania-Nova, a nature reserve in the dry Taurida steppe in Kherson Oblast, was reorganised into a state-run steppe reserve within the Ukrainian SSR. Friedrich Falz-Fein had founded the reserve in 1898.
Notes
Infobox: established 1898. The 1921-dated happening is the 8 February 1921 reorganisation, not the founding.
The first issue of the Russian newspaper Trud appears
Art & literature
Trud's first issue appeared in Moscow on 19 February 1921. In Soviet times it served as the mouthpiece of the national trade union council and printed writing by authors such as Mayakovsky and Yevtushenko.
The Conference of London on the Treaty of Sèvres opens
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The first stage of the Conference of London ran from 21 February to 12 March 1921 and tried to save the Treaty of Sèvres, the peace settlement with the Ottoman Empire that the Turkish National Movement opposed by force. A second meeting followed in March 1922.
Notes
The lead names three dates, 21 February 1921, 12 March 1921 and March 1922; the first stage is stored.
The Soviet State Planning Committee, Gosplan, is established
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
A Sovnarkom decree dated 22 February 1921 formally established Gosplan, the Soviet Union's agency for central economic planning. Its main job was drawing up and running the series of five-year plans.
Notes
The body also refers to an April 1921 launch of the agency; the decree date is stored. Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1921.
Born Giulia Anna Masina in San Giorgio di Piano, she is best known as Gelsomina in La Strada and Cabiria in Nights of Cabiria. In 1957 she won the Best Actress prize at Cannes.
The Austrian economist Carl Menger died in Vienna on 26 February 1921. He helped develop the marginal theory of value and is regarded as the originator of the Austrian school of economics.
Notes
Infobox death place: Vienna. The lead gives his birth as 28 February 1840 while the infobox says 23 February 1840.
Persia and Soviet Russia sign a treaty of friendship in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The treaty, signed on 26 February 1921, annulled earlier agreements between the two states, among them the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Each country received equal shipping rights in the Caspian Sea.
The International Working Union of Socialist Parties is founded in Vienna
Politics & diplomacy
The union was founded at a conference in Vienna on 27 February 1921, with Germany's USPD, Britain's Independent Labour Party and Austria's SPO among the founders. It was also known as the Two-and-a-Half International or the Vienna International.
Notes
Infobox founding date is 27 February 1921, with dissolution on 21 May 1923. Wikidata gives 1921-02.
Faculty members and alumni of the Case Western Reserve University medical school founded the clinic. A four-storey outpatient building went up for it and was dedicated at a private ceremony in February 1921.
Notes
The infobox gives founding on 28 February 1921 while the body gives a private dedication on 26 February 1921, so the month is stored. Wikidata gives only the year.
Born Bettye Naomi Goldstein, she wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963), which is often said to have set off feminism's second wave in America. In 1966 she co-founded the National Organization for Women and served as its first president.
Born Julia Jean Turner, she was spotted by a talent scout at a Hollywood malt shop in 1936, aged 15. After debuting as a murder victim in They Won't Forget, she became one of MGM's biggest stars of the mid-1940s.
· Midtown Manhattan, New York City, United States · North America
The Ambassador Theatre opens on Broadway with The Rose Girl
Stage, music & film
Herbert J. Krapp designed the theatre for the Shubert brothers, who built it with two neighbours as a complex around 48th and 49th Streets. It opened on 11 February 1921 with the musical The Rose Girl.
Panama and Costa Rica fought the Coto War from 21 February to 5 March 1921. It began when a Costa Rican force under Colonel Héctor Zúñiga Mora occupied Pueblo Nuevo de Coto.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
John Rawls is born
Lives
The American philosopher, born in Baltimore on 21 February 1921, is described as one of the most influential liberal political philosophers of the 20th century. His theory of 'justice as fairness' supports equal basic liberties and equality of opportunity.
· Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil · South America
The Diocese of Belo Horizonte is created
Religion & philosophy
The diocese was set up on 11 February 1921 from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mariana. Antônio dos Santos Cabral became its bishop that November and later its archbishop.
Notes
English Wikipedia's history list gives 11 February 1921 for the establishment of the diocese and 1 February 1924 for its promotion to a metropolitan archdiocese.
Colombia's military aviation unit and school is activated at Flandes
War & conflict
The unit was officially activated on 15 February 1921 at Flandes, in the Department of Tolima, with support from a French mission headed by Lt Col Rene Guichard. Financial hardship closed the school in 1922.
Notes
English Wikipedia describes the unit as a school that closed in 1922.
Folha da Noite, ancestor of Folha de S.Paulo, is founded
Art & literature
Journalists headed by Olival Costa and Pedro Cunha brought out the first issue of Folha da Noite on Saturday 19 February 1921 in São Paulo. It is the ancestor of the daily Folha de S.Paulo, centrepiece of Grupo Folha.
Shozaburo Shimano founded the company in February 1921, and it is headquartered in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture. It makes cycling components, fishing tackle and rowing equipment.
Notes
The month comes from the infobox only, which gives no day.
Between 1 and 4 February 1921, White Russian troops under Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg beat the larger Chinese garrison at Urga. Mongolia was freed from Chinese occupation as a result.
Notes
Infobox and lead agree on 1-4 February 1921. An earlier assault in autumn 1920 had failed.
Soviet forces moved against Georgia's Menshevik government from 12 February 1921, with Lenin's consent given on 14 February. They captured Tbilisi after fierce fighting, and a Georgian Soviet republic was declared on 25 February.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-03-17 (the end date); infobox gives 12 February – 17 March 1921.
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation led a nationalist, anti-Bolshevik revolt that began on 13 February 1921. Bolshevik forces suppressed it on 2 April by recapturing Yerevan.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-02 with end 1921-04-01; the lead gives 13 February and 2 April 1921; the infobox says February – April 1921.
Born Su Zhu, he joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1938 and fought as a guerrilla. He later took over from Mao Zedong as party chairman and premier, before being gradually pushed from power between December 1978 and June 1981.
The Georgian SSR came into being in 1921 after the Red Army occupied Georgia, and the Georgian Democratic Republic's government was forced abroad in March. It joined the Soviet Union in 1922.
Notes
Infobox: formation 25 February (1921). The lead states only 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-02-25.
· Aintab (Gaziantep), Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
Aintab surrenders to French forces, ending the siege
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The siege pitted Turkish National Forces against the French Army of the Levant, which occupied Aintab, now Gaziantep. It began in April 1920 after French troops opened fire on the city and ended with its surrender on 9 February 1921.
Notes
Two dates in the source: the infobox gives the end as 8 February 1921 (the timeline records a ceasefire and mission that day), the lead and timeline give the surrender on 9 February 1921; the surrender date is stored. Wikidata gives 1921-02-08. Dates are treated as Gregorian.
The Persian Cossack Brigade under Reza Khan staged a coup on 22 February 1921, and Zia ol Din Tabatabaee took power as prime minister. It was largely bloodless and met little resistance.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-02-21; infobox and lead give 22 February 1921 (3 Esfand 1299 in the Solar Persian calendar). A body sentence says the Cossacks reached Tehran on 18 February 1921.
South Africa elected its 134-member House of Assembly on 8 February 1921. The South African Party, now merged with the Unionist Party, won an outright majority.
Bokassa was born in Bobangui in Ubangi-Shari, now part of the Central African Republic, on 22 February 1921. He seized power in the Saint-Sylvestre coup on 1 January 1966 and later proclaimed himself Emperor.
The Association of German National Jews is founded
Everyday life
Max Naumann, a Berlin lawyer and decorated First World War veteran, founded the association in March 1921. The group was assimilationist and nationalist, and in time came out in support of Adolf Hitler.
The sports club Racovia was founded in March 1921 in the village of Raków. Today it is a professional club in Częstochowa that plays in the Ekstraklasa.
Notes
English Wikipedia's infobox gives 15 March 1921, but its history section says only 1921, Polish Wikipedia gives only March 1921 (infobox 'marzec 1921' and 'W marcu 1921 roku' in the text), and Wikidata gives only the year 1921. No source giving the day was found outside the English infobox, so the date is stored at month level.
Kronstadt sailors rebel against the Bolshevik government
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Sailors, naval infantry and civilians at the Baltic Fleet base at Kronstadt rose against the Bolshevik government in March 1921, led by Stepan Petrichenko. The government crushed the revolt on 18 March.
Notes
Infobox gives 1–18 March 1921; lead says the revolt lasted sixteen days in March. Wikidata gives 1921 with start 1921-03-01 and end 1921-03-18.
Nikola I ruled Montenegro as prince from 1860 to 1910 and then as its first and only king until 1918. He died at Cap d'Antibes on 1 March 1921, still claiming the throne from exile in France.
Notes
Infobox death place: Cap d'Antibes. Wikidata gives 1921-03-01.
Teacher training courses open in Luhansk, forerunner of the University of Luhansk
Science
Soviet authorities set up regional teacher training courses on 1 March 1921. Later that year they grew into a Teachers' Training Institute, which is described as the oldest university in the Donbas region.
The Dutch architect, a leading figure of the Gothic Revival in the Netherlands, died at Roermond on 3 March 1921. His most famous works are the Rijksmuseum and Amsterdam's Centraal station.
Poland and Romania sign a defensive alliance in Bucharest
Politics & diplomacy
Poland and Romania signed their Convention on Defensive Alliance in Bucharest on 3 March 1921, each promising armed help if the other were attacked on its present eastern frontiers. Ratifications were exchanged on 25 July.
Notes
The lead says the first treaty was signed in 1921; the History section gives 3 March 1921 for signing and 25 July 1921 for ratifications.
The Russian Communist Party holds its 10th Congress in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) held its 10th Congress in Moscow from 8 to 16 March 1921. Delegates debated party opposition, the NEP and the Kronstadt rebellion.
Notes
Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1921; no conversion needed.
Spanish prime minister Eduardo Dato is assassinated in Madrid
Lives
Eduardo Dato, who had served three times as prime minister, was shot in Madrid on 8 March 1921 by Catalan anarchists as he was driven away from parliament past the Puerta de Alcalá. His last term had begun on 28 April 1920.
Notes
Infobox: death 8 March 1921, Madrid. Wikidata describes him as an author, but the article describes a politician.
France and Turkey sign the Cilicia Peace Treaty in London
Politics & diplomacy
On 9 March 1921 in London, France and the Ankara-based Turkish National Movement signed the Cilicia Peace Treaty, with Aristide Briand signing for France and Bekir Sami Bey for the Turks. It aimed to end the Franco-Turkish War.
Notes
Signed in London, so region is Europe; the war it concerned was fought in Cilicia (Middle East).
The leading football clubs of Palma, RCD Mallorca and CD Atlético Baleares, met for the first time on 13 March 1921 at the Bons Aires stadium. Alfonso XIII's second team faced the first team of Baleares.
On 15 March 1921 the Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian shot Talaat Pasha, a former Ottoman grand vizier, in Berlin. Tehlirian had joined Operation Nemesis, and the jury at his June trial acquitted him.
Notes
Infobox: 15 March 1921, Charlottenburg, Berlin. Wikidata gives 1921-03-15.
Talaat led the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1918 and became Grand Vizier during the First World War. He died in Berlin on 15 March 1921 and is commemorated at the Monument of Liberty in Istanbul.
Notes
Infobox: death place Berlin, resting place Monument of Liberty, Istanbul.
On 15 March 1921 the brothers Giorgio and Angelo Parodi joined Carlo Guzzi to form Società Anonima Moto Guzzi. The firm is based at Mandello del Lario.
Notes
Infobox and body agree on 15 March 1921. The lead says the company was established in 1921 in Mandello del Lario; the infobox gives Genoa for the founding itself. Headquarters have been at Mandello del Lario since 1921.
Turkey and Soviet Russia sign the Treaty of Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
Turkey's Assembly under Mustafa Kemal and Russia under Lenin signed the Treaty of Brotherhood in Moscow on 16 March 1921. Sultan Mehmed VI's government, which had signed the Treaty of Sèvres, was not a party.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 16 March 1921; Wikidata gives only the year. Soviet Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1921, and Turkish civil dates had used Gregorian day numbering since 1917, so the day is the same under either side's reckoning.
On 16 March 1921 the British chancellor Robert Horne and the Soviet trade commissar Leonid Krasin signed an agreement to make commerce easier between the two countries. It ended the British blockade and opened Russian ports to British ships.
The Treaty of Moscow sets the Turkish–Soviet border Azerbaijan later inherits
Politics & diplomacy
Signed in Moscow on 16 March 1921 to head off a wider war between Russia and Turkey, the treaty redrew their frontier and gave Turkey a narrow corridor of land towards Nakhchivan, on the Aras river.
Notes
The Treaty of Moscow article gives the signing date as 16 March 1921 and the place as Moscow, Russian SFSR; the Azerbaijan-Turkey border article's infobox uses the same date for the border's establishment, linked to the treaty at the end of the Turkish-Armenian War. The border it set is the one on the Aras river.
The Russian mathematician, scientist and engineer who helped found modern aerodynamics and hydrodynamics died in Moscow on 17 March 1921. Many call him the father of aviation in Russia.
The war between Poland and Soviet Russia ended with a peace treaty signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, five months after a ceasefire took effect. Poland's new frontier lay far east of the Curzon Line, keeping parts of Ukraine and Belarus.
Notes
Sources give the end as either 1920 or 1921: ceasefire in force 18 October 1920, treaty signed 18 March 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-03 (month).
The Peace of Riga leaves the Ukrainian People's Republic as a government in exile
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
After the Peace of Riga was signed on 18 March 1921, the Ukrainian People's Republic, which had declared independence from Russia on 22 January 1918, carried on from exile. It had already lost its remaining territory to the Bolsheviks during the Polish–Soviet War.
Notes
The infobox ends the state with the Peace of Riga on 18 March. Wikidata also lists 1918-04-29 and 1992-08-22 as other dates for the state's ending; the exile government is dated to 1921 here. The article says the state's last territory went to the Bolsheviks in the Polish-Soviet War, and that its army retreated across the Zbruch on 21 November 1920; the peace of 18 March 1921 left the government to continue in exile.
The volunteer force of former soldiers and civilians, dominated by Social Democrats and active since 5 September 1917, ended on 18 March 1921 as the Democratic Republic of Georgia fell to the Red Army invasion. Valiko Jugheli commanded it.
Notes
English Wikipedia dates the first mission 29 November (N.S. 12 December) 1917; the 1921 end date is given without a calendar label. The infobox lists the Red Army invasion of Georgia among its battles.
· Halle, Leuna, Merseburg and Mansfeld, Province of Saxony, Germany · Europe
The March Action, a failed communist uprising, begins in central Germany
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The KPD, the KAPD and other far-left groups led an uprising in the industrial districts of Halle, Leuna, Merseburg and Mansfeld, where police were sent on 19 March 1921 to restore order. The last strikers were broken up on 1 April.
Notes
The infobox date is blank. Start date is the police deployment on 19 March; end date is the last strikers being dispersed on 1 April. Wikidata gives 1921-03.
· Crossbarry, County Cork, United Kingdom (now Ireland) · Europe
The Battle of Crossbarry is fought in County Cork
War & conflict
On 19 March 1921 Tom Barry led about a hundred IRA volunteers out of an encirclement attempt by roughly 1,200 British troops. Ten British troops and three IRA volunteers died in the hour-long fight, one of the biggest clashes of the Irish War of Independence.
Upper Silesia votes on whether to join Germany or Poland
Politics & diplomacy
A plebiscite held on 20 March 1921 under the Versailles treaty was to settle whether Upper Silesia went to Germany or Poland. The League of Nations later confirmed a border giving Poland about a third of the zone, including most industrial land.
Notes
Infobox date 20 March 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-03.
A decree of 21 March 1921 ended forced grain requisitioning and replaced it with a tax paid in farm produce. Private individuals could own small and medium businesses, while the state kept large industry, banks and foreign trade.
War communism, the economic system Soviet Russia ran under Lenin from 1918, ended on 21 March 1921 when the New Economic Policy began. Forced food requisitioning, a core part of it, helped bring on the 1921–22 famine.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-03-21; lead states the same end date.
The chess grandmaster was the seventh World Chess Champion, holding the title from 1957 to 1958. Eight times he was a Candidate for the world title, and his 17 Chess Olympiad medals remain a record.
The French actress, born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker in Wiesbaden on 25 March 1921, won an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards and a César Award. She also won a Primetime Emmy and the Cannes Best Actress award.
Born Margaret Mary Tew, the British social anthropologist wrote about human culture, symbolism and risk. She followed Émile Durkheim and favoured structuralist analysis.
Charles IV makes his first attempt to retake the Hungarian throne
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 26 March 1921 the former king launched the first of two failed coups to regain the Hungarian throne, known as the Easter Crisis. He returned to Switzerland and Miklós Horthy kept power.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1921 for both attempts together. The date stored is that of the first attempt, 26 March 1921 (the infobox gives 26 to 27 March 1921); English Wikipedia describes the second attempt, the march on Budapest, as taking place in October 1921.
The club began on 27 March 1921 as Alfredshems IK in Örnsköldsvik, later becoming MoDo AIK and then Modo Hockey. It has won the Swedish championship twice, in 1979 and 2007.
Born Derek van den Bogaerde, the English actor, novelist and screenwriter became a matinée idol partly through Doctor in the House. He won the BAFTA for Best Actor twice, for The Servant and Darling, and was knighted in 1992.
On 30 March 1921 young footballers from Lyngby IF decided to break away and form their own club, Lyngby Boldklub af 1921. The club is based in Lyngby, a suburb of Copenhagen.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 1921; the History section gives 30 March 1921.
Iowa's legislators officially adopted the state flag in March 1921, when it was accepted as law. Dixie Cornell Gebhardt had designed the vertical blue, white and red tricolour in 1917.
Notes
Two dates in English Wikipedia: the infobox gives adoption on 29 March 1921, while the History section says the flag was accepted as law by mid-March 1921; stored at month precision. Wikidata gives 1921-03-12.
· United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Warren G. Harding is inaugurated as US president
Politics & diplomacy
Warren G. Harding took the presidential oath on Friday 4 March 1921 on the Capitol's East Portico, administered by Chief Justice Edward D. White. Calvin Coolidge became vice president.
Notes
Infobox: 4 March 1921, 34th inauguration. The inauguration also marks the start of Harding's presidency.
· Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas, United States · North America
Hot Springs in Arkansas becomes a national park
Everyday life
Congress passed an act on 4 March 1921 renaming the former Hot Springs Reservation, created in 1832 to preserve the springs for recreation, as a national park. Its Bathhouse Row holds North America's finest group of bathhouses of this type.
Notes
Infobox: established 20 April 1832 (designated as a national park on 4 March 1921).
The Congress sat from 4 March 1921 to 4 March 1923, the opening two years of Harding's presidency. Republicans increased their majorities and, with Harding sworn in, held the House, Senate and presidency together for the first time since 1909.
The silent film The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Rex Ingram's American silent epic war film, adapted by June Mathis from Vicente Blasco Ibáñez's 1916 Spanish novel, was released on 6 March 1921 by Metro Pictures. It made Rudolph Valentino a star.
Notes
Only the infobox gives a day (released 6 March 1921 US); Wikidata gives 1921 (year). The body says it premiered in New York and was reviewed in April 1921.
· Near Kingsville, Ohio, United States · North America
John Burroughs dies on a train in Ohio
Lives
The US naturalist and nature writer, who took part in the American conservation movement, died on a train near Kingsville, Ohio, on 29 March 1921. In February he had undergone an operation to remove a chest abscess.
Notes
Infobox: died 29 March 1921, Kingsville, Ohio. Wikidata gave California as the place; the article says Ohio.
The new Mongolian People's Party formed a native communist army in March 1921 during the People's Revolution, led by Damdin Sükhbaatar against White Russian troops and remaining Chinese garrisons.
Notes
Sources give different days in March 1921. The infobox of the article on the Mongolian Armed Forces gives 18 March 1921, and Russian Wikipedia's article on the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army says the army was formed on 18 March 1921; the article on the Mongolian People's Army gives 13 March 1921 as the founding date, when four cavalry regiments were set up out of partisan units. The same article puts the decision to form the People's Militia on 9 February 1921. Wikidata gives only the year 1921, imported from English Wikipedia. Stored at month level.
Mongolian revolutionaries, helped by the Soviet Red Army, drove Russian White Guards out of the country between March and July 1921. The revolution ended the occupation by China's Beiyang government, which had begun in 1919.
Notes
Infobox dates it 1 March – 11 July 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The İstiklâl Marşı is adopted as Turkey's national anthem
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Grand National Assembly adopted the anthem in March 1921, using a ten-stanza poem by Mehmet Âkif Ersoy chosen in a nationwide competition. Osman Zeki Üngör ultimately composed its music.
Notes
The lead gives adoption on 12 March 1921; a body sentence says the poem was recited to the Assembly on 1 March 1921 and adopted unanimously, so the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1921 (year). Dates as given in the source; Turkish sources of the period may use other calendars. Place: held by the Ankara government (Government of the Grand National Assembly, in existence from 23 April 1920), not by the Istanbul government.
· Cairo, Sultanate of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
The Cairo Conference on British policy in the Middle East
Politics & diplomacy
British officials met in Cairo and Jerusalem from 12 to 30 March 1921, summoned by Winston Churchill, newly Colonial Secretary, to the Semiramis Hotel. The secret meeting produced the plan for British control of Iraq and Transjordan.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year); the lead states 12 to 30 March 1921, and a body sentence says it convened on 12 March.
· İnönü, Eskişehir, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Second Battle of İnönü begins
War & conflict
Greek and Turkish forces fought near İnönü from 23 March to 1 April 1921, opening with a Greek assault on İsmet's positions. A stalemate followed because the Turks missed a chance to encircle the Greek army, which withdrew in good order.
Notes
English infobox and lead give 23 March to 1 April 1921, and Turkish Wikipedia gives the same span (its infobox says 23 to 31 March, with the victory telegram on 1 April). Wikidata gives 26 to 31 March 1921. Turkish civil dates had used Gregorian day numbering since 1917, so no conversion is needed. Place: the Ankara government's troops defended against the Greek advance.
The Australian Air Force was formed on 31 March 1921, succeeding the interim Australian Air Corps. King George V approved the 'Royal' prefix in May, effective 13 August 1921.
Notes
Infobox: start date 31 March 1921. The 'Royal' prefix took effect on 13 August 1921, a separate step.
F. W. Murnau's film The Haunted Castle premieres in Berlin
Stage, music & film
Murnau's silent mystery film premiered at the Marmorhaus cinema in Berlin on 7 April 1921. According to the script, shooting took place between 10 February and 2 March 1921.
· Northern Scotland, northwestern Norway and the Arctic · Europe
An annular solar eclipse crosses northern Scotland and Norway
Science
An annular solar eclipse took place on Friday 8 April 1921, visible as a ring from northern Scotland, the northwest tip of Norway and Arctic islands in Russia. Elsewhere, including Europe and North Africa, it appeared as a partial eclipse.
Notes
Dates and times are as given in UTC in the article.
Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson launched the Cunard liner on 9 April 1921 as successor to an earlier Laconia of 1911–1917. She was completed in January 1922, and her maiden voyage went from Southampton to New York City.
Notes
The infobox names the builder as Swan Hunter of Wallsend, England, and the maiden voyage went from Southampton to New York City. Wikidata gives Africa as the region, which reflects the ship's later sinking in the South Atlantic in 1942.
Augusta Viktoria, the last German Empress, dies in exile
Lives
Through her marriage to Wilhelm II, Augusta Viktoria became the final German Empress and Queen of Prussia. She died at Huis Doorn on 11 April 1921 and was buried at Potsdam on 19 April.
Notes
Infobox: died 11 April 1921, Huis Doorn; buried 19 April 1921, Antique Temple, Potsdam.
Léon Bel registered his brand as a trademark in France on 16 April 1921. The Laughing Cow is a processed cheese brand made by Fromageries Bel since 1921.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year); the day is the trademark date stated in the body.
The British actor, writer and humanitarian was born at 45 Belsize Park, London, on 16 April 1921. He became a noted raconteur on television talk shows and played Hercule Poirot six times.
A Soviet-era film body is set up in Tbilisi, the root of the Georgian Film Studio
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
A body called Goskino was created in 1921 inside Georgia's People's Commissariat of Education, and one account gives 16 April 1921 as the studio's founding date. The studio grew from earlier Tbilisi film companies and became Georgian Film in 1953.
Notes
Only the infobox gives the day (16 April 1921). The body's 1921 entry about Goskino has no day, and Wikidata gives only the year.
The 16th edition of the race, run on 17 April 1921 over 342 kilometres, was among the hardest because snow covered the roads. Pélissier's winning time was almost 15 hours.
The Barcelona Declaration on the flag right of land-locked states is signed
Politics & diplomacy
Twenty-five states signed the declaration in Barcelona on 20 April 1921, at a League of Nations conference on transit and communications. It established that a land-locked state may register ships and sail them under its own flag.
Notes
The body of English Wikipedia's article gives 20 April 1921 twice (account of the signing and the text's own dateline).
The Barcelona treaty on freedom of transit is signed
Politics & diplomacy
The treaty was signed in Barcelona on 20 April 1921 and secures the free passage of various commercial goods over national borders. It took effect on 31 October 1922.
The Barcelona Convention on navigable waterways is concluded
Politics & diplomacy
This multilateral treaty, agreed in Barcelona on 20 April 1921, aims to guarantee freedom of navigation on ports, rivers and canals of international importance. It came into effect on 31 October 1922 and remains in force.
Albania held its first elections on 21 April 1921, after the National Council that first met in Tirana in March 1920 was dissolved in December 1920 to make way for them. The second National Council sat from 21 April 1921.
Notes
Infobox: first election 21 April 1921; the legislature's foundation is given as 27 March 1920. Wikidata gives 1921-04.
· Stamford Bridge, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Tottenham Hotspur beat Wolves in the 1921 FA Cup final
Sport
Tottenham Hotspur won the 1921 FA Cup final at Stamford Bridge on 23 April 1921 with a single goal from Jimmy Dimmock, eight minutes after the break. King George V presented the cup.
Bozen Bloody Sunday: fascists attack in South Tyrol
War & conflict
On 24 April 1921 fascists from elsewhere in Italy arrived at Bozen's railway station and joined local supporters in violence, the first peak of fascist violence in South Tyrol. Teacher Franz Innerhofer was shot dead while trying to protect a boy.
Notes
On that same day an Anschluss vote took place in Austria's remaining part of Tyrol.
The final was played at Stade Pershing in Paris on 24 April 1921. Red Star beat Olympique de Paris 2–1, with goals from Robert Clavel and Marcel Naudin.
The Dutch painter, sculptor and poet was born at his parents' home on Dapperstraat. He began painting at age fourteen and co-founded the avant-garde CoBrA movement in 1948.
Guatemala ratified the Pact of Union on 6 April 1921, the third ratification needed, which started the federation of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. A constitution followed on 9 September.
Notes
Dates were checked against infobox, lead and body. Costa Rica signed the pact but its congress rejected it on 21 June 1921. Region given as North America (Central America).
· Hampton, Virginia, United States · North America
Mary Jackson is born in Hampton, Virginia
Lives
Born Mary Winston, she began in 1951 as a computer in the segregated West Area Computing division of NACA, later NASA, at Langley. In 1958 she became NASA's first black woman engineer.
· Oakland, California, United States · North America
Thomas Schelling is born in Oakland, California
Lives
The economist and professor worked on arms control and nuclear strategy and taught at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2005 he and Robert Aumann were co-winners of the Nobel economics memorial prize.
· New York and New Jersey, United States · North America
The Port of New York Authority is established
Economy & trade
An interstate compact created the Port of New York Authority on 30 April 1921, a joint venture between New York and New Jersey authorised by Congress. It runs much of the region's bridges, tunnels, airports and seaports.
Tan Kah Kee, a patriotic Chinese businessman living in Singapore, founded Xiamen University, once known as Amoy University, on 6 April 1921. It began with a very small faculty and student body.
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Ningxia, China, on 12 April 1921, about 15 km deep. The recorded death toll is 10,000.
Notes
NOAA gives the time as 09:36 UTC on 12 April 1921; a Chinese catalogue quoted by NOAA gives 17:36 local time, the same day. Deaths figure is NOAA's deathsTotal (10000). NOAA labels the location Ningxia although the coordinates lie further west.
· Tatev, Syunik (Zangezur), Armenian SSR (now Armenia) · Asia
The Republic of Mountainous Armenia is declared at Tatev
Politics & diplomacy
On 26 April 1921 the second Pan-Zangezurian congress, meeting at Tatev monastery, proclaimed the republic. Garegin Nzhdeh and his allies set up this anti-Bolshevik Armenian state after the February Uprising was put down.
Notes
Infobox and body agree on 26 April 1921; the infobox end date is 13 July 1921 and the lead says mid-July. Location of the congress is Tatev monastery per the body; Armenia placed in Asia.
The Emirate of Transjordan is established under Abdullah
Politics & diplomacy
The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921 as an autonomous area under a League of Nations mandate. Abdullah had entered the region in November 1920 and moved to Amman on 2 March 1921.
Notes
Infobox: established 11 April; earlier event March 1921 (Cairo Conference). Wikidata region was Europe; Middle East used here.
In April 1921 Simon Kimbangu, a Baptist mission catechist, started a mass movement in the Belgian Congo with reported miracle healings and Bible teaching. It grew into Kimbanguism, a Christian-derived religion.
Notes
Infobox: founded April 1921. Wikidata's day (1921-04-06) is not supported by the article.
The Austrian Jewish pacifist, publicist and journalist died in Vienna in May 1921. He had helped found the German peace movement and shared the 1911 Nobel Peace Prize with Tobias Asser.
Notes
The lead gives his death as 4 May 1921 while the infobox gives 5 May 1921 (Wikidata 1921-05-05), so the month is stored. Infobox death place: Vienna.
· Kakheti and Khevsureti, Georgian SSR (now Georgia) · Europe
The Kakheti–Khevsureti rebellion against Bolshevik rule begins in Georgia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Georgians rose against Bolshevik forces in Kakheti and Khevsureti after the Red Army invasion, led by Prince Kakutsa Cholokashvili, a colonel of the Georgian army. The Bolsheviks sent aircraft and large forces against the militia.
Notes
Infobox gives May 1921 to December 1921; Wikidata gives month 1921-05 with an end of 1921-12-01.
The Dadiani Palace in Zugdidi is turned into a museum
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The palace complex was fully turned into a museum on 1 May 1921, at the initiative of the ethnographer and geologist Akaki Chanturia. It is a group of old princely residences in western Georgia.
Notes
Infobox lists 'established: 1840'; the body gives 1 May 1921 for the full transformation into a museum.
The Melitopol Regional Museum opened on 1 May 1921 in a building on Dzerzhinsky Street, with a teacher as its first director. Today it is the Melitopol Museum of Local History, housed in the Chernikov Mansion.
Notes
Infobox gives established 1900; the body gives 1 May 1921 for the regional museum's opening.
· United Kingdom (now Ireland and Northern Ireland) · Europe
Ireland is partitioned
Politics & diplomacy
The Government of Ireland Act 1920 came into force on 3 May 1921, creating Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Northern Ireland received a devolved government and stayed in the United Kingdom.
Chanel No. 5, composed by the chemist and perfumer Ernest Beaux, was launched at Coco Chanel's boutique on 5 May 1921. It was the first perfume she launched.
Notes
Infobox: released on 5 May 1921 for chosen customers at the rue Cambon shop. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
The party was founded on 8 May 1921 when a Bolshevik-inspired faction won control of the Socialist Party of Romania. It was outlawed in 1924 and spent much of the interwar period as a minor illegal group under Comintern control.
Notes
Infobox foundation 8 May 1921; Wikidata gives 1921-05-08.
Athletic Bilbao beat Athletic Madrid in the 1921 Copa del Rey final
Sport
Athletic Bilbao won the 1921 cup final 4–1 at San Mamés on 8 May 1921, with José María Laca and Domingo Acedo each scoring twice. It was the club's eighth domestic cup title.
The German student who joined the non-violent White Rose resistance group against the Nazis was born in Forchtenberg on 9 May 1921. With her brother Hans she handed out leaflets urging resistance to the Nazi state.
The Spanish novelist, journalist, critic, poet, playwright and professor died in Madrid on 12 May 1921. Her naturalism and feminist ideas made her one of the best-known women writers of her time.
Notes
Infobox: died 12 May 1921 in Madrid. Wikidata gives 1921-05-12 although its description says 1851–1922.
The German artist, teacher, performance artist and theorist of art taught as a professor at the Düsseldorf art academy between 1961 and 1972. He was also a founding member of the German Green Party.
Italy held general elections on 15 May 1921, and the Liberal governing coalition won a majority with the help of Fascist candidates who joined its National Bloc. Regions newly acquired by Italy elected deputies for the first time.
A French Senate report discusses the 1920 petition for Algerian political rights
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Senator Charles Cadilhon reported the senators' debates on the petition during the Senate session of 19 May 1921. Dated 18 July 1920, it was the first petition to claim political rights for Algerians within French Algeria.
Notes
The petition itself is dated 18 July 1920. The 1921-05-19 date in Wikidata matches the Senate session where Cadilhon reported.
The Georgian Soviet republic adopts its official emblem
Politics & diplomacy
The Georgian SSR's government adopted its coat of arms on 20 May 1921, after the Revolutionary Committee had discussed it on 8 March and 15 May. The design was loosely modelled on the Soviet Union's arms and showed grapes and wheat.
· Annaberg (Góra Świętej Anny), Upper Silesia · Europe
The Battle of Annaberg is fought in the Third Silesian Uprising
War & conflict
From 21 to 26 May 1921, irregular Polish-Silesian units captured a strategic hill near Annaberg and German Freikorps then pushed them back. The battle was inconclusive, and the final border came from political and diplomatic efforts.
The Soviet physicist, born in Moscow on 21 May 1921, oversaw the development of thermonuclear weapons and did basic work in particle physics, magnetism and physical cosmology. He later became a human rights activist and dissident.
The Leipzig war crimes trials of German officers begin
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Germany's Reichsgericht in Leipzig tried alleged German war criminals in 1921, as a penalty imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Most of the trials ran from 23 May to 16 July 1921, and twelve defendants stood trial.
Notes
The lead gives 1921 only; the History section dates most trials 23 May - 16 July 1921, and three earlier ones January 1921.
· United Kingdom (now Ireland and Northern Ireland) · Europe
Elections are held to the parliaments of Northern and Southern Ireland
Politics & diplomacy
Polling day was 24 May 1921 for the two parliaments created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. In the south all 124 Sinn Féin and 4 Independent Unionist candidates were returned unopposed, while the Ulster Unionist Party won a landslide in Northern Ireland.
The ninth Giro d'Italia ran from 25 May to 12 June 1921, starting and finishing in Milan. Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team won, ahead of Gaetano Belloni and Bartolomeo Aymo.
The French politician and freemason, born 6 September 1835, died in Pons on 25 May 1921. He was Prime Minister under President Émile Loubet, leading the Coalition of the Left government from June 1902 to January 1905.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-05-24 (alternate 1921-05-25); the infobox, lead and body of the article all give 25 May 1921, which is stored.
Jack Steinberger is born in Bad Kissingen, Bavaria
Lives
Born Hans Jakob Steinberger into a Jewish family, the German-born American physicist is known for neutrino research. He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz, and later worked at CERN.
Born Walker Smith Jr., he fought as a professional from 1940 to 1965 and was world welterweight champion from 1946 to 1951. In 1990 he was among the first members inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame.
· Mount Vernon, New York, United States · North America
Arthur Schawlow is born
Lives
The physicist was born in Mount Vernon, New York, on 5 May 1921. With Charles Townes he developed the theoretical basis of laser science, and in 1981 he was one of three physicists awarded the Nobel Prize, alongside Bloembergen and Siegbahn.
The flag was adopted on 17 May 1921 and shows a simplified US coat of arms between the letters V and I. Under Danish rule the islands had flown a blue ensign with the Danish flag in the corner.
Notes
Infobox: adopted 17 May 1921; designer Percival Wilson Sparks. Wikidata gives 1921-05-17.
Edward Douglass White Jr. died in Washington, D.C., on 19 May 1921, after 27 years on the US Supreme Court. President Taft had raised him to Chief Justice in 1910, and before the court he had represented Louisiana in the Senate.
Notes
Infobox: died 19 May 1921, Washington, D.C.; his chief-justice term ended that day.
After meeting secretly from 23 to 25 May 1921 in a barn near Guelph, Ontario, local communists and socialists founded the party on 28 May 1921 under conditions of illegality. The Comintern accepted it as its Canadian section in December.
· Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Indiana, United States · North America
Tommy Milton wins the 1921 Indianapolis 500
Sport
The ninth Indianapolis 500 took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Monday 30 May 1921. Tommy Milton won the first of his two Indy 500 victories, with riding mechanic Harry Franck.
On 31 May and 1 June 1921, white mobs, some armed and deputised by city officials, attacked Black residents, homes and businesses in Tulsa's Greenwood District. More than 35 square blocks were burned, and estimates of the dead run from 39 to around 300.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-06-01 (end) with start 1921-05-31. Death toll is disputed: the state recorded 36, a 2001 commission identified 39, estimates run up to about 300.
The Svaneti uprising against Bolshevik rule begins in Georgia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The first peasant disturbances appeared in May 1921 and grew into an armed revolt against the Georgian Revkom. In September rebel bands led by Mosostr Dadeshkeliani and others disarmed Red Army units in Svaneti.
Notes
Infobox: May 1921 - December 1921. Region placed in Asia to match the other Caucasus rows (Wikidata says Europe).
Soviet troops intervene in Mongolia against Baron Ungern
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Soviet troops fought in Mongolia in 1921, at the request of its communist government, against the White Russian Baron Ungern. Combined Bolshevik and Red Mongol forces captured Urga on 6 July 1921.
Notes
Infobox: 1 May - 31 August 1921; Wikidata gives 1921-08. Ungern's capture and execution came after the infobox end date. Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1921.
The Indian film director, screenwriter, author, illustrator and composer was born in Calcutta on 2 May 1921 to the author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray. He began as a commercial artist before turning to independent filmmaking.
Meitaro Takeuchi's firm became the independent Komatsu Ltd on 13 May 1921. The company is named after the city of Komatsu in Ishikawa Prefecture, where it began.
Notes
Infobox: founded in Komatsu, Ishikawa, on 13 May 1921.
The 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition sets out
ExplorationSome details uncertain
The expedition left Darjeeling on 18 May 1921 to scout routes for climbing Everest, approaching from the north through Tibet because Nepal was closed to foreigners. Climbers found a feasible route over the Lhakpa La and reached the North Col.
Notes
Two dates appear in English Wikipedia's History section: the expedition set off in April 1921, and it left Darjeeling on 18 May 1921 to march towards Everest; the Darjeeling departure date is the one stored. Wikidata gives April 1921 as the start and September 1921 as the end (month precision).
The modern city of Naha was officially founded on 20 May 1921. Centuries earlier it had been the trading hub of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and it is now the capital of Okinawa Prefecture.
Notes
Infobox: city settled May 20, 1921; special district settled 1896.
The fifth Far Eastern Championship Games open in Shanghai
Sport
China, Japan and the Philippines competed in eight sports over five days, from 30 May to 3 June 1921. India, Malaya, Siam, Ceylon and Java were invited but stayed away because of the cost of sending teams.
Notes
Infobox: opening 30 May 1921, closing 3 June 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 with start 1921-05-30 and end 1921-06-03.
A clash between two Jewish groups in Jaffa on 1 May 1921 turned into Arab attacks on Jews and then Jewish reprisals against Arabs. The rioting reached other places in the country and left 47 Jews and 48 Arabs dead.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-05-01 with end 1921-05-07. Infobox repeats the death counts.
· As-Suwayda, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
The Druze state of Jabal al-Druze is formed in the French Mandate of Syria
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Druze state came into being on 1 May 1921 as a self-governing state within French-mandated Syria, meant to govern the local Druze under French supervision. Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash served as its first governor.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-03-16; the infobox and body agree on 1 May 1921, which is stored. The Alawite State was set up in another part of the mandate.
The Arditi del Popolo, an Italian anti-fascist militia, is founded
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The militant anti-fascist group formed in mid-1921 to oppose the rise of Mussolini's party and the brutality of the Blackshirt squads. Members included trade unionists, socialists, communists, anarchists, republicans and some former military officers.
Notes
The lead says the group was founded at the end of June 1921; the infobox gives dates active from 17 June 1921. Month precision used.
· Yasnaya Polyana, near Tula, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Tolstoy's estate Yasnaya Polyana is nationalised as a state museum
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
In June 1921 the Soviet state nationalised Yasnaya Polyana, Leo Tolstoy's home near Tula, and made it a memorial and nature reserve. Tolstoy's daughter Alexandra Tolstaya ran it at first.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-06-10; English Wikipedia says only June 1921.
The French dramatist of the Belle Époque, known for farces such as La Dame de chez Maxim and La Puce à l'oreille, died on 5 June 1921. He spent his last two years in a sanatorium at Rueil after his mental condition worsened sharply in 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-06-05; the body states the same date.
King George V opened the new Southwark Bridge across the Thames on 6 June 1921, after the war had held up its rebuilding. The City Corporation's Bridge House Estates Committee rebuilt it between 1913 and 1921.
Philip was born on 10 June 1921 at Mon Repos on Corfu into the Greek and Danish royal families, and his family was driven out of Greece when he was 18 months old. He later married the future Queen Elizabeth II.
Notes
The article states that 10 June 1921 is the Gregorian date; Greece still used the Julian calendar until 1923, under which the birth date was 28 May 1921.
Latvia's Constitutional Assembly officially adopted the national coat of arms on 15 June 1921, and it came into official use from 19 August. Artists Vilhelms Krūmiņš and Rihards Zariņš designed it.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives two dates: adopted 15 June 1921 (infobox and lead), in official use from 19 August 1921 (lead). The adoption date is stored.
The Latvian Football Union was set up on 19 June 1921, the body that is now the Latvian Football Federation. It operated until 1940, when the Soviet occupation closed it down.
· Heiligenstadt, Döbling, Vienna, Austria · Europe
The Hohe Warte Stadium opens in Vienna
Architecture
The stadium on the Hohe Warte hill in Heiligenstadt was thought at the time to be the best and biggest sporting venue on the European continent. It is the home ground of First Vienna FC, and the Austrian national team played many matches there in the 1920s and 1930s.
Notes
The infobox gives the day (19 June 1921); the body says only 1921.
· All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom · Europe
The 1921 Wimbledon Championships begin
Sport
The 41st Wimbledon Championships ran on grass from 20 June to 2 July 1921, with Bill Tilden winning the men's singles and Suzanne Lenglen the women's singles. It was the last at the original Worple Road site.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year) with start 1921-06-20 and end 1921-07-02.
The International Hydrographic Bureau is founded in Monaco
Politics & diplomacy
The organisation now called the International Hydrographic Organization was founded on 21 June 1921 and is based in Monaco. Vice Admiral Sir John Parry of the United Kingdom was its first President.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 21 June 1921; body says established June 1921 and began activities in 1921.
The Comintern's third world congress opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The congress met in Moscow from 22 June to 12 July 1921, after the failure of the German revolution and as Soviet Russia introduced its New Economic Policy. Delegations came from more than 50 national structures, and Lenin addressed them.
Pope Benedict XV re-establishes the Diocese of Meissen
Religion & philosophy
On 24 June 1921 Pope Benedict XV refounded the Diocese of Meissen by abolishing the Apostolic Prefecture of Lusatia and making its seat at Bautzen the diocese's seat. The original bishopric had ended in 1539 amid the Protestant Reformation.
The fifteenth Tour de France ran from 26 June to 24 July 1921, and the Belgian Léon Scieur won in a largely uncontested victory. The race brought foreign press coverage for the first time.
Jennie Churchill, born Jeanette Jerome in Brooklyn, died in London on 29 June 1921. Lord Randolph Churchill was her husband, and Winston Churchill her son.
Notes
Infobox: died 29 June 1921 in London; buried at St Martin's Church, Bladon. The source says there is some disagreement over her birth date and place.
Former Cuban president José Miguel Gómez dies in New York
Lives
The Cuban politician and revolutionary, a rebel commander in Cuba's war of independence, died in New York on 13 June 1921. He had been president of Cuba from 1909 to 1913.
On 13 June 1921 Costa Rican clubs, among them Alajuelense, Cartaginés, Herediano and La Libertad, created the Liga Nacional de Fútbol to run the sport nationally. Today the federation runs the men's and women's national teams.
Notes
Infobox and body agree on 13 June 1921; the body names the body created that day as the Liga Nacional de Futbol.
· Bemidji, Minnesota, United States · North America
Jane Russell is born in Bemidji, Minnesota
Lives
Born Ernestine Jane Geraldine Russell, she made her screen debut in Howard Hughes' The Outlaw (1943) and starred in over 20 films. In 1955 she founded Waif, an adoption programme.
· Queens, New York City, United States · North America
Judy Holliday is born in Queens, New York City
Lives
Born Judith Tuvim, the actress, comedian, singer and songwriter won the Best Actress Oscar for the 1950 film version of Born Yesterday. She also won a Tony Award for the Broadway musical Bells Are Ringing.
· Baltimore County, Maryland, United States · North America
Charles Joseph Bonaparte dies
Lives
The American lawyer and reformer, a grandson of Jerome Bonaparte, died in Baltimore County on 28 June 1921. He had served Theodore Roosevelt as Navy Secretary and then as Attorney General.
Notes
Infobox: died 28 June 1921, Baltimore County, Maryland.
Club Sportivo Godoy Cruz was born in June 1921 in the Mendoza suburb of Godoy Cruz, with the inexperienced Romero Garay as its first president. A merger with Deportivo Bodega Antonio Tomba led to its present name in April 1930.
Notes
Two dates in the source: the infobox and History section say 1 June 1921, while the History section also gives 21 June 1921 as the official founding; stored at month precision.
· Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil · South America
Figueirense football club is founded in Florianópolis
Sport
On 12 June 1921 the club began life as Figueirense Football Club in Florianópolis, in Santa Catarina state. Today it plays in Série C and in the Catarinense state league.
Notes
Infobox, lead and History section all give 12 June 1921.
Workers strike at the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Madras
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Workers at the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills struck against the managing company, Binny and Co., from June to October 1921, badly hurting the Madras economy. Police opened fire on strikers on 29 August 1921.
Notes
The lead gives June to October 1921; the body says spinning-department workers stopped work on 20 May 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
· Kemusuk, near Yogyakarta, Dutch East Indies · Asia
Suharto is born
LivesSome details uncertain
Suharto, later Indonesia's second president, was born on 8 June 1921 near Yogyakarta in the Dutch East Indies. His Javanese Muslim parents divorced soon after his birth, and he lived mostly with foster parents.
Notes
The lead gives Kemusuk as the birthplace; the infobox gives Bantoel.
Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu) is founded as a company
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Nagoya Railroad, called Meitetsu, has 13 June 1921 as a founding date, alongside an earlier 1894 date under another name. It runs privately owned train lines in Aichi and Gifu prefectures and ranks among Japan's largest private railway operators.
Notes
The infobox lists two founding dates: 25 June 1894 under an earlier name, Aichi Basha Tetsudo, and 13 June 1921.
Red Army forces suppress Korean independence fighters at Svobodny
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 28 June 1921 at Svobodny, in the Far Eastern Republic, Red Army forces surrounded and suppressed exiled Korean independence fighters who would not accept their command. Surviving units organised a Korean Revolutionary Army in August.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-01-13 to 1921-06-28; the lead and infobox give 28 June 1921.
· Izmit district, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Inter-Allied Commission reports on atrocities in the Izmit district
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Inter-Allied Commission of Enquiry presented its report on 1 June 1921 on the Izmit massacres, atrocities committed during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922. From spring 1921, Turkish bands spread south of Izmit, destroying Christian villages.
Notes
The infobox gives the massacres as March 1920 to June 1921; the date stored here is the commission's report on 1 June 1921. Survivor accounts give differing start dates for individual incidents. Victim figures in the infobox are not used.
· Mount Abarrán, Spanish Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
The Battle of Abarrán is fought in the Rif War
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 1 June 1921, Rifians attacked a Spanish post newly set up on Mount Abarrán and massacred its garrison, a Rifian victory. In January that year Abd el-Krim had united several tribes of the central Rif under his leadership.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-05-30 to 1921-06-01; the infobox gives 1 June 1921, which is used.
· Broken Hill (Kabwe) mine, Northern Rhodesia · Africa
The Kabwe 1 skull is found in Zambia
ScienceSome details uncertain
A Swiss miner, Tom Zwiglaar, recorded finding an almost complete archaic human skull in a cavern at the Broken Hill mine on 17 June 1921. Arthur Smith Woodward of the British Museum named the fossils a new species, Homo rhodesiensis.
Notes
Lead says discovered in 1921; a body sentence gives 17 June 1921, which Wikidata also uses. Wikidata's place (Natural History Museum) is where the fossil is kept; the find was at the Kabwe (then Broken Hill) mine.
The South African Reserve Bank, created by a 1920 Currency and Bank Act, began operating on 30 June 1921. It is described as the continent's oldest central bank.
Notes
Infobox: established 30 June 1921. The first banknotes were issued on 19 April 1922.
The third of three Polish revolts in Upper Silesia began in early May 1921 and was over by July 1921, as insurgents fought German police and paramilitaries. Afterwards the area was divided between Germany and Poland.
Notes
The English infobox dates the whole series 16 August 1919 to 21 July 1921 and the third uprising 2 May to 21 July 1921; German Wikipedia says the third uprising ran from early May to early July 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-07-21. Only July 1921 is stored for the end.
Joseph Lamy and Emile Akar founded Amilcar in July 1921, and its small cyclecar made its first appearance at the Paris motor show that October. The 4-cylinder Amilcar CC followed in 1922.
The Swedish club was set up at Café Norden in Skellefteå on 1 July 1921, although it did not play ice hockey until 1943. It is now a professional side in the Swedish Hockey League.
King Christian X of Denmark and Iceland founded the order by royal decree on 3 July 1921, during a royal visit to Iceland. It rewards merit for Iceland and for humanity and has five degrees.
The French-born economist and mathematician is best remembered as a Berkeley economics professor, starting there in 1962. In 1983 he won the Nobel economics memorial prize.
· United Kingdom (now Ireland and Northern Ireland) · Europe
The Irish War of Independence ends
War & conflict
Fighting between Irish Republican Army guerrillas and the British Army, the Royal Irish Constabulary and its auxiliaries ended on 11 July 1921. The war had begun in January 1919, and it led to the Irish Free State and the partition of Ireland.
Notes
Infobox dates the war 21 January 1919 – 11 July 1921; Wikidata also gives 1921-07-11.
· Belsize Park, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Emily Davies dies
Lives
The English feminist who founded Girton College at Cambridge died at home in Belsize Park on 13 July 1921 and was buried two days later. She had campaigned for women's suffrage and for women's right to a university education.
· Prizren, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Kosovo) · Europe
The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed in Prizren
Politics & diplomacy
Marka Gjoni, a chieftain of the Catholic Mirdita region, feared Albania's new government would ban Catholicism, and he let Yugoslav authorities proclaim the Mirdita Republic in his name on 17 July 1921. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes pressed border claims against Albania and sent troops.
Notes
The Wikipedia article covers the Albanian–Yugoslav border war of 17 July to 20 November 1921; Wikidata also gives an end date of 1921-11-20.
The first issue of the French fashion magazine L'Officiel appears
Art & literature
Amédée-Martin Brunhes founded L'Officiel, first issued on 20 July 1921 as the house organ of the Paris couture trade body, the Chambre Syndicale. Its first photographic cover, by Delphi, appeared on 15 September 1921.
The Aerowagon railcar derails near Serpukhov with Profintern delegates aboard
TechnologySome details uncertain
On 24 July 1921 the experimental Aerowagon, a railcar driven by an aircraft engine and propeller, took Profintern congress delegates to Tula. On the way back it derailed at high speed near Serpukhov; six people on board died and a seventh died later.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year). The infobox lists the railcar as destroyed in 1921. The French article also dates the fatal accident to 24 July 1921 and says 7 of the 22 on board died; the English text says six died at the scene and a seventh later.
Jimmy Murphy won the 15th Grand Prix of the Automobile Club de France in a Duesenberg on 25 July 1921, completing 30 laps of a 17.26 km course. Cars started in pairs at one-minute intervals instead of together.
Belgium and Luxembourg sign the treaty creating their economic union
Politics & diplomacy
Belgium and Luxembourg signed the treaty founding their economic union on 25 July 1921, and it took effect once Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies ratified it on 22 December 1922. The union is regarded as a forerunner of Benelux.
Notes
Lead gives the signing date as 25 July 1921 and entry into force as 22 December 1922.
Hitler became head of the Nazi Party on 29 July 1921, succeeding Anton Drexler, the Party Chairman. He had joined its precursor, the German Workers' Party, in 1919, and held the leadership until 30 April 1945.
Notes
Date comes from the infobox term for the party post; the lead says he was appointed leader in 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-07-29.
H. P. Lovecraft's story The Terrible Old Man is first published
Art & literature
Lovecraft wrote the story on 28 January 1920, and it first appeared in the amateur publication Tryout in July 1921. It concerns the fate of three men who plan to rob an old man's home.
The future First Lady was born Anne Frances Robbins at Sloane Hospital for Women in Manhattan on 6 July 1921. As Nancy Davis she acted in Hollywood films in the 1940s and 1950s before marrying Ronald Reagan in 1952.
Mexicana de Aviación, headed by William Lantie Mallory and George Rihl, was founded on 12 July 1921 and began operations on 30 August. It became the oldest airline in Mexico.
Notes
Two dates in the source: founded 12 July 1921 and commenced 30 August 1921 (infobox); the founding date is stored.
The future astronaut was born in Cambridge, Ohio, on 18 July 1921 and became a Marine Corps aviator. He flew Friendship 7 on 20 February 1962 and became the first American to orbit the Earth.
· Providence, Rhode Island, United States · North America
Aaron Beck is born in Providence, Rhode Island
Lives
The University of Pennsylvania psychiatry professor is seen by many as the founder of cognitive therapy and of cognitive behavioral therapy. He also developed the Beck Depression Inventory.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1921-07-17 as an alternative date; the infobox, lead and body all give 18 July.
The American medical physicist was born in New York City on 19 July 1921. Her development of the radioimmunoassay technique brought her a 1977 Nobel award, shared with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally.
· Santa Monica, California, United States · North America
Donald Douglas founds the Douglas Company in Santa Monica
Economy & trade
Donald Wills Douglas Sr. founded the Douglas Company on 22 July 1921 in Santa Monica, California, after the earlier Davis-Douglas Company was dissolved. It later became a division of McDonnell Douglas.
Notes
Infobox: founded 22 July 1921; defunct 28 April 1967. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
The Council on Foreign Relations is incorporated in New York
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The founders of the Council on Foreign Relations filed a certificate of incorporation on 29 July 1921, officially forming the US think tank. Elihu Root served as its first honorary president, from 1921 to 1937.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 1921 only; the day comes from a History-section sentence about filing the incorporation certificate.
Teaching began on 1 July 1921 at the University of Dhaka, then Dacca University, in the faculties of Arts, Science and Law. Lord Ronaldshay, Governor of Bengal, served as its first chancellor.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 1921; the 1 July 1921 start of academic activity comes from the History section.
The Chinese Communist Party is founded in Shanghai
Politics & diplomacy
The party was founded on 23 July 1921 at its first national congress, held in Shanghai's French Concession. Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao set it up with help from Russian Communist and Comintern bureaus.
Notes
The infobox ties the founding date to the first national congress. That congress itself ran into August 1921 (see the separate congress row).
The Chinese Communist Party holds its first national congress
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Chinese Communist Party's first National Congress opened on 23 July 1921, and the second followed in July 1922. The congress is formally the party's supreme body.
Notes
The English Wikipedia article covers the congress series; the 1921 happening is its first session. The series table gives 23 to 31 July 1921, while the article on the first congress gives 23 July to 3 August 1921 (Shanghai, then a boat at Jiaxing after a police raid on 30 July). The start agrees; the end is disputed, so no end date is stored. The Great Hall of the People venue named in the infobox applies only from 1956.
· Afyonkarahisar, Kutahya and Eskisehir, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir begins
War & conflict
The Greek Army of Asia Minor fought Turkish troops under İsmet Pasha from 10 to 24 July 1921, as the Turks defended the line from Afyonkarahisar through Kütahya to Eskişehir. The Greeks never managed to surround the withdrawing Turks.
Notes
Dates in the source: 10-24 July 1921 (Gregorian), equal to 27 June - 10 July in the Old Style calendar then used in Greece; the Gregorian dates are stored. Place: the three towns were held by the Ankara government on 10 July 1921 and fell to the Greek army during the battle.
The new vicariate was carved out of the territory of French Sudan, in present-day Mali, on 2 July 1921, and Joanny Thévenoud took office as apostolic vicar on 8 July. It was raised to a metropolitan archdiocese in 1955.
Notes
The infobox gives 9 September 1955 as the establishment date of the archdiocese, and the body gives 14 September 1955 for its promotion; the 1921 date is the vicariate's creation.
· Igueriben, near Annual, Spanish Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
The siege of the Spanish base at Igueriben begins
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From 16 to 21 July 1921, Rif tribes under Abd el-Krim besieged the Spanish base at Igueriben during the Rif War. The siege ended in a Rifian victory that wiped out the Spanish contingent commanded by Julio Benítez.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-07-17 to 1921-07-22; the lead and infobox give 16 to 21 July 1921, which is used.
From 22 July 1921, Riffian Berbers defeated the Spanish Army at Annual in northeastern Morocco during the Rif War. The Spanish lost large quantities of rifles, machine guns, horses and cannons.
Notes
Lead says fought on 22 July 1921; infobox gives 22 July – 9 August 1921. Wikidata gives start 1921-07-22 and end 1921-08-09.
The French physicist Gabriel Lippmann died aged 75 on 12 July 1921 on the voyage home from Canada to France. He had won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics for the Lippmann plate, a way of photographing in colour.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-07-13; English Wikipedia gives 12 July 1921 in the lead, infobox and body. Infobox death place: Atlantic Ocean.
The Red International of Labour Unions (Profintern) is founded
Politics & diplomacy
The Comintern created the Profintern in 1921 to coordinate communist activity inside trade unions, as a counterweight to the social-democratic 'Amsterdam International'. It declined in the mid-1930s and was dissolved in 1937.
Mussolini's Fasci and the Italian Socialists sign the Pact of Pacification
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In August 1921 Mussolini and other Fasci leaders signed a peace agreement with the Socialist Party and the labour confederation CGL, demanding an immediate end to threats, assaults, reprisals and violence by either side. Many squad leaders denounced the pact and Mussolini.
Notes
The lead says the pact was signed on August 2 or 3, 1921; Wikidata gives 1921-08-03. Month precision used.
The Italian tenor Enrico Caruso died in Naples on 2 August 1921, and his body lay in state at the Vesuvio Hotel the next day. He is widely regarded as the century's foremost tenor and as the first international recording star.
Notes
Infobox: born 25 February 1873 in Naples; died 2 August 1921 in Naples.
The poet Alexander Blok died in Petrograd on 7 August 1921. Remembered above all for The Twelve, he was a leading lyric voice of Russia's Silver Age and had become disillusioned with the Revolution.
Notes
Infobox death place: Petrograd. Wikidata gives 1921-08-07.
The Finnish author and journalist Juhani Aho, born Johannes Brofeldt, died in Helsinki on 8 August 1921. His works include Rautatie (1884), Yksin (1890) and Juha (1911).
· Rosenau manor near Zwettl, Lower Austria · Europe
Georg von Schönerer dies
Lives
The Austrian landowner and politician, a champion of pan-Germanism who wanted Austria joined to Germany, died at his Rosenau manor near Zwettl on 14 August 1921. He was a fierce antisemite and a radical opponent of political Catholicism.
· Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes · Europe
King Peter I of Serbia dies
Lives
Peter ruled Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and then the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until his death in Belgrade on 16 August 1921. Serbs remember him as King Peter the Liberator and the Old King.
· United Kingdom (now Ireland and Northern Ireland) · Europe
The Second Dáil convenes
Politics & diplomacy
The Second Dáil, the revolutionary parliament of the self-declared Irish republic, first met on 16 August 1921. Only Sinn Féin members took their seats, and on 14 September it approved five envoys to negotiate the peace treaty in England.
The United States and Austria sign a separate peace treaty
Politics & diplomacy
The two countries signed a peace treaty in Vienna on 24 August 1921, because the US Senate refused to consent to ratify the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It took effect when ratifications were exchanged on 8 November 1921.
Notes
Infobox: signed 24 August 1921, effective 8 November 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-08-24.
The United States and Germany sign a separate peace treaty
Politics & diplomacy
The two countries signed a peace treaty in Berlin on 25 August 1921, because the US Senate had refused to ratify the multilateral Treaty of Versailles. Ratifications were exchanged on 11 November 1921.
Notes
Infobox: signed 25 August 1921, effective 11 November 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-08-25.
· Kovalevsky Forest, near Petrograd, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Nikolay Gumilev is executed
LivesSome details uncertain
The Russian poet, who co-founded the Acmeist movement, was executed by the Cheka in 1921 after his arrest on 3 August. He had been accused of joining a monarchist conspiracy that did not exist.
Notes
The English article gives 26 August 1921: the Petrograd Cheka ordered the execution on 24 August and the group was shot on 26 August in the Kovalevsky Forest, a date it says was established only in 2014 (earlier accounts gave 25 August). German Wikipedia gives 24 August 1921 and Wikidata also lists 25 August. The best-supported date, 26 August, is stored. Soviet Russia used the Gregorian calendar by 1921.
The Centre Party politician, finance minister and, in 1919, vice chancellor was assassinated at Bad Griesbach in Baden on 26 August 1921. He had led the German delegation that negotiated and signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918.
Notes
Infobox: death date 26 August 1921, cause assassination.
An uprising begins in West Hungary over the Trianon border
War & conflictSome details uncertain
After the Treaty of Trianon assigned Sopron and its surroundings to Austria, local people protested, and Major Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek led mounted gendarmes through Sopron in support. A referendum followed, with 65.08% voting to belong to Hungary.
Notes
Infobox gives 28 August 1921 to 27 July 1922; Wikidata gives an end date of 1921-10-13 and a start of 1921-08-28.
Makhno's forces flee to Romania, ending the Makhnovshchina
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Nestor Makhno's insurgents crossed into Romania on 28 August 1921, which left Ukraine entirely under Soviet control. The Makhnovshchina had been an anarchist-communist mass movement in southern and eastern Ukraine.
Notes
The lead says defeated by August 1921; the History section gives 28 August 1921 for the flight to Romania.
A peace treaty between the US and the Hungarian kingdom was signed at Budapest on 29 August 1921, with ratifications exchanged there on 17 December. A separate treaty was needed because the US Senate would not ratify the Treaty of Trianon.
· Inglewood, California, United States · North America
Esther Williams is born in Inglewood, California
Lives
The youngest of five children, she set regional and national swimming records as a teenager, then joined Billy Rose's Aquacade after the war cost her a place at the 1940 Olympics. In 1952 she played swimmer Annette Kellerman in Million Dollar Mermaid.
· Philadelphia, Forest Hills and Chestnut Hill, United States · North America
The 1921 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament
SportSome details uncertain
The 41st U.S. National Championships were played on grass at three venues, in Philadelphia, Forest Hills and Chestnut Hill, from August into September 1921. Molla Bjurstedt Mallory took the women's singles title, her sixth in seven years.
Notes
The tournament was split across venues and weeks; the stored range spans the women's events (from 15 August) and the men's singles (to 19 September). Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
Gene Roddenberry, creator of Star Trek, is born in El Paso
Lives
Born Eugene Wesley Roddenberry in a rented family home, he grew up in Los Angeles. He flew 89 combat missions with the Army Air Forces in the Second World War, then created Star Trek, which premiered in 1966.
The economist, mathematician and political theorist won the 1957 John Bates Clark Medal and shared the 1972 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with John Hicks. His impossibility theorem is a contribution to social choice theory.
· Logan County, West Virginia, United States · North America
The Battle of Blair Mountain begins
War & conflictSome details uncertain
About 10,000 armed coal miners faced 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers backed by mine operators in Logan County, West Virginia, from 25 August 1921. The miners were trying to unionize the southwestern West Virginia coalfields.
Notes
Infobox gives 25 August – 2 September 1921; the lead describes five days of confrontation around the turn of August and September 1921.
Fred Niblo directed this American silent adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel, released on 28 August 1921, with Douglas Fairbanks as d'Artagnan. Some scenes used the Handschiegl colour process.
The Malabar (Moplah) rebellion began in August 1921 as resistance to British rule in southern Malabar, in present-day Kerala. It spread over about 40 percent of South Malabar for six months, and troops were sent and martial law imposed.
Notes
Infobox dates it 1921–1922. Wikidata gives 1921 (year). Estimates of deaths differ widely between official figures and other accounts.
Tuva declares independence as the Tannu Tuvan People's Republic
Politics & diplomacy
The republic declared independence on 14 August 1921, with a freshly formed Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party in power. The Bolsheviks had taken all of Tuva by March 1921.
Notes
Infobox: independence on 14 August. Wikidata gives 1921-08-14.
Uryankhay Krai ends and the Tuvan People's Republic is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacy
With Red Army support, the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party set up the Tuvan People's Republic on 14 August 1921 in the territory of Uryankhay Krai. The new state was a Soviet puppet, at first called Tannu Tuva.
· Amasya, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Amasya trials of Pontic Greek leaders begin
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Turkish nationalist authorities held trials in Amasya in 1921, in the closing phase of the Pontic Greek genocide. Greek representatives from across Pontus had been arrested and held there since December 1920.
Notes
The English infobox gives 20 August to 21 September 1921; French Wikipedia says the trials began at the end of August 1921 and uses 20 August to 21 September for the 177 hangings. The lead estimates about 400 to 450 executed in total; a body sentence gives 177 hanged and a newspaper list names 155. Only the months are stored. Turkish civil dates used Gregorian day numbering by 1921, so the calendar does not change the months.
· Sakarya River, near Polatlı, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Battle of the Sakarya begins
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Turkish forces under Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Greek forces under Anastasios Papoulas fought near Polatlı from 23 August to 13 September 1921. The battle was the decisive engagement of the Greco-Turkish War and stopped the Greek advance on Ankara.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 23 August – 13 September 1921; a body sentence says the Greeks broke off their assault on 14 September 1921. Wikidata gives start 1921-08-23, end 1921-09-13. Place: the Ankara government's army held the defence line near Polatlı against the Greek advance.
The Kingdom of Iraq is founded under British administration
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Kingdom of Iraq was founded on 23 August 1921, after the 1920 Iraqi revolt led the mandate plan to give way to a nominally sovereign kingdom. The United Kingdom had received a League of Nations mandate in 1920.
Notes
The lead gives 23 August 1921 for the founding of the kingdom; the infobox covers the later Hashemite Kingdom, independent from 3 October 1932. Wikidata region was Asia; Middle East used here. Wikidata label describes the 1932-1958 state.
MC Alger, a football club from Algiers, was created in August 1921. Aouf Ahmed, from a wealthy Casbah family, wanted to start a club after witnessing a scene that year.
Notes
Two dates in the source: the infobox gives 7 August 1921, the History section gives 31 August 1921 (26 Dhou Al-Hijja 1339 in the Hijri calendar); stored at month precision.
· Monte Arruit, Al Aaroui, Spanish Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
Spanish prisoners are massacred at Monte Arruit
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 9 August 1921, during the Rif War, Riffian forces killed most of the Spanish soldiers who surrendered at Monte Arruit. It followed the crushing Spanish defeat at Annual on 22 July.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 9 August 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-07-29 to 1921-08-11; 29 July is the day the Spanish retreated to Arruit.
The congress met in Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Czechoslovakia, from 1 to 14 September 1921 and endorsed Chaim Weizmann as head of the World Zionist Organization. It followed serious anti-Zionist rioting in Jaffa and elsewhere in May.
The Football Association of Ireland is founded in Dublin
Sport
The Leinster FA founded the Football Association of Ireland in Dublin on 2 September 1921, after confirming its break from the IFA in June. Robert Richey became the first president.
Notes
The lead says founded in 1921; the History section gives 2 September 1921.
The first Italian Grand Prix is run at Montichiari
Sport
Montichiari, near Brescia, hosted the first Italian Grand Prix on 4 September 1921. Jules Goux won in a Ballot 3/8 LC, which also gave the French maker the fifth Coppa Florio.
· Myra House, Francis Street, Dublin, United Kingdom (now Ireland) · Europe
Frank Duff founds the Legion of Mary in Dublin
Religion & philosophy
Frank Duff, a layman and civil servant, launched the Legion of Mary on 7 September 1921 at Myra House on Francis Street. Its members serve voluntarily within the Catholic Church.
Andorra adopts El gran Carlemany as its national anthem
Politics & diplomacy
Andorra adopted El gran Carlemany (The Great Charlemagne) as its national anthem on 8 September 1921, and it was first sung at the country's cathedral that day. Enric Marfany Bons composed the music and Joan Benlloch i Vivó wrote the words.
Notes
Infobox: adopted 8 September 1921; Wikidata gives 1921-09-08.
Sweden holds its first general election under universal suffrage
Politics & diplomacy
Early elections ran from 10 to 26 September 1921, and the Social Democrats stayed the biggest party with 93 of the 230 seats in the Riksdag's lower chamber. Hjalmar Branting then put together his second government.
Prince Louis of Battenberg, a Royal Navy officer, died in Piccadilly, London, on 11 September 1921. Born in Austria and raised in Italy and Germany, he joined the Royal Navy at fourteen and served as First Sea Lord from 1912 to 1914.
Notes
Infobox: died 11 September 1921, Piccadilly, London.
The Polish writer of novels, stories and essays on philosophy, futurology and literary criticism was born in Lwów on 12 September 1921. He is best known worldwide for the 1961 novel Solaris.
The football side from Elda, in Spain's Valencian autonomous community, was founded on 17 September 1921. It plays home matches at the Estadio Municipal Nuevo Pepico Amat.
Norway's Dovre Line is formally opened between Oslo and Trondheim
Architecture
On 17 September 1921 the line was finished and opened, with Dombås to Støren the last section completed. It gave Oslo a standard-gauge main line to Trondheim via Lillehammer and Dombås.
Two trains collide at Nidareid in Trondheim, killing six prominent Norwegians
Disasters
The crash on 18 September 1921 came a day after the new Dovre Line to Trondheim was inaugurated, and one of the trains was the inaugural service returning from the celebrations. All four defendants were acquitted in February 1922.
· Sarajevo, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Bosnia and Herzegovina) · Europe
Railway workers found FK Željezničar Sarajevo
SportSome details uncertain
A group of railway workers founded the club in Sarajevo, and its name means railway worker. Its founding date is given as 19 September 1921, two days after its first official match, a friendly against SASK Napredak.
Notes
The infobox founding date (19 September 1921) falls two days after the first official match (17 September 1921) recorded in the History section; the infobox date is stored.
The Oppau explosion destroys part of the BASF plant
Disasters
On 21 September 1921 about 4,500 tonnes of fertilizer, a mix of ammonium sulfate and nitrate, exploded in a tower silo at the BASF works in Oppau. At least 560 people died and about 2,000 were injured.
The German philosopher, economist and socialist, who went blind in early adulthood, died in Nowawes on 21 September 1921. He lectured to large audiences at the University of Berlin until his dismissal in 1877.
The Bulgarian writer Ivan Vazov died on 22 September 1921. He wrote poetry, novels and plays, and his works reflect both the Bulgarian Renaissance and the years after liberation from Ottoman rule.
Abraham Fraenkel announces the axiom of replacement
ScienceSome details uncertain
Fraenkel first presented his new axiom publicly on 22 September 1921 at a German Mathematical Society gathering in Jena. He had been corresponding heavily with Ernst Zermelo, who conceded in May that his system had a hole.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year). Publication was 1922; paper submitted 10 July 1921; first public announcement 22 September 1921. Informal forms appeared earlier (Cantor, Mirimanoff 1917).
The German opera composer, best known for Hansel and Gretel (1893), died on 27 September 1921. The day before, he had attended Weber's Der Freischütz in Neustrelitz.
Notes
Wikidata gives Neustrelitz as the place of death; English Wikipedia places him there the day before, on 26 September 1921.
Born Deborah Jane Trimmer in Hillhead, she made her film debut in Major Barbara in 1941. Six performances brought her Best Actress nominations, and From Here to Eternity (1953) gave her career a critical revival.
The Toronto Transportation Commission begins operating
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The Toronto Transportation Commission, later the TTC, began operating on 1 September 1921, when the city took over every route and formed the commission to run them. Buses first ran in the city that year.
Notes
The day comes from the infobox only; the lead and body give 1921.
· West Side Tennis Club, New York City, United States · North America
The 1921 Davis Cup final is played in New York
SportSome details uncertain
The 16th edition of the competition now known as the Davis Cup ended with the Challenge Round at New York's West Side Tennis Club from 2 to 5 September 1921. Defending champions the United States beat Japan.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 with the whole competition running 1921-05-23 to 1921-09-05; the dates stored here are the final round at the West Side Tennis Club, per the lead.
· Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia · North America
The Peace Arch is dedicated on the Canada–United States border
Architecture
The arch was dedicated on 6 September 1921, after international volunteers began building it in 1920 under the American lawyer Sam Hill. It stands on the exact border between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia.
· Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States · North America
The first Miss America pageant is held in Atlantic City
Everyday life
The event began as the Inter-City Beauty Contest, aimed at keeping tourists in town over Labor Day, and took place at the Million Dollar Pier. Margaret Gorman of Washington, D.C. won the Golden Mermaid.
Notes
The infobox gives 8 September 1921; the lead does not state a day. The lead's counts of contestants are inconsistent (10 versus six Inter-City Beauties), so none is used.
White Castle started in Wichita, Kansas, in 1921, selling small square hamburgers called sliders, at first for five cents each. In 1922 it began spreading to other Midwestern markets, starting with El Dorado, Kansas.
· Camp Meade, Maryland, United States · North America
The 7th Infantry Division's first period of existence ends
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The division, first raised in December 1917, was stood down on 22 September 1921 when the War Department decided to keep only three fully active infantry divisions at home. Parts of it had briefly served in combat in the First World War.
Notes
Day confirmed in the full article: inactivated on 22 September 1921 at Camp Meade as the War Department chose to keep only three fully active infantry divisions at home; the infobox range agrees. Wikidata's place (McChord Field) is not supported.
Charlie Chaplin's short comedy The Idle Class is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The silent comedy short, written and directed by Chaplin for First National Pictures, was released on 25 September 1921. Edna Purviance, Henry Bergman and Mack Swain appear alongside him.
Notes
The release day comes from the infobox only; the lead gives 1921.
The revolt began on 2 September 1921, centred on the Ayano-Maysky District in the Russian Far East, and lasted until June 1923. The Whites set up a provisional regional government for the Yakuts at Churapcha in March 1922.
Notes
Infobox gives 2 September 1921 – 16 June 1923; the lead and a body sentence say September 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-09 with place Vladivostok; the infobox location is the Ayano-Maysky District.
The Tamil poet, journalist and independence activist, a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry, died on 11 September 1921. After a British arrest warrant in 1908 he had lived in exile in French-controlled Pondicherry until 1918.
Notes
Infobox and lead both give 11 September 1921; Wikidata's 1921-09-12 differs and is not used.
· Novonikolayevsk (now Novosibirsk), Russia · Asia
Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg is executed
Lives
The Russian officer of German roots, nicknamed the Mad Baron, was shot by firing squad after a trial in Novonikolayevsk on 15 September 1921. In February he had driven Chinese troops from Mongolia and restored the Bogd Khan's monarchy.
Notes
Infobox: death place Novonikolayevsk, cause execution by firing squad. Wikidata gives 1921-09-15 with place Novosibirsk.
The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in Gilan ends
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The short-lived, unrecognised Soviet state in north-west Persia, set up by Mirza Kuchik Khan and his Jangali partisans with Red Army help, officially ended in September 1921. The Soviets had stopped backing it and signed the 1921 Russo-Persian treaty of friendship.
Notes
The lead puts its life between June 1920 and September 1921; the infobox and History section give May 1920 as the start. Only the end month is stored.
Ibn Saud led Saudi forces against the Emirate of Jabal Shammar and its last Rashidi ruler, Muhammad bin Talal, from 6 September 1921. Resistance collapsed on 2 November, and the ruler surrendered.
Jewish settlers from Eastern Europe reached the Jewish National Fund's land at Nahalal on 11 September 1921. The architect Richard Kauffmann drew up the village plan that year, with public buildings at the hub and farm plots running outward in eight equal sectors.
Soon after crushing a Spanish offensive at Annual, Riffians under Abd el-Krim declared an independent republic on 18 September 1921. Its capital was Ajdir and Abd el-Krim served as president.
Notes
Infobox start date 18 September. Wikidata gives 1921-09-18 and places it in Europe; the Rif is in Morocco.
The Quest left St Katharine Docks on 17 September 1921 after an inspection by King George V, on Ernest Shackleton's last Antarctic venture. The converted Norwegian sealer was slowed from the start by engine trouble and poor sailing.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 for the expedition (1921–22). The sailing date comes from the body text. The expedition ended in June 1922 when Rowett ordered the ship home.
The League of Nations adopts a convention against trafficking in women and children
Politics & diplomacy
The multilateral treaty, agreed on 30 September 1921, followed the League's 1921 International Conference on White Slave Traffic. It gave the anti-trafficking movement official recognition and an administrative apparatus for research.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year); the body of English Wikipedia's article states 30 September 1921.
Ludwig III died in October 1921 while staying at Sárvár in Hungary. He had held the Bavarian throne from 1913 to 1918 and fled after the 1918 revolution ended the Wittelsbach monarchy.
Notes
The English infobox, lead and body give 17 October 1921; Wikidata and the German article give 18 October 1921, so only the month is stored.
Liechtenstein's blue-and-red flag is written into its constitution
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Liechtenstein's flag, in use since 1852, was officially placed in the national constitution proclaimed in October 1921. At that point it was two horizontal bands, blue over red.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-10. The lead says the flag was enshrined in the constitution in 1921; a separate sentence says the constitution was proclaimed in October 1921.
The institution that became the University of Leicester began in 1921 as a university college and opened its doors in October 1921. From the start a single building housed most of the departments.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 1921 for establishment; the History section gives October 1921 for opening.
Soviet Russia founds its State Bank, later known as Gosbank
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Resolutions founding the bank were passed in October 1921, and it began operating on 16 November 1921. It took over from the imperial Russian state bank and acted as the Soviet central bank.
Notes
Several 1921 dates: infobox gives October 1921; the central executive committee voted a founding resolution on 3 October, the people's commissars on 10 October (Wikidata gives 1921-10-10), a statute followed on 13 October, and operations began on 16 November 1921. Month precision used.
The Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone is first published
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The story ran in The Strand Magazine in Britain in October 1921, with American readers getting it in Hearst's International the following month. It was later collected in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes in 1927.
Notes
UK publication October 1921 (Strand Magazine); US publication November 1921 (Hearst's International). Wikidata gives 1921-10. English Wikipedia says the play was written before the story.
The singer and actor, born Ivo Livi in Monsummano Terme, Italy, in October 1921, became known as Yves Montand. He was French by career but Italian by birth.
Notes
The lead gives 13 October 1921; the infobox gives 14 October 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-10-13.
Lajtabánság, a short-lived Hungarian-run state, comes into being in what is now Burgenland
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The short-lived state existed from 4 October to 10 November 1921, after the Treaty of Trianon. Pál Prónay, István Friedrich and Count Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek led it, using the Ragged Guards as an armed force. No other government recognised it.
Notes
The English infobox and lead give the end as 10 November 1921; Wikidata and the French article give 5 November 1921, so the end is stored as November 1921 only.
The silent German Expressionist fantasy romance, directed by Fritz Lang and starring Lil Dagover, was released in Berlin on 6 October 1921. It draws on the Indian folktale of Savitri.
Notes
The day comes from the infobox release field only; Wikidata gives the same date.
The poet was among the first Polish writers born after the country regained independence in 1918. He first published poetry in 1938, fought in the Home Army, and lost his poet brother Janusz, executed by the Gestapo in 1944.
After a coup forced António Granjo's government to resign on 19 October 1921, a rioting band led by Abel Olímpio killed several men linked to the Sidonist regime that night. President António José de Almeida refused to appoint the rebels' government.
Notes
Infobox: 19 October 1921. The lead says five people were killed and one gravely injured; the infobox lists six dead on the government side, so no toll is given here.
· Sarajevo, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Bosnia and Herzegovina) · Europe
The Sarajevo National Theatre is officially inaugurated
Stage, music & film
The theatre was officially inaugurated on 22 October 1921, opening its first season in an adapted social hall in Sarajevo. Branislav Nušić gave the welcoming address, and his play Protekcija opened the next day.
The French singer-songwriter and poet, born Georges Charles Brassens, is regarded as one of the most accomplished French poets of the postwar years. He set poems by Victor Hugo, Louis Aragon, Paul Verlaine and François Villon to music.
The Scottish veterinary surgeon and inventor, who worked chiefly in Ireland, died at home in Ballsbridge, Dublin, on 23 October 1921 after taking a chill at the age of 81. He devised workable air-filled tyres for his son's tricycle.
Notes
Infobox death place: Dublin; buried at Deans Grange Cemetery.
The Podillia group set off on 25 October 1921 and had early success in a Ukrainian National Army offensive against the Bolsheviks; the Volhynia group began on 4 November. The offensive ultimately failed.
Notes
Infobox gives only October-November 1921; the day stored is the start of the first group. The other group started on 4 November 1921.
He first reigned from 1927 to 1930, coming to the throne at five, the youngest crowned head in Europe, and again from September 1940 until a forced abdication on 30 December 1947. In 1944 he joined a coup against Ion Antonescu.
Notes
Wikidata gives the birthplace as Foișor Castle; the infobox gives Peleș Castle, Sinaia. The date agrees.
Joseph Wirth's second cabinet takes office in Germany
Politics & diplomacy
Joseph Wirth's second cabinet took office on 26 October 1921, the Weimar Republic's sixth elected government. It replaced his first cabinet, which had resigned over the League of Nations' partition of Upper Silesia.
Notes
Infobox: formed 26 October 1921; it resigned 14 November 1922.
The British naturalist, polar scientist and oceanographer William Speirs Bruce died in Edinburgh on 28 October 1921. He had organised the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of 1902–04, which set up the first permanent weather station in Antarctica.
The Belarusian State University in Minsk was founded on 30 October 1921, after Poland's occupation of Minsk had pushed back the plans. Uladzimier Piceta served as the first rector.
The American lawyer and Republican politician died in Washington, D.C., on 12 October 1921. He had been Attorney General from 1901 to 1904 and Taft's Secretary of State from 1909 to 1913.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
The Chicago Theatre opens
Stage, music & film
The Balaban and Katz firm opened the Chicago Theatre on 26 October 1921 as the flagship of its chain of opulent motion picture houses. Rapp and Rapp designed the interior, which had large French-themed murals by Louis Grell.
The Sheik, starring Rudolph Valentino, premieres in Los Angeles
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The silent romantic drama, directed by George Melford and starring Rudolph Valentino and Agnes Ayres, premiered in Los Angeles on 30 October 1921 and in New York on 6 November. It reached the rest of the United States on 20 November.
Notes
Two dates appear: the infobox gives release on 20 November 1921 (US), and the body gives the Los Angeles premiere on 30 October 1921 and the New York premiere on 6 November. The stored date is the first premiere.
The naval officer, newspaper editor, translator and writer Yan Fu died aged 67 in Fuzhou on 27 October 1921. He had returned there a year earlier to recover from recurring asthma.
Notes
Infobox death place: Langguan Alley, Houguan County, Fujian. The lead calls him a military officer; the infobox lists education at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.
· Kars, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Treaty of Kars is signed
Politics & diplomacy
Turkey's Grand National Assembly and the republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, with Soviet Russia taking part, signed the treaty at Kars on 13 October 1921. It fixed Turkey's frontiers with the three Transcaucasian republics.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-10-13. Place: Turkish forces took Kars on 30 October 1920 (Turkish-Armenian war article) and the Grand National Assembly government was the Turkish signatory.
· Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
France and Turkey sign the Ankara Agreement
Politics & diplomacy
Henry Franklin-Bouillon for France and Yusuf Kemal Bey for Turkey signed the agreement in Ankara on 20 October 1921, ending the Franco-Turkish War. France ceded large areas to Turkey, which acknowledged French sovereignty over the Mandate of Syria.
Notes
Place: Ankara was the seat of the Government of the Grand National Assembly, the party that signed with France; the Istanbul government did not control the city (the Ottoman Empire remained the de jure state).
· Cilicia, French-occupied Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) · Middle East
The Franco-Turkish War ends with the Treaty of Ankara
War & conflict
France and the Turkish National Forces had fought in southern Anatolia since December 1918. The Treaty of Ankara, signed on 20 October 1921, replaced a failed March treaty and ended the war.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-10 (month). Infobox end date 20 October 1921. French forces left the occupation zone in early 1922. Place: French forces held the Cilicia occupation zone until they withdrew in the first days of 1922.
A total solar eclipse occurred on Saturday 1 October 1921, with a magnitude of 1.0293. Totality could be seen only from parts of Antarctica, while parts of South America also saw a partial eclipse.
The last action of the Ukrainian People's Republic was a raid behind Red Army lines in November 1921, the Second Winter Campaign. Its end brought a definite close to the Bolshevik war with the republic, although partisan fighting lasted until mid-1922.
Notes
Infobox dates the second phase 2 January 1919 – November 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
She was born with a twin sister, to a pediatrician mother of Austrian-Jewish origin and a teacher father. The Austrian Jewish writer, known for accounts of Nazi persecution, worked in poetry, short fiction and radio drama and won several European literary awards.
The Swedish archaeologist Oscar Montelius died in Stockholm on 4 November 1921. He refined seriation, a relative method for dating archaeological finds.
Notes
Infobox death place: Stockholm. Wikidata gives 1921-11-04.
The 1921 World Greco-Roman Wrestling Championships open in Helsinki
Sport
The championships ran in Helsinki from 5 to 8 November 1921. They were the first official World Championships after the International Amateur Wrestling Federation was created.
Notes
Infobox dates 5–8 November 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 with start 1921-11-05 and end 1921-11-08.
East Karelian separatists, backed by Finland, tried to win independence from Soviet Russia, and Finnish volunteers joined them from 6 November 1921. By early January 1922 the Red Army had crushed the main Finnish and Karelian group.
Notes
Infobox: 6 November 1921 – 21 March 1922. Wikidata gives start 1921-11-06 and end 1922-03-21.
The Slovak poet, dramatist and translator, born 2 February 1849, died in Dolný Kubín on 8 November 1921. He wrote in a traditional style at first before coming under the influence of Parnassianism and modernism.
Mussolini founds the National Fascist Party in Rome
Politics & diplomacy
Benito Mussolini created the National Fascist Party on 9 November 1921, during the Third Fascist Congress in Rome, by reorganising the earlier Italian Fasces of Combat. It governed Italy from the 1922 March on Rome until Mussolini was deposed in 1943.
Notes
Body text: the Third Fascist Congress ran 7–10 November 1921; infobox foundation date 9 November 1921. Wikidata gives 1921-11-09.
The Belgian Symbolist painter, born 12 September 1858, died in Brussels on 12 November 1921. In 1883 he had helped found the avant-garde group Les XX, and he also designed theatre sets and opera costumes.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 12 November 1921; the Wikidata alternate date 1921-11-21 is not supported by the article.
The ILO adopts the Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention
Politics & diplomacy
The International Labour Organization adopted the convention in 1921, and it was signed in Geneva on 12 November. It guarantees agricultural workers the right to associate and combine, to the same extent as industrial workers.
The Hungarian scholar of Islam, born 22 June 1850, died in Budapest on 13 November 1921. He helped found the modern academic study of hadith, and his best-known work is the two-volume Muhammedanische Studien.
The Vakhtangov theatre studio officially opens in Moscow
Stage, music & film
Moscow's Third Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre officially opened on 13 November 1921 with the play The Miracle of St. Anthony. It had begun in 1913 as a student drama studio headed by Yevgeny Vakhtangov.
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, dies in exile
Lives
Isabel, known as the Redemptress, died at the Château d'Eu in France on 14 November 1921. She had been Brazil's Princess Imperial and heir presumptive to her father, Pedro II, and lived in exile after the 1889 coup ended the monarchy.
Belgium held general elections on 20 November 1921, and the Catholic Party won the most seats, 70 of the 186 in the Chamber of Representatives. Turnout was 91%.
· Well Walk, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Henry Hyndman dies
Lives
The English writer, politician and socialist, born 7 March 1842, died of pneumonia at home in Hampstead on 22 November 1921. He had launched Britain's first socialist party in 1881.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body give 22 November 1921; the Wikidata alternate date 1921-11-20 is not supported.
Leoš Janáček's opera in three acts, with his own libretto based on Ostrovsky's play The Storm, was first staged at the National Theatre in Brno on 23 November 1921, conducted by František Neumann.
The International Equestrian Federation is founded in Paris
SportSome details uncertain
The FEI was set up in Paris on 24 November 1921, after talks at that year's Olympic Congress in Lausanne. Baron du Teil of France was its first president, serving until 1927.
Notes
Two dates in the source: the infobox and History section say founded in Paris on 24 November 1921; the lead says the FEI emerged after the Lausanne Olympic Congress of 28-30 May 1921.
The Slovak statesman was born in Uhrovec on 27 November 1921. He led Czechoslovakia as First Secretary of the Communist Party from January 1968 to April 1969, overseeing the reforms of the Prague Spring.
A Paris Métro line from Gambetta to Porte des Lilas opens
Everyday life
The Gambetta to Porte des Lilas section of Line 3 opened on 27 November 1921, along with a shuttle linking Lines 3 and 7. It was cut off from Line 3 in 1971 and became Line 3bis.
Notes
The infobox year_opened (27 March 1971) refers to Line 3bis as a separate line, not the 1921 opening.
H. P. Lovecraft's story The Nameless City is first published
Art & literature
Lovecraft wrote the horror story in January 1921, and it debuted in the November 1921 issue of The Wolverine, an amateur journal. Many consider it the earliest tale set in the Cthulhu Mythos.
Eugene O'Neill's Anna Christie premieres on Broadway
Stage, music & film
The four-act play opened at the Vanderbilt Theatre on 2 November 1921 and ran for 177 performances. O'Neill won the 1922 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for it.
· Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Charles Bronson is born
Lives
The actor was born Charles Dennis Buchinsky on 3 November 1921 in the coal-mining town of Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania, into an extremely poor family. He worked in the mines until joining the US Army Air Forces in 1943.
· Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States · North America
Antoinette Brown Blackwell dies
Lives
The first woman ordained a mainstream Protestant minister in America died in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on 5 November 1921. She used religious faith to argue for expanded women's rights.
Notes
Infobox: died 5 November 1921, Elizabeth, New Jersey.
· Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United States · North America
The Unknown Soldier of the First World War is buried at Arlington
Architecture
An unidentified American soldier of the First World War was interred on 11 November 1921 beneath a three-level marble tomb at Arlington National Cemetery. Congress had authorised the burial on 4 March 1921.
Notes
English Wikipedia says Congress approved the burial on 4 March 1921. Wikidata gives the year 1921.
The United States called a disarmament conference at Memorial Continental Hall in Washington, with nine nations taking part and the Pacific and East Asia as the focus. It ran from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922.
Canada's first official national coat of arms is adopted
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
King George V adopted Canada's coat of arms by proclamation on 21 November 1921, after the government had asked for new arms in April. Modelled on the UK royal arms, they add French and distinctive Canadian elements.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives two dates: order in council 21 April 1921 and royal proclamation 21 November 1921; the adoption date is stored.
Henry King directed this American silent film for Inspiration Pictures, adapted by Edmund Goulding from a 1917 short story by Joseph Hergesheimer. It was released on 21 November 1921 and won the 1921 Photoplay Magazine Medal of Honor.
Notes
Infobox gives release 21 November 1921 (US); a body sentence says it was released in December 1921.
· Babylon, New York, United States · North America
Rodney Dangerfield is born in Babylon, New York
Lives
Born Jacob Cohen, the comedian was known for self-deprecating one-liners and the catchphrase 'I don't get no respect!' His breakout film role came in Caddyshack (1980), and his album No Respect won the Grammy for Best Comedy Album.
President Harding signs the Sheppard-Towner Act on maternity and infancy
Politics & diplomacy
The act gave federal money for maternity and child care. Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas and Representative Horace Mann Towner of Iowa sponsored it, and Harding signed it on 23 November 1921. It lapsed in 1929.
Notes
Wikidata gives an end date of 1929-06-30; the lead says only that the act went out of effect in 1929.
The ground was officially inaugurated on 6 November 1921 with a friendly between Peñarol and River Plate that finished 1-1. It belonged to Peñarol and was used mainly for football from 1921 to 1933.
A far-right nationalist, Nakaoka Kon'ichi, assassinated Hara on 4 November 1921. Hara had been Prime Minister of Japan since 1918, after the Rice Riots.
Notes
Infobox death place: Chiyoda, Tokyo. Wikidata names Tokyo Station as the place.
The Rashidi-ruled emirate in northern Arabia, with its capital at Ha'il, surrendered to the Saudis on 2 November 1921 at the end of their late-1921 campaign. It was folded into the Sultanate of Nejd.
Notes
The body gives 2 November 1921; the infobox end date is 3 November. Wikidata gives 1921-11-02.
The Greek school Phrontisterion of Trapezous closes
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The Phrontisterion, or Trapezous College, a Greek school in Trabzon that had run since 1682/3, closed in November 1921 while the Greco-Turkish War was under way. It had driven the rapid growth of Greek schooling across Pontus.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year). Calendar not stated in source; Ottoman and Turkish nationalist sources of 1921 could use the Rumi calendar.
Bahá'u'lláh's oldest son, who had headed the Bahá'í Faith since 1892, died in Haifa on 28 November 1921. He had been a prisoner at ʻAkká (Acre) until the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and later travelled repeatedly in the West.
British and Irish representatives signed the treaty in London on 6 December 1921, bringing the Irish War of Independence to a close. Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith were among the Irish signatories, and the terms created an Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion.
Operation Nemesis claimed Said Halim Pasha in Rome on 6 December 1921, when Arshavir Shirakian assassinated him. He was a writer and statesman who had held the Ottoman grand vizierate from 1913 to 1917, and had been acquitted and freed earlier that year.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 6 December 1921; Wikidata gives 1921-12-05. The source gives three possible birth dates.
The Catholic University of the Sacred Heart is inaugurated in Milan
Everyday life
Agostino Gemelli, a Franciscan friar who was also a physician and psychologist, founded the university, which was officially inaugurated on 7 December 1921 with a Mass he celebrated. It had been legally recognised by decree on 24 June 1920.
Notes
Infobox: established 7 December 1921. Legal recognition came earlier, on 24 June 1920.
The Estonian Football Association was established on 14 December 1921 in Tallinn. After the 1920 Olympics, the Estonian Sports Association could no longer run every sport, so football got its own body.
The writer died in Lwów on 17 December 1921 and was buried at Lychakiv Cemetery. Her best-known play is The Morality of Mrs. Dulska, a satire of respectable middle-class morals.
Emmerich Kálmán's operetta Die Bajadere premieres in Vienna
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The operetta in three acts by the Hungarian composer Emmerich Kálmán, with a libretto by Julius Brammer and Alfred Grünwald, premiered at Vienna's Carltheater on 23 December 1921, with Louise Kartousch as Mariette.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-12-13; the lead gives the premiere as 23 December 1921.
The writer, journalist and humanitarian Vladimir Korolenko died in Poltava on 25 December 1921 from complications of pneumonia. He is best known for the short novel The Blind Musician and for stories drawn from his exile in Siberia.
The Antón Martín stop opens on Madrid Metro's Line 1
Architecture
Passengers have been able to use the stop on Line 1 since 26 December 1921. It is named for Antón Martín, who lived from 1500 to 1553 and belonged to the Knights Hospitaller.
The Madrid Metro station now called Estación del Arte opens
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The Line 1 station opened as Atocha, named after its street, on 26 December 1921, and took its present name on 1 December 2018 because of the nearby museums.
Notes
The English infobox gives 26 December 1921, but the English lead says 26 December 1926; Wikidata and the French article give 1921, so 1921 is used.
· Velika Drenova, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Serbia) · Europe
Dobrica Ćosić is born in Velika Drenova, Serbia
Lives
Born Dobrosav Ćosić, the writer, political theorist and politician twice won the NIN award for literature. In 1992 and 1993 he held the presidency of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, its first holder of the office.
Notes
The body says some sources wrongly give his birth date as 4 January 1922.
Lovecraft wrote this horror short story in December 1921. It follows Erich Zann, a mysterious elderly musician whose strange, otherworldly melodies fascinate a young student.
Canadians elected the House of Commons of the 14th Parliament on 6 December 1921. William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberals formed the new government, and the new Progressive Party took the second-highest number of seats.
· Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Henrietta Swan Leavitt dies
Lives
The American astronomer, who measured photographic plates of stars at the Harvard College Observatory, died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 12 December 1921. She had found the link between the brightness cycle and luminosity of Cepheid variable stars.
The United States, Britain, France and Japan signed the treaty on 13 December 1921. The parties promised to respect each other's Pacific territories, to seek no new expansion and to consult over disputes.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Prokofiev premieres his Piano Concerto No. 3 in Chicago
Stage, music & film
Prokofiev finished the concerto in 1921 from sketches begun in 1913, working on it fully that summer in Brittany. He played the solo part himself, with Frederick Stock conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
Notes
Wikidata also lists a composition date of 1921-01-01; the article says the work was completed in 1921.
· Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States · North America
Film director George Roy Hill is born in Minneapolis
Lives
Hill worked as a director, writer, producer and actor. The Sting (1973) and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, released in 1969, are his best-known films, and each earned him a Best Director nomination, with a win for The Sting.
D. W. Griffith's silent film Orphans of the Storm is released
Stage, music & film
Griffith's silent melodrama about the years around the French Revolution was released on 28 December 1921, with Lillian and Dorothy Gish as its stars. It was the last Griffith film to feature the two sisters together.
· Auditorium Theatre, Chicago, United States · North America
Prokofiev's opera The Love for Three Oranges premieres in Chicago
Stage, music & film
Sergei Prokofiev's satirical French-language opera was first staged at Chicago's Auditorium Theatre on 30 December 1921, with the composer conducting. He wrote his own libretto, drawing on Carlo Gozzi's Italian play.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body all give 30 December 1921, Auditorium Theatre, Chicago.
· Calcutta, British India (now Kolkata, India) · Asia
The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata is formally opened
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Edward, Prince of Wales, later Edward VIII, opened the Victoria Memorial to the public in December 1921. The British Raj had built the large marble monument on Kolkata's Maidan between 1906 and 1921 to honour Queen Victoria.
Notes
Infobox: established 1921. The month comes from a History-section sentence saying the memorial was formally opened in December 1921; that sentence gives no day.
Lu Xun's novella The True Story of Ah Q begins serial publication
Art & literature
Lu Xun's novella ran as a serial from 4 December 1921 to 12 February 1922, its first installment appearing in the Beijing Morning News supplement. He wrote at first under the name Ba Ren, so few readers knew the author.
Notes
Infobox gives release 1921 only; the lead gives the serial dates. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
The unfinished Japanese battleship Tosa is launched
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Mitsubishi launched Tosa at Nagasaki on 18 December 1921, two months behind schedule after strikes. The Washington Naval Treaty halted work and then required her destruction.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-12-12; the body gives the launch as 18 December 1921.
The Supreme Muslim Council is established in Palestine
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
High Commissioner Herbert Samuel ordered the council's creation in December 1921, giving it authority over all Muslim waqf property and sharia courts in Palestine. Muslim leaders had wanted an independent body to oversee their community's religious affairs.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year). The order came before the British Mandate formally began in September 1923.
The Egyptian Football Association was founded on 3 December 1921, and its first management committee was formed. Committees had met by summer 1921 to draft its constitution and competition rules.
The French composer, organist, conductor and pianist Camille Saint-Saëns died on 16 December 1921. His best-known works include Danse macabre, the opera Samson and Delilah and The Carnival of the Animals.
Notes
The date is the one in the life dates of the lead. Wikidata gives the place of death as Algiers.
The 1921 Australasian Championships are played in Perth
SportSome details uncertain
The 14th edition of what is now the Australian Open was played on outdoor grass at Kitchener Park in Perth from 26 to 31 December. Rice Gemmell of Australia took the singles title.
Notes
The article gives only day and month; the year 1921 comes from the title and the Wikidata year.
Events we can place in 1921 but not in a particular month.
Europe 55
· Volga region, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
The Russian famine of 1921–1922 begins
DisastersSome details uncertain
The famine began in early spring 1921 and lasted into 1922, hitting the Volga and Ural River regions hardest. Drought, war damage, revolution, civil war and grain requisitioning combined to cause it.
Notes
Infobox gives a death toll range of one to ten million; lead gives an estimated five million. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
The Soviet counterintelligence deception Operation Trust begins
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Operation Trust was a Soviet counterintelligence operation set up by the Cheka and later run by the GPU. It created a fake anti-Bolshevik resistance group, the Monarchist Union of Central Russia, headed by former Imperial official Alexander Yakushev.
Notes
Lead says the operation ran from 1921 to 1927; the infobox says 1921-26. Wikidata gives 1921 with end 1927. The article's own wording is 'Soviet Union', but the USSR was formed only on 30 December 1922 (per the Soviet Union article), so the place is given as Soviet Russia (the Russian SFSR); the article names no city.
In 1921 Guccio Gucci took over a Florence shop in the Via della Vigna Nuova, where he sold imported leather luggage. His son Aldo Gucci later built the business into a global brand.
From 1921 Guernsey shared a currency union with the United Kingdom, replacing the French francs that had been used on the island. Local States notes were overprinted with 'British' to mark the switch.
The League of Nations ruled in 1921 that the Åland Islands would stay under Finnish sovereignty as an autonomous region. A convention followed in which Finland reaffirmed the 1856 demilitarisation and extended it to neutralisation.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-10-20 (unreferenced); English Wikipedia's article on the demilitarisation of Åland gives only the year 1921. The 1856 Åland convention is a separate, earlier treaty.
Under the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, Hungary gave up the area then called German West Hungary to Austria, and the annexation was completed in 1921. A federal act of 25 January 1921 gave the territory its name.
Notes
Another passage says the first provincial Landtag only adopted the name Burgenland in 1922. Federal act 25 January 1921; planned union 28 August 1921; Venice Protocol 13 October 1921; border adjustments 1922. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
On 3 August 1921 Hitler renamed the Nazi guard group a Gymnastic and Sports Division, and by September the name 'SA' was in informal use. The Brownshirts were the first militia serving Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 5 October 1921; a body sentence says Hitler redefined the group on 3 August 1921 and that the name SA was used informally by September 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author premieres in Rome
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Luigi Pirandello's play had its first performance in 1921 at Rome's Teatro Valle, staged by Dario Niccodemi's company. It is an absurdist, metatheatrical work about the relationship between authors, their characters and theatre practitioners.
Notes
The article gives only the year 1921 for the premiere; Wikidata's 1921-05-09 is not confirmed by it, so precision is year.
The first international fencing championship is held in Paris
Sport
The International Fencing Federation organised its first international championship in Paris in 1921. The only event that year was the men's individual épée.
Notes
Infobox: first edition 1921 Paris. Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
A. S. Neill started the school in 1921 at Hellerau near Dresden, Germany, on the belief that a school should fit the child. After moves to Austria and to Lyme Regis it settled at Leiston in Suffolk in 1927, where staff and pupils run it through meetings in which everyone has an equal vote.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-03-13; English Wikipedia gives only the year 1921, and adds that the school itself counts 1921 as its start, though other years could be argued. The article's history section places the 1921 start in Hellerau, as the foreign section of the Neue Schule Hellerau; the name Summerhill came later, at Lyme Regis (1923), and Leiston has been the site since 1927.
Mass starvation and drought struck the Tatar ASSR during and after the Russian Civil War, as part of the wider Russian famine of 1921–22. The toll is put at 500,000 to 2,000,000 peasants.
Notes
Lead gives the Civil War as the cause, while the infobox cause field says failures of collectivization; the body says collectivization of Tatar agriculture began in 1921. Wikidata gives 1921 (year); the famine is dated 1921–1922.
The first volume of The Good Soldier Švejk appears
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Jaroslav Hašek's unfinished satirical novel was published between 1921 and 1923, with the first volume, Behind the Lines, appearing in 1921. Its hero is a good-humoured, simple-minded man who seems eager to serve Austria-Hungary in the First World War.
Notes
Infobox release dates 1921–1923; Wikidata gives 1921 (year). The 1921 date applies to the first volume.
Poland's March Constitution abolishes the privileges of the szlachta
Politics & diplomacy
The March Constitution of 1921 officially abolished the szlachta, the hereditary nobility of Poland, Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. No later Polish law reinstated the nobility's privileges.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year); English Wikipedia ties the abolition to the March Constitution of 1921 and gives no day.
Niels Bohr's institute for theoretical physics is founded in Copenhagen
ScienceSome details uncertain
Niels Bohr founded the Institute for Theoretical Physics as part of Copenhagen's university in 1921. He had worked at the university since 1914 and lobbied for the institute from his appointment as professor in 1916.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-03-03; English Wikipedia gives only the year.
The Austrian film Dracula's Death reportedly premieres in Vienna
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Károly Lajthay co-wrote and directed the Austrian silent film, made between 1920 and 1921, which brought Count Dracula to the screen for the first time. A Vienna premiere in 1921 is reported but not confirmed.
Notes
The premiere in Vienna in 1921 is only alleged: one trade source claims a February 1921 press premiere, while no information was found in Austrian trade publications.
Picasso finishes two versions of Three Musicians at Fontainebleau
Art & literature
In the summer of 1921 Picasso completed both paintings, examples of Synthetic Cubism, in the garage of a villa he used as a studio near Paris. Each shows three masked figures, and the darker version is the better known today.
In 1921 a mechanical engineer, named as Max Braun, set up a small engineering workshop in Frankfurt that grew into the Braun company. It went on to make electric shavers, radiograms, record players, movie cameras, clocks and kitchen appliances.
Notes
Infobox: founded 1921 as Braun AG in Frankfurt. Wikidata gives 1921-01-01 (year precision).
Freud's book on mass psychology and the ego is published in Vienna
Art & literature
The Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag published the book in Vienna in 1921. In it Freud describes the psychological mechanisms at work in mass movements, drawing heavily on Gustave Le Bon.
· Petrograd, Soviet Russia (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
Construction of the Saint Petersburg Mosque is completed
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The Saint Petersburg Mosque, modelled by architect Nikolai Vasilyev on Timur's tomb in Samarkand, was finished by 1921. It had opened in 1913 as the largest mosque in Europe outside Turkey.
Notes
The lead says the mosque opened in 1913 while also saying construction was completed by 1921; the infobox gives completed 1921. The finish date is stored at year precision with low confidence because the opening and completion dates conflict.
Malta gains self-government and a Head of Ministry
Politics & diplomacy
Malta received autonomous government as a colony in 1921, and the post of Head of Ministry, the forerunner of today's prime minister, was set up right away. Joseph Howard was its first holder.
Notes
English Wikipedia's article on the prime minister of Malta gives only the year, 1921, for the creation of the office of Head of Ministry, the predecessor of the prime minister's post. The infobox names Joseph Howard as the inaugural holder.
The league's first season, 1921–22, used only clubs from County Dublin that had played in the Leinster Senior League, among them Bohemians, Shelbourne, St James's Gate and YMCA. It grew to twelve teams in 1922–23.
Gustav Holst sets 'I Vow to Thee, My Country' to music
Stage, music & film
Holst set a poem by Cecil Spring Rice to a tune that began as a wordless melody in the 'Jupiter' movement of his suite The Planets. The hymn had its first performance in 1921 at St Paul's, the London girls' school where he taught.
The big karst cave beside the river Osam, near the village of Devetaki, was rediscovered in 1921. Digging, begun only in the 1950s, showed that people lived there almost without a break from the late Paleolithic.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year); the source says 'rediscovered', so earlier knowledge of the cave is implied.
A Hungarian university moves from Kolozsvár to Szeged
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The university traces its roots to a Jesuit academy founded at Kolozsvár in 1581, and it became a full university in 1872. It moved to Szeged in 1921, having been evacuated after Transylvania joined Romania in December 1918.
Notes
Stored at year precision as the lead and body give 1921 for the move; Wikidata gives 9 October 1921 (unreferenced), which is not used. The infobox 'established 1872' refers to the university's re-establishment.
War Resisters' International is founded in Bilthoven
Politics & diplomacy
The anti-war organisation was founded in Bilthoven in the Netherlands by Kees Boeke, Helene Stöcker and Wilfred Wellock. It grew out of earlier gatherings known as the Bilthoven Meetings.
The Maccabi World Union is created in Karlovy Vary
SportSome details uncertain
The international Jewish sports organisation was created in 1921 at a congress held in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia. It has members in more than 50 countries on five continents.
Notes
English Wikipedia calls the gathering the 12th World Jewish Congress.
The Ministry of Transport designated the A1 in 1921 under the Great Britain road numbering scheme, giving the first number to the road from London to Edinburgh. For much of its length it follows branches of the historic Great North Road.
· Mari Autonomous Oblast, Soviet Russia (now Russia) · Europe
Wildfires devastate the Mari Autonomous Oblast
Disasters
In the summer of 1921 fires burned about 2,660 square kilometres of pine forest. Altogether 35 people and 1000 cattle died and 60 villages were destroyed, in an area whose industry the Povolzhye famine had already ruined.
Liechtenstein switches from the krone to the Swiss franc
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The krone had been Liechtenstein's currency from 1898 to 1921, divided into 100 heller. The country moved to the Swiss franc because the krone had become unstable.
Notes
This article says the switch to the Swiss franc came in 1921; another article on the Liechtenstein franc says Switzerland's franc has been the currency since 1920, so the year is contested. Wikidata gives 1921 (end 1921-01-01).
Eugène Lanti, a pseudonym of Eugène Adam, and others founded SAT as a body for the workers' Esperanto movement. Its aims declared in 1921 were to use Esperanto for the class aims of the working class.
The four-masted barque Magdalene Vinnen II is launched at Kiel
Technology
The Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard launched the German cargo ship in 1921, and she made her maiden voyage on 1 September. She later carried the names Kommodore Johnsen and then Sedov.
Notes
The body gives 1 September 1921 for the maiden voyage; Wikidata gives 1921 (year).
The first Rally of Poland, called Rajd Polski locally, took place in 1921, and Tadeusz Heyne won it driving a Dodge. It joined the European Rally Championship permanently in 1960.
The Donetsk National Technical University was founded in 1921 as the Donbas's first institution of higher education. It was formerly the Donetsk Polytechnic Institute, among other names.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-05-30; English Wikipedia gives only the year.
The poem later adopted as the Székely Anthem is created
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Székely Anthem is a poem dating from 1921, with lyrics by György Csanády and music by Kálmán Mihalik. The Székely Land is an area in present-day Romania.
Notes
English Wikipedia calls it a 1921 poem and lists 1921 as the date of both the lyrics and the music.
The Bulgarian club from Lovech began in 1921 under the name Hisarya Sports Club and started league football in 1923. Lovech won the Bulgarian championship four times.
Notes
Infobox: founded 1921 (as Hisarya Sports Club); the infobox also records the club as dissolved in 2026.
The French national men's basketball championship begins
SportSome details uncertain
The top level of the French basketball system, now the LNB Elite, has existed since 1921, and Stade Français won the championship in the first season, 1920-21. The Ligue Nationale de Basket has governed it since 1987.
Notes
The infobox and lead say 1921, while the history list starts with the 1920-21 season, so the start may fall in either year. Stored as 1921 with medium confidence. The article's list of title holders gives Stade Français for 1920-21.
· Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
The first wooden stadium opens on the Letná site in Prague
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
A wooden stadium opened in 1921 on the Letná site in Prague, now the home ground of AC Sparta Prague. It often hosts home matches of the Czech national team.
Notes
Conflict: the infobox gives an opening year of 1917 (also listing Sparta as tenant from 1917), while the History text dates the first wooden stadium to 1921. Both years are kept in notes; confidence is low.
The museum, devoted to the works of the painter and composer M. K. Čiurlionis (1875 to 1911), dates from 1921, with a temporary gallery following in 1925. It took its present name in 1944.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-12-14; English Wikipedia gives only the year 1921. The lead calls Čiurlionis a painter and musician.
The rifle repair shop that became Sako gained financial independence from the civil guard in 1921. Sako is now a Finnish firearm and ammunition manufacturer based in Riihimäki, owned by the Italian group Beretta Holding.
Anton Johansson formed the ice hockey section of the AIK sports club in 1921. AIK has been Swedish champion seven times, first in 1934 and most recently in 1984.
Rudolf Steiner and Ita Wegman had set up two firms in 1920, and for financial reasons the two sought a merger in 1921. The result, Weleda, makes beauty products and naturopathic medicines on anthroposophic principles.
Notes
Infobox gives founded 1921; the body describes the precursor companies founded in 1920 and a planned merger in 1921, with a rename in 1922.
The teachers' college that became Daugavpils University is founded
Everyday life
The Daugavpils Teachers' Seminary began in 1921, with Jānis Jirgens as its first head. Over the decades it became an institute, a pedagogical institute and a pedagogical university, taking the name Daugavpils University in 2001.
· Karlovac, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Croatia) · Europe
The Croatian drugmaker Pliva dates its founding to 1921
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Pliva traces its origins to the Kaštel pharmaceutical factory, which Gustav Janeček co-founded in Karlovac in 1921 together with Isis and Chinoin. Production moved to Zagreb in 1927, and the company took the name Pliva in 1941.
Notes
The article's history section says the 1921 founding was of the factory Kaštel d.d. in Karlovac, co-founded by Gustav Janeček as a joint venture of Isis and the Budapest firm Chinoin; production moved to Zagreb in 1927 and the name PLIVA dates from 1941. Croatian Wikipedia's article on Janeček also dates the Kaštel factory in Karlovac to 1921 (today PLIVA), and German Wikipedia gives 1921 as Pliva's founding year. The infobox gives 1921 only.
The ROMLOC locomotive and wagon factory is established in Brașov
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Romanian Locomotive and Wagon Factory, known as ROMLOC, was founded in 1921. After the Second World War the truck and bus maker ROMAN was set up on its foundation, and the plant took the name Steagul Roșu in 1948.
Notes
The 1921 date belongs to the ROMLOC factory; the ROMAN company itself dates from after the Second World War.
The Romanian National Opera is established as an independent institution
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Bucharest company was formally set up as an independent institution in 1921, though the company itself dates from 1885. Its funding afterwards swung between direct state money and money from private individuals.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921-12-20; English Wikipedia gives only the year.
Composer Paul Hindemith founded the string quartet in Germany in 1921, choosing his younger brother Rudolf as cellist and recruiting Licco Amar and Walter Caspar as violinists. Hindemith himself played viola.
The museum, housed in the Villa Reale on Via Palestro, holds mostly Italian and European art from the 18th to 20th centuries. Twentieth-century works moved to the Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea after the Second World War.
Notes
Only the infobox gives 1921. Wikidata's 1921-01-01 appears to be a placeholder for the year.
· Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Prague's Lucerna Palace is completed
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Stanislav Bechyně designed the building, which sits between the streets Štěpánská and Vodičkova in the New Town, and building work ran from 1907 to 1921.
Notes
The infobox lists the building as active from 1921, the year construction ended (building work ran from 1907 to 1921), so the date is stored at year level.
Viareggio hosts the first Italian Chess Championship
Sport
Davide Marotti won the first championship in 1921. The Italian Chess Federation had been set up a year earlier, and unofficial national tournaments had been held since 1875.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
Walt Disney founds the Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The studio worked from the second floor of the McConahay Building, with Ub Iwerks, Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising on staff. It closed on 16 October 1923, after filing for bankruptcy that July.
Notes
Dates conflict. The English lead says 28 June 1921 (Wikidata agrees), but the infobox adds 1919 (as Iwerks-Disney Company) and incorporation on 22 May 1922, while the body gives 23 May 1922 for incorporation and says Disney was contracted for Newman's Laugh-O-Grams in 1921. Wikidata's description says 1922. Stored as 1921 only.
· Rochester, New York, United States · North America
George Eastman establishes the Eastman School of Music
Stage, music & film
George Eastman established the Eastman School of Music in Rochester in 1921, the University of Rochester's first professional school. Norwegian pianist Alfred Klingenberg served as its first director.
· North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, United States · North America
Lucius Smith Lowe opens the hardware store that became Lowe's
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1921 Lucius Smith Lowe opened his first hardware store, Lowe's North Wilkesboro Hardware, in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. The firm grew into an American home-improvement retail chain.
Notes
The infobox and Wikidata give 25 March 1921, but the infobox value cites a Lowe's press-room history page and Wikidata's value is imported from English Wikipedia; the article body says only that the first store opened in 1921. French and German Wikipedia give 1946 as the company's founding date, and the day could not be confirmed outside Wikipedia, so the day is not used and the date is stored at year level.
· Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States · North America
The Phillips Memorial Gallery is founded in Washington
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The collectors Duncan Phillips and his wife Marjorie founded the museum in 1921 in the Dupont Circle neighbourhood, calling it the Phillips Memorial Gallery. Duncan Phillips directed it from 1921 until 1966.
Notes
Infobox: established 1921; the History section also says the collection opened in 1921.
Leo Wahl renames his clipper firm the Wahl Clipper Corporation
TechnologySome details uncertain
After more than a decade of work, Leo J. Wahl had patented his final design for an electric hair clipper by 1921, and his firm soon sold thousands across the United States. In 1921 he renamed the business the Wahl Clipper Corporation.
Notes
The article dates the clipper patent only as 'by 1921', so the event stored is the 1921 renaming of the company, which the article dates to that year.
Clarence W. Barron founded Barron's National Financial Weekly in 1921 as a companion title to The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company has published it since then.
· Mitchell, South Dakota, United States · North America
The Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, is rebuilt to a design by Rapp and Rapp
Architecture
The Chicago firm Rapp and Rapp provided the design for the 1921 rebuilding of the Moorish Revival building, whose murals are made of corn and other grains. The dome and minarets were added in 1937.
· Oakland, California, United States · North America
The Soroptimist movement begins in Oakland, California
Everyday life
Stuart Morrow started the Soroptimist movement in the United States in 1921, and the Soroptimist Club of Oakland began the same year under its president, Violet Richardson. Soroptimist International is now a global volunteer service organisation for women.
· Barnsdall Art Park, East Hollywood, Los Angeles, United States · North America
Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House is completed in Los Angeles
Architecture
Wright designed the house for the heiress Aline Barnsdall, and it and its outbuildings were finished in 1921, after construction began on 28 April 1920. Rudolph Schindler, Richard Neutra and Lloyd Wright helped design the buildings.
Organic Syntheses, a peer-reviewed journal set up in 1921, prints detailed, checked procedures for making organic compounds. Its first annual volume came out that year.
Delacorte started the firm with $10,000, two employees and a single magazine, I Confess. It soon produced many pulp magazines covering detective stories, film articles and romance, moved into paperbacks in 1943, and was acquired by Doubleday in 1976.
Notes
The lead says Dell started with the magazine I Confess; the body's list of former magazines dates I Confess to 1922-1932.
The 1921 oil painting shows a young woman at a sewing machine, facing a sunny window, and the yellow bricks suggest a New York City setting. It is among Hopper's earliest window paintings and now hangs in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid.
Notes
English Wikipedia says only that the setting appears to be New York City, judging by the yellow bricks in the window.
Costa Rica's top football league plays its first season
SportSome details uncertain
Costa Rica's top football league was founded in 1921, with Herediano as its first champions. The need for a tournament followed the creation of the Costa Rican Football Federation on 13 June 1921.
Notes
The infobox founded date of 13 June 1921 matches the creation of the federation, not necessarily the league's first match, so the league is stored at year precision.
The Chicago Zoological Society was established in 1921, with McCutcheon as its president until 1948. It manages Brookfield Zoo, which opened on 1 July 1934.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 for the zoo, but English Wikipedia dates the zoo's opening to 1 July 1934; 1921 here is the society's founding, stated in the body.
Football on Curaçao was first run by the Curaçao Football Association, founded in 1921 for the Dutch territory of that name. The present Curaçao Football Federation legally succeeds the Netherlands Antillean Football Union.
Notes
Wikidata attaches 1921 to the present federation; English Wikipedia ties 1921 to the earlier Curaçao Football Association.
· Durham, North Carolina, United States · North America
William Laprade founds Trinity College Press, later Duke University Press
Art & literature
William T. Laprade founded the press in 1921 as the Trinity College Press, since Duke University was then still called Trinity College. It was formally established as Duke University Press in 1926.
Notes
The infobox gives Durham, North Carolina as headquarters. The article names Laprade as first director of the Trinity College Press and Ernest Seeman as first director after the 1926 renaming.
Patagonia Rebelde: rural workers' strikes are crushed in Santa Cruz
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In Argentina's Santa Cruz province, a farmhands' uprising was suppressed by troops of the army's 10th Cavalry Regiment under Colonel Hector Varela, acting for President Yrigoyen. The first armed clash came on 2 January 1921 near El Cerrito.
Notes
The whole episode runs 1920-1922 (infobox); Wikidata gives 1921-12 with end 1922-01-01. Stored as year 1921 because the key dated events here fall in 1921 (2 January clash; troops sailed 4 November).
Argentina plays its first international basketball game
SportSome details uncertain
Argentina's first international basketball game was played against Uruguay in 1921. Argentina's YMCA had introduced the sport in the country in 1912.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 1921 for the game (infobox 'first game 1921 v. Uruguay') without a day. The article covers the national team; the 1921-dated happening is its first match.
The Democratic Republic of Georgia collapses under the Red Army invasion
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The republic, which had existed since May 1918 and been recognised by all major European powers, fell to the Red Army that invaded in February 1921. Prime Minister Noe Zhordania's government moved to France and carried on in exile.
Notes
The English infobox gives 18 March 1921 as the end; the German article gives 25 February 1921 as the end of the republic (the Red Army entered Tbilisi that day) and says the government left on 18 March. The lead says only that the republic collapsed by March 1921, so only the year is stored. Wikidata region is Middle East; Georgia is placed in Asia here to match the Caucasus rows elsewhere.
Bhishma Pratigna, the first Telugu feature film, is produced
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu produced the silent film Bhishma Pratigna in 1921, generally regarded as the first Telugu feature film. Naidu is called the Father of Telugu cinema.
Notes
The article covers the Telugu film industry (Tollywood); the 1921-dated happening in it is the production of Bhishma Pratigna. English Wikipedia gives no day.
Fukuoka Jo Gakuin adopts the sailor-style school uniform
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Fukuoka Jo Gakuin adopted the serafuku, a naval-style uniform, in 1921 under principal Elizabeth Lee. Such uniforms reached Japanese schools in the 1920s, copying a Western fashion for sailor dress.
Notes
The source names two schools and two years (1920 for Heian Jogakuin, 1921 for Fukuoka Jo Gakuin), so confidence is low; 1921 is stored for the Fukuoka adoption.
Baron Ungern's regime put treasury notes into circulation in 1921 in four denominations, from 10 up to 100 dollars. The dollar was Mongolia's currency until the togrog took its place in 1925.
Notes
The lead attributes the 1921 notes to Baron Ungern, while the History section attributes the April 1921 authorisation to the Bogd Khanate government; stored at year precision.
The first Emperor's Cup football tournament is held in Japan
Sport
Japan's Emperor's Cup, an annual football competition, began in 1921, and Tokyo Shukyu-dan won the first edition. No other Japanese football tournament has a longer history.
Notes
Infobox, lead and the winners list all show 1921; no day is given.
The National Gallery of Armenia is founded in Yerevan
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The National Gallery of Armenia was founded in 1921 under a decree of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, beginning as the art section of the State museum. It is now the largest fine arts museum in Armenia.
The National Museum of History of Azerbaijan opens to visitors in Baku
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The museum, housed in the former home of oil magnate Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev, welcomed visitors from 1921. A Soviet resolution of June 1920 had made the house the State Historical Museum.
Notes
Infobox: established 1920; the lead says opened to visitors in 1921.
Two brothers from Swatow in China, Chia Ek Chor and Mat U Ramus, opened the seed shop as immigrants in Bangkok's Chinatown, on Song Sawat Road. It grew into the Charoen Pokphand Group.
Tbilisi's theatre is renamed the Rustaveli Theatre
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
In 1921 the Tbilisi theatre building was renamed the Rustaveli Theatre, after Shota Rustaveli, Georgia's national poet. The theatre, founded in 1887, is one of the oldest and largest in Georgia.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives the renaming only as 1921; the theatre itself dates from 1887.
In 1921 the musician Michio Miyagi invented the 17-string koto, which adds strings to the usual 13 of a standard koto. It has a deeper sound and is sometimes called a bass koto.
The music studio that became the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory is founded
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The conservatory began in 1921 as a music studio in Yerevan and became a higher musical education institution in 1923. It is named for Komitas, who founded the Armenian national music school.
Notes
The infobox gives established 1923, the year the studio became a higher institution; the lead gives 1921 for the music studio.
· Sivas Vilayet, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Sivas Province, Turkey) · Middle East
The Koçgiri rebellion is crushed
War & conflictSome details uncertain
A Kurdish uprising in the Koçgiri area, in the east of today's Sivas Province, was crushed by 17 June 1921. It began among Alevi tribes but gained support from nearby Sunni tribes.
Notes
The lead says the uprising began in February 1921 and the infobox says 6 March 1921, so the start is stored as the year; end 17 June 1921 (infobox and body). Wikidata gives 1921-06-17. Dates as given in the source; Turkish sources of the period may use other calendars. Place: the rebellion (Sivas, Dersim, Erzincan) was against the Ankara government, whose Sivas governor reported on it.
Massacres of Muslim Turks occur on the Yalova Peninsula
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Over 1920–1921, mostly between March and May 1921, Muslim Turks on the Yalova Peninsula were massacred during the Greco-Turkish War by local Greek, Armenian and Circassian bands with the help of undisciplined Greek troops. Twenty-seven villages were burned.
Notes
Dates differ inside English Wikipedia's article: the infobox says July 1921, the lead says mostly March-May 1921 within a 1920-1921 series, and Toynbee's count covers April-July 1921; stored at year precision. Death tolls are disputed between sources (about 300 versus at least 9,100; an Ottoman inquiry of 177 survivors reported 35 victims). Wikidata gives only the year 1921 as the end date. Place: the article says control of the peninsula passed to Greek troops at the end of 1920 and the inter-Allied commission found the area was behind the Greek front.
The Chief Rabbinate is established under the British Mandate in Palestine
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The Chief Rabbinate was set up in 1921, and a rabbinic group met in Jerusalem on 24 February 1921 with the approval of the Mandatory government. It has two Chief Rabbis, one Ashkenazi and one Sephardi.
Notes
The lead gives 1921 for the establishment. The History section says a rabbinic group met in Jerusalem on 24 February 1921 with the approval of the Mandatory government and elected the Rabbinical Council for Palestine, with Abraham Isaac Kook and Jacob Meir as Chief Rabbis; the article does not call that meeting the founding of the Rabbinate, so precision stays at year. Mandatory Palestine is used as the place, since it governed the territory at the time.
· Ramat Gan, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel) · Middle East
Ramat Gan is founded as a farming village
Politics & diplomacy
Ramat Gan began in 1921 as a moshava, a farming village, founded by the Ir Ganim association as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. Its name means Garden Heights.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year); infobox says founded 1921.
· Jabal Ansariyah (Syrian coastal mountains), French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
The Alawite revolt against French rule in Syria ends
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The revolt led by Shaykh Saleh al-Ali, mainly in the coastal Jabal Ansariyah mountains, ended in 1921 in a French victory. Clashes in April and May 1921 gave the French the military edge, but at the cost of heavy casualties.
Notes
Wikidata gives the end as 1921-06 (month precision), while the infobox says July 1921; no end day is stated, so the year is stored. The Wikidata item is labelled '1919 Syrian Revolt' but refers to the Alawite revolt.
· Akkale, Ankara Castle, Ankara, Government of the Grand National Assembly (now Turkey) · Middle East
Ankara's first museum is established
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Mubarek Galip Bey and the Directorate of Culture set up Ankara's first museum in 1921, in the Akkale section of Ankara Castle. It was the forerunner of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.
Notes
Infobox: established 1921, founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Place: the museum was held by the Ankara government (Government of the Grand National Assembly, in existence from 23 April 1920), not by the Istanbul government.
The Emirate of Nejd and Hasa becomes the Sultanate of Nejd
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
After the rival Emirate of Ha'il was overthrown, the realm that had been called the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa from 1913 became known as the Sultanate of Nejd in 1921. This was the third phase of the third Saudi state and lasted until 1926.
Notes
The infobox lists 2 November 1921 beside the third iteration, but the text gives only 1921, so the year is stored. The article covers the third Saudi state as a whole; the 1921 happening stored is the change to the Sultanate of Nejd.
The Histadrut, the trade union congress, established the bank in 1921, and its name means 'The Workers' Bank'. Today it ranks among Israel's biggest banks, concentrating on retail banking.
The Egyptian Football Association was set up in 1921, which created the need for a competition just for Egyptian clubs. Zamalek, Al Ahly, Tersana and several other clubs entered the first tournament, and Zamalek beat Al Ittihad in the 1922 final.
Notes
English Wikipedia links the tournament's creation to the Egyptian Football Association's 1921 formation; the first final was played in 1922.
The emblem of Transjordan, now Jordan's coat of arms, is adopted
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Emir Abdullah I of Transjordan first adopted the emblem in 1921, having had it designed at his request as the country's official emblem. The emirate itself had been established in April 1921.
Persia holds its first legislative election after the 1921 coup
Politics & diplomacy
The Reformers' Party, led by Hassan Modarres, won a majority in the first election held after the Persian coup d'état of 1921. The Socialist Party was the main opposition.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives the year only. Persia used its own solar calendar, so the Gregorian year may straddle two Persian years.
· Beirut, State of Greater Lebanon (now Lebanon) · Middle East
The Lebanese National Library is founded
Art & literature
Viscount Philippe de Tarrazi's donation of books, many rare manuscripts and first issues of national newspapers started the library in 1921. He wanted the donation to be the nucleus of a future Great Library of Beirut.
Jewish industrialists found the ancestor of the Manufacturers Association of Israel
Economy & trade
Jewish industrialists, with Arie Shenkar at their head, founded the Association of Manufacturers and Employers in 1921 under the British Mandate for Palestine. Today it is the umbrella body speaking for all industrial sectors in Israel.
The East African Currency Board issued the shilling, which Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda received in 1921 in place of the short-lived East African florin. It stayed in use until 1969.
The party was founded in 1921 when the International Socialist League merged with other groups. It dissolved itself in 1950 ahead of a ban and returned underground as the SACP in 1953.
Notes
The English lead and infobox give 12 February 1921; the German article gives 30 July 1921 in Cape Town; the English history section gives only 1921. Only the year is stored.
· Middle Atlas, French Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
The Zaian War ends as France pacifies the Middle Atlas
War & conflictSome details uncertain
France fought a Berber alliance, the Zaian Confederation, in Morocco from 1914 to 1921. After a split caused infighting and the death of its leader Hammou in spring 1921, France attacked in three directions into the Middle Atlas.
Notes
Infobox: 1914-1921, French victory. Wikidata region was Europe; Africa used here. Hammou's death is given only as 'Spring 1921'.
From 1921 French Morocco used the franc as its money, replacing the rial. Coins were introduced that year, in the reign of Yusuf, although franc banknotes had been issued since 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1921 (year) with end 1974. Banknotes in francs date from 1919 per a body sentence.
The tallero had been Eritrea's currency since 1890. Worth five lire and divided into ten decimi, it was abandoned in 1921, after which Italian currency circulated alone until lira banknotes were issued in 1938.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1921 as the end date.
The Commonwealth Government proclaimed the site as Essendon Aerodrome in 1921. It began with grass runways, and the first tenants moved in from December 1921.
Tonga's government begins issuing its own pound banknotes
Economy & trade
The pound served as Tonga's currency from 1921 until 1967, issued by a currency board for Tonga. Each pound was divided into 20 shillings, and each shilling into 12 pence.
Otto Hahn discovers the first known nuclear isomer
Science
In 1921 Otto Hahn found uranium X2 and uranium Z, the first known pair of a nuclear isomer and its decay daughter. A nuclear isomer is a long-lived excited state of an atomic nucleus.
Sakuhei Fujiwhara describes how two cyclones circle each other
Science
In a 1921 paper, the Japanese meteorologist Sakuhei Fujiwhara first described how two nearby cyclones move around one another. The paper dealt with vortices in water and built on an 1889 paper by another Japanese researcher.
The ILO adopts the Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention
Politics & diplomacy
The International Labour Organization adopted the convention in 1921. Its preamble concerns proposals about a weekly rest day in industrial employment.
Notes
The lead also describes the convention as limiting working time to an eight-hour day and 48-hour week, while its quoted preamble speaks of the weekly rest day; the details are not used here.
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