In July 1925 the town of Dayton, Tennessee, put a teacher, John Scopes, on trial for teaching human evolution, with William Jennings Bryan prosecuting and Clarence Darrow leading the defense; Scopes was fined $100. In March the deadliest tornado in United States history killed 695 people across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, and in Alaska relays of twenty mushers and some 150 dogs rushed antitoxin to Nome to stop a diphtheria epidemic. April brought F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. China lost Sun Yat-sen, founder of its republic, and in Persia the Majlis named Reza Shah as shah, ending Qajar rule. At Locarno, Germany's western borders were guaranteed while its eastern ones were not, and in Syria the Druze began a revolt against French rule. In Paris an exhibition showed off the modern style later known as Art Deco, and in December Eisenstein's Battleship Potemkin was shown for the first time, in Moscow.
This page lists all 500 events in our records for 1925: 348 dated to the day, 110 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
Explore 1925 as cardsA full-screen feed of cards, starting here. Needs JavaScript.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
· Dayton, Tennessee, United States · North America
Teacher John T. Scopes was tried in Dayton from 10 to 21 July 1925 under Tennessee's Butler Act, which banned teaching human evolution in public schools. William Jennings Bryan prosecuted and Clarence Darrow led the defense. Scopes was fined $100.
Why it is interesting. The trial was staged on purpose to bring publicity to Dayton, and the guilty verdict was later overturned on a technicality.
· Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, United States · North America
On Wednesday 18 March 1925 a tornado tore across eastern Missouri, then southern Illinois and southern Indiana. It killed 695 people. It destroyed ninety percent of the town of Annapolis, Missouri.
Why it is interesting. No other tornado in United States history has killed as many people, and only one anywhere in the world has killed more.
· Locarno, Switzerland · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Germany, France, the UK, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia negotiated seven agreements at Locarno in late 1925. In the main treaty, five western European nations promised to guarantee the German-French and German-Belgian borders.
Why it is interesting. Germany's western borders were guaranteed, but its eastern border with Poland and Czechoslovakia was not, and the treaties gave the world the phrase 'spirit of Locarno'.
Meeting at Locarno ran 5 to 16 October 1925 (Wikidata gives 16 October); the infobox gives 1 December 1925 as the date signed, in London. Effective 14 September 1926 on Germany joining the League of Nations.
· Beijing, China · Asia
Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing on 12 March 1925. He trained as a physician, became a revolutionary and founded both the Republic of China and the Kuomintang. In 1912 he held the post of first president of the republic's provisional government.
Why it is interesting. He founded the Republic of China after the Qing dynasty fell, yet he came from a poor peasant family in Guangdong.
· Mongolia · Asia
Mongolia introduced the tögrög as its currency on 9 December 1925. At launch it was worth the same as the Soviet ruble, and, like the ruble, its value was fixed by a set weight of silver.
Why it is interesting. At launch the tögrög was worth the same as the Soviet ruble, and a set weight of silver fixed the value of both.
Infobox gives date of introduction as 1925; the history section gives 9 December 1925.
· United States · North America
Charles Scribner's Sons published F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel on 10 April 1925. It follows narrator Nick Carraway and the mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby on Long Island in the Jazz Age.
Why it is interesting. Fitzgerald was so struck by Francis Cugat's cover painting, Celestial Eyes, that he built its imagery into the story itself.
Wikidata also lists 1925-01-01 as inception; the infobox gives 10 April 1925 as published.
· Alaska, United States · North America
Some details uncertain.
Twenty mushers and about 150 sled dogs carried diphtheria antitoxin across Alaska in a relay in early 1925. The run saved Nome and nearby communities from a developing diphtheria epidemic.
Why it is interesting. Twenty mushers and about 150 dogs relayed medicine to Nome, and Balto, who led the last stretch, has statues in Central Park and Anchorage.
Day comes from the article's body, which says the first musher, Shannon, was handed the serum at Nenana at 9:00 pm on 27 January 1925. Wikidata gives 27 January 1925 as the start and 2 February 1925 as the end.
· Geneva, Switzerland · Europe
Delegates signed the Geneva Protocol on 17 June 1925. It bans the use of poisonous gases and bacteriological methods of warfare in international armed conflicts, building on Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. It entered into force on 8 February 1928.
Why it is interesting. It outlaws only the use of such weapons and says nothing about producing or storing them, which later treaties covered.
· French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
Some details uncertain.
A general uprising spread across Syria and Greater Lebanon between 1925 and 1927, answering repressive policies of the French mandate authorities. It began among the Druze of the Jabal Druze State, who beat a French relief column and took the fort at al-Suwayda.
Why it is interesting. The French army won militarily, yet the resistance led to a national government of Syria.
Year precision kept: Wikidata gives 1925-07-19; the body says the Druze revolted in September 1925, yet also dates the Battle of al-Kafr to 21 July 1925 and says Sultan al-Atrash formally declared revolution on 23 August 1925, so the start within 1925 is not settled.
· Austria · Europe
Austria issued the schilling on 1 March 1925, under a law passed on 20 December 1924. It replaced the krone, and bronze, cupro-nickel and silver coins appeared that year along with the first banknotes.
Why it is interesting. The schilling replaced the Austrian krone on 1 March 1925, with the first banknotes of the new currency appearing that year.
· Ruhr, Germany · Europe
The last French troops left Düsseldorf and Duisburg on 25 August 1925, ending an occupation of the Ruhr that French and Belgian forces had begun on 11 January 1923 after Germany defaulted on reparations.
Why it is interesting. German civilians met the occupation with passive resistance that largely shut down the region's economy.
Evacuation followed the Dawes Plan, which took effect 1 September 1924.
· Tehran, Persia (now Iran) · Middle East
Some details uncertain.
On 12 December 1925 Persia's Majlis, sitting as a constituent assembly, named Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general in the Persian Cossack Brigade, as shah. His accession began the Pahlavi dynasty and ended the Qajars' rule.
Why it is interesting. The Qajars had ruled Iran since 1789, and Ahmad Shah Qajar was their last monarch.
A list in the body gives 31 October 1925 as the end of Ahmad Shah's reign (the Majlis vote deposing him); the lead dates the end of effective Qajar rule to the constituent assembly's vote of 12 December 1925. The English dates are Gregorian: Persian Wikipedia gives 9 Aban 1304 (solar Hijri) for the deposition and 21 Azar 1304 for the vote, which convert to 31 October and 12 December 1925; it also gives 22 Azar (13 December) once for the constituent assembly's grant of the throne.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literature
Moscow readers first saw the monthly Russian 'thick journal' Novy Mir in January 1925. It carries prose, poetry, essays and memoirs, and Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov was its first editor-in-chief, from 1925 to 1926.
· Albania · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Albania was declared a republic in January 1925, and the assembly chose Ahmet Zogu as its first president. The state was officially the Albanian Republic under its 1925 constitution until Zogu made it a monarchy in 1928.
Day-level dates conflict, so only January 1925 is stored. The Albanian Republic article and German Wikipedia put Zogu's election on 31 January; German Wikipedia says parliament declared the republic on 21 January; the Zog I article says the Constituent Assembly elected him on 21 January and he took office on 1 February. The Fundamental Statute (constitution) is dated 2 March 1925 in the Constitution of Albania article. The Albanian Republic infobox labels 31 January 'constitution adopted', and Wikidata gives 31 January 1925 as inception with no reference.
· France · Europe
Art & literature
Le Corbusier, Paul Dermée and Amédée Ozenfant founded the magazine in 1920, and issues ran from October 1920 to January 1925, when it stopped publication.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literature
RAPP was an official creative union of writers in the Soviet Union, set up in January 1925. Among its declared aims was to 'scourge and chastise' for the Party, in effect urging ideological censorship.
Wikidata gives 1925.
· Unterhaching, Germany · Europe
Sport
The football club became independent on 1 January 1925, having been part of the sports club TSV Hachinger. The Nazis dissolved it in 1933 as 'politically unreliable'.
· Geneva, Switzerland · Europe
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Firms including Tungsram, Osram, General Electric, AEI and Philips incorporated the cartel in Geneva on 15 January 1925. It divided up market territories, and controlled bulb manufacture and sale across much of Europe and North America until 1939.
Wikidata also gives 23 December 1924. The lead says the cartel lowered bulb lifetimes and calls it a commonly cited case of planned obsolescence; the body records that a 1951 UK commission report disputed that view.
· Finland · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Voters chose presidential electors on 15 and 16 January 1925, and the electors then picked the president. Lauri Kristian Relander won on the third ballot, after the outgoing president Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg declined a second term.
· Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Art & literature
The first issue of Vsesvit came out on 15 January 1925, founded by Alexander Dovzhenko, Mykola Khvyliovyi and Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny. It is a Ukrainian periodical printing translations of world classics and contemporary literature.
Infobox gives firstdate: 1925.
· Weimar Republic, Germany · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Hans Luther's cabinet took office on 15 January 1925, after the second Marx cabinet resigned. Luther was an independent leading a loose coalition that stretched from the DDP on the left to the DNVP on the right.
Infobox gives the cabinet as formed 15 January 1925 and in office until 5 December 1925, then as a caretaker government until 20 January 1926.
· Pskov Governorate, Soviet Union · Europe
Lives
Alexei Kuropatkin died in the Pskov Governorate on 16 January 1925. He ran the Russian Imperial war ministry from 1898 to 1904 and later commanded in the field; historians frequently blame him for Russian losses at Mukden and Liaoyang.
Wikidata places the death at Toropets; the infobox names the Pskov Governorate.
· London, England · Europe
Lives
The English philosopher J. M. E. McTaggart died in London on 18 January 1925. A fellow and lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge, and a leading British idealist who followed Hegel, he is best remembered for his work on the philosophy of time.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
Gilles Louis René Deleuze was born on 18 January 1925 and became a French philosopher. His writing ranged across ontology, social critique, cinema theory and art.
· United Kingdom, France and Ireland · Europe
Sport
The rugby union championship comprised ten matches between 24 January and 18 April 1925, among England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Wikidata gives 1 January 1925 as the start; the article gives 24 January.
· Schreiberhau, Germany · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
The first official International Workers' Olympiad was a winter event held at Schreiberhau, a German town now in Poland, from 31 January to 2 February 1925. Participants belonged to labor sports associations, mostly from Europe.
Dates 31 January to 2 February 1925 come from a table of Olympiads in the body; a 1925 summer Olympiad in Frankfurt followed in July.
· Albania · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Principality of Albania, a monarchy created by the Treaty of London after the First Balkan War and headed by Prince Wilhelm of Wied, lasted from 1914 until 1925. The monarchy was scrapped and an Albanian Republic declared in its place.
Day comes from infobox date_end: 31 January, with year_end 1925; Wikidata agrees. The infobox start date is given as 21 February.
· Europe
Art & literature
The story first appeared as 'Traitor's Hands' in the 31 January 1925 edition of Flynn's, a weekly pulp magazine. It later became 'The Witness for the Prosecution' when collected in The Hound of Death in 1933.
Wikidata gives 31 January 1925.
· Vienna, Austria and Davos, Switzerland · Europe
Sport
The 1925 World Figure Skating Championships were split between two places: the ladies' events ran from 31 January to 1 February in Davos, Switzerland, and the men's and pairs' events on 14 and 15 February in Vienna, Austria.
Wikidata gives 31 January to 15 February 1925.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Weird Tales ran H. P. Lovecraft's story The Festival in its January 1925 issue. Lovecraft had written it in October 1923.
Infobox gives pub_date: January 1925.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
The American realist painter George Bellows died in New York City on 8 January 1925. He was known for bold pictures of urban life in New York, and from 1921 to 1924 he worked with the printer Bolton Brown on lithographs.
Birth date given as 12 or 19 August 1882.
· Somerville, New Jersey, United States · North America
Lives
Clarence LeRoy Van Cleef Jr. was born on 9 January 1925 in Somerville, New Jersey. He became an American actor with over 170 film and television roles, best known for spaghetti Westerns including Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy.
· New York City, United States · North America
Science
A total solar eclipse occurred on Saturday 24 January 1925. Totality was visible in the northern part of New York City, and a diamond-ring corona was photographed from the city.
Region taken from the New York observations.
· Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States · North America
Lives
Paul Leonard Newman was born on 26 January 1925 in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, and grew up in Shaker Heights. He worked as an actor, filmmaker, racecar driver, philanthropist and entrepreneur.
Wikidata names Shaker Heights as the birthplace; the lead and infobox say he was born in Cleveland Heights and raised in Shaker Heights.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Flapper Fanny Says began as a single-panel daily cartoon on 26 January 1925. Ethel Hays created it, and each episode showed a flapper with a witticism.
Infobox gives first: January 26, 1925.
· Alaska, United States · North America
Medicine & epidemicsSome details uncertain
Twenty mushers and about 150 sled dogs carried diphtheria antitoxin across Alaska in a relay in early 1925. The run saved Nome and nearby communities from a developing diphtheria epidemic.
Day comes from the article's body, which says the first musher, Shannon, was handed the serum at Nenana at 9:00 pm on 27 January 1925. Wikidata gives 27 January 1925 as the start and 2 February 1925 as the end.
· Portland, Oregon, United States · North America
Lives
Douglas Carl Engelbart was born on 30 January 1925 in Portland, Oregon. He became an American engineer and inventor who helped pioneer computer science.
· Santiago, Chile · South America
War & conflict
On 23 January 1925 the Chilean military overthrew the ruling September Junta. Colonel Marmaduque Grove led the troops, who detained General Luis Altamirano, president of the junta.
· Shanghai, China · Asia
Politics & diplomacy
The congress met from 11 to 22 January 1925 at a shikumen house in the Shanghai International Settlement. 20 participants attended, representing 994 party members. Chen Duxiu drafted the report for the 3rd Central Executive Committee.
· China · Asia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The post of general secretary was set up at the Chinese Communist Party's 4th National Congress, held 11 to 22 January 1925. Chen Duxiu was elected the first general secretary.
The 4th National Congress ran from 11 to 22 January 1925 and replaced the post of chairman of the Central Executive Committee with that of general secretary.
· Tokyo, Japan · Asia
Lives
Kimitake Hiraoka, who wrote as Yukio Mishima, was born in Tokyo on 14 January 1925. He wrote novels, plays and short stories, among them The Temple of the Golden Pavilion and Confessions of a Mask.
Infobox gives birth_date: 14 January 1925; Wikidata agrees.
· Beijing, China · Asia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Lev Karakhan for the Soviet Union and Kenkichi Yoshizawa for Japan signed the treaty in Beijing on 20 January 1925, normalizing relations between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan. Ratifications were exchanged on 26 February.
Wikidata gives 26 February 1925 (exchange of ratifications) and also 20 January 1925 as inception; the article gives signing on 20 January 1925.
· Kowloon, Hong Kong · Asia
TechnologySome details uncertain
Kai Tak was Hong Kong's international airport from 1925 until 1998. The Kai Tak Investment Company, formed in 1912 by Ho Kai and Au Tak, reclaimed the land, and Harry Abbott opened an aviation school on the site in 1924.
Opening date comes from the infobox (opened: 25 January 1925).
· Damascus, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
Politics & diplomacy
A decree of 5 December 1924 created the State of Syria, effective 1 January 1925. France ruled it as a League of Nations mandate, with Damascus as its capital. It united two earlier states, Aleppo and Damascus.
Decree dated 5 December 1924; effective 1 January 1925.
· Sydney, Australia · Oceania
SportSome details uncertain
The 18th Australasian Championships, the first Grand Slam event of 1925, were played on grass at the White City Tennis Club in Sydney from 24 to 31 January. Australians James Anderson and Daphne Akhurst won the singles titles.
The year is stated in the event name; the lead gives the days without the year.
· Weimar Germany · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Founded in April 1924 as a legal stand-in for the banned Nazi Party, it contained the reorganised Frontbann, a lawful alternative to the SA. Its leaders gave up in February 1925, and it was absorbed into the refounded Nazi Party.
The day is disputed, so only February 1925 is stored. The English infobox and Wikidata give 27 February 1925, the day the Nazi Party was re-formed and the movement was reabsorbed; German Wikipedia says it in effect dissolved itself on 14 February 1925, when Ludendorff, Graefe and Strasser gave up its leadership, with the Nazi Party refounded on 27 February.
· Torquay, England · Europe
Lives
The British mathematician and electrical engineer Oliver Heaviside died in Torquay on 3 February 1925 after a fall from a ladder. He had recast Maxwell's equations into the form still used today.
Wikidata lists two places of death, Torquay and Mount Stuart Hospital (which its description places in Torquay); the article says Torquay.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Lives
The German archaeologist Robert Koldewey died in Berlin on 4 February 1925. He excavated ancient Babylon thoroughly, and his digs uncovered the foundations of the Marduk ziggurat and the Ishtar Gate.
· Paris, France · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Aristide Bruant died on 11 February 1925. In France he sang in cabarets, performed comedy and owned a nightclub. He has been credited with creating the chanson réaliste genre.
Wikidata also lists 10 February; lead and infobox give 11 February 1925.
· Geneva, Switzerland · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The convention was signed in Geneva in 1925, updating the earlier 1912 Hague Opium Convention. It set up a statistical control system overseen by a Permanent Central Opium Board.
Infobox gives date_signed: 19 February 1925 and location_signed: The Hague; the lead places the signing at Geneva.
· Oslo, Norway · Europe
Sport
The championships took place at the Bislett Stadion in Oslo on 21 and 22 February 1925. Clas Thunberg won his second world title.
Wikidata gives 22 February 1925 as both start and end.
· Stockholm, Sweden · Europe
Lives
Hjalmar Branting died in Stockholm on 24 February 1925, a month after illness led him to step down as Sweden's prime minister for the third time. He had led the Social Democratic Party since 1907 and pushed for universal suffrage and an eight-hour workday.
He was no longer prime minister at his death: the English infobox ends his third term on 24 January 1925, and Swedish Wikipedia says he asked to be released on 19 January because of illness and was replaced by Rickard Sandler on 24 January. The English article's body says only that he died four months after being sworn in.
· Nice, France · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Louis Feuillade, a French filmmaker of the silent era, died in Nice on 25 February 1925. He made over 630 films from 1906 to 1924; he is best known for Fantômas, Les Vampires and Judex, serials about crime.
English lead and infobox give 25 February 1925; Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 26 February.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Lives
Friedrich Ebert died in Berlin on 28 February 1925, still in office as president. A Social Democrat, he had been Germany's first president, serving from 1919, and its first chancellor when it became a republic.
· San Blas Islands (Guna Yala), Panama · North America
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In February 1925 the Guna rebelled in the San Blas Islands, seeking to declare independence, as the Panamanian government tried to control the region and impose a Westernised national culture. Richard Marsh helped Guna leaders organise the revolt.
Infobox gives date: 12 February to 4 May 1925; Wikidata gives 2 February 1925 to 3 May 1925. Month precision used for the start.
· Newton, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Lives
John Uhler Lemmon III, known as Jack Lemmon, was born on 8 February 1925 in Newton, Massachusetts. He became an American actor in both dramatic and comic parts.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Pete first appeared on 15 February 1925, as Bootleg Pete, in the short film Alice Solves the Puzzle. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created him, and he first looked like a bear.
· Cleveland, Ohio, United States · North America
Lives
Harold Rowe Holbrook Jr. was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on 17 February 1925. He gained acclaim in 1954 with a one-man Mark Twain show that he had begun as a student at Denison University.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
George Harris Kennedy Jr. was born on 18 February 1925 in New York City. He became an American actor with more than 100 film and television credits, and played Joe Patroni in Airport.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
Lives
Robert Bernard Altman was born on 20 February 1925 in Kansas City, Missouri. He became an American filmmaker linked to the New Hollywood era, known for satirical films with overlapping dialogue and large ensemble casts.
· New York City, United States · North America
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Harold Ross and his wife Jane Grant founded The New Yorker on 21 February 1925, with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann and a first office in Manhattan. Ross stayed on as editor until he died in 1951.
Wikidata gives 1925-02-17 as the start date, with 1925-02-21 as the inception date; the article gives 21 February 1925 in lead and infobox.
· Fresno, California, United States · North America
Lives
David Samuel Peckinpah was born on 21 February 1925 in Fresno, California. He became an American filmmaker and actor, known for a revisionist take on the Western with visually innovative and explicit action and violence.
· Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union (now Uzbekistan) · Asia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The party ruled the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and formed its branch within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Vladimir Ivanov became its first first secretary on 12 February 1925.
Infobox gives founded: 12 February 1925; Wikidata gives 13 February 1925.
· Jeddah, Hejaz · Middle East
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The 1925 siege of Jeddah was part of Ibn Saud's drive to take the Kingdom of Hejaz. King Ali bin Hussein had retreated to Jeddah after Mecca fell to Ibn Saud in early December 1924. Najdi forces won.
Infobox gives 10 February to 17 December 1925, while the body dates the siege's end to 23 December 1925 (1343 A.H.). Wikidata gives 10 February and 17 December.
· Southeast Anatolia, Turkey · Middle East
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In February 1925 Kurdish nationalists and Islamists rose under Sheikh Said in Southeast Anatolia, backed by the Azadî movement, against the young secular Turkish republic. The revolt was suppressed and Sheikh Said was executed.
Infobox gives 13 February 1925 to March 1925; the lead says February to March 1925, and the body has troops entering the Piran area earlier in February and Sheikh Said captured on 15 April 1925. Wikidata gives 13 February 1925 as the start and March 1925 (month only) as the end. 13 February is the day of Sheikh Said's sermon in the Piran mosque; Turkish Wikipedia calls it Friday 13 February 1925, which matches the Gregorian weekday. Turkey has numbered days by the Gregorian calendar since 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year numbering lasted until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
· Turin, Italy · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
L'Ordine Nuovo was a weekly newspaper started in Turin on 1 May 1919; among its founders were Antonio Gramsci, Angelo Tasca and Palmiro Togliatti. It went defunct in 1922, reappeared in March 1924 and ran its final eight numbers irregularly until March 1925.
Infobox gives lastdate: March 1925; Wikidata gives 1925.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literature
The illustrated magazine Bezbozhnik appeared in Moscow from March 1925 until June 1941. An organ of the League of the Militant Godless, it criticised religion from a Marxist standpoint for a mass worker readership.
Infobox founded: March, 1925; Wikidata agrees.
· Austria · Europe
Economy & trade
Austria issued the schilling on 1 March 1925, under a law passed on 20 December 1924. It replaced the krone, and bronze, cupro-nickel and silver coins appeared that year along with the first banknotes.
· Luxembourg · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
General elections took place in Luxembourg on 1 March 1925, and 22 of the 47 Chamber of Deputies seats went to the Party of the Right.
Infobox gives election_date: 1 March 1925; Wikidata agrees.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
The composer, pianist and teacher Moritz Moszkowski, of German-Polish background, died of stomach cancer in Paris on 4 March 1925. His brother Alexander was a well-known writer and satirist in Berlin.
· Paris, France · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Prince Georgy Lvov, who headed the Russian Provisional Government from 15 March to 20 July 1917, died in March 1925. He had escaped to France after the Bolsheviks arrested him following the October Revolution.
Lead gives 7/8 March 1925; infobox and Wikidata give 7 March. Wikidata names the place as Boulogne-Billancourt; the infobox gives Paris.
· Piraeus, Greece · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
Olympiacos was officially recognized as a club in Piraeus on 10 March 1925. The club itself says it was founded earlier, on 16 May 1924, and played friendly matches at first.
The article gives founding on 16 May 1924 and official recognition on 10 March 1925 (also Wikidata's date).
· Paris, France · Europe
Architecture
Paris Métro line 10 gained Mabillon station on 10 March 1925, in an extension from Croix-Rouge. It stands in the Left Bank's 6th arrondissement, named after the nearby rue Mabillon.
Wikidata also gives 1 January 1925 as an inception date.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Lives
The German bacteriologist and hygienist August von Wassermann died in Berlin on 16 March 1925. He began working under Robert Koch in 1890 and in 1906 became director of the experimental therapy and serum research division of the Berlin institute.
· London, England · Europe
Lives
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, died in London on 20 March 1925. A Conservative statesman, he served as Viceroy of India between 1899 and 1905, then as Foreign Secretary from 1919 until 1924.
· Catalonia, Spain · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Primo de Rivera's dictatorship dissolved and outlawed the Commonwealth of Catalonia on 20 March 1925. It was a federation of the four provinces of Catalonia, set up in 1914.
Infobox gives date_end: 20 March.
· Edinburgh, Scotland · Europe
Architecture
Murrayfield opened on 21 March 1925 with a match between Scotland and England. Scotland won, which secured a Grand Slam in the Five Nations Championship.
· Monte Carlo, Monaco · Europe
Stage, music & film
Victor de Sabata conducted the first performance of Ravel's one-act opera at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo on 21 March 1925, and George Balanchine choreographed the ballet sequences. Colette wrote the libretto.
Infobox gives premiere_date: 21 March 1925 at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo.
· Chiswick, London, England · Europe
Lives
Peter Stephen Paul Brook, later an English theatre and film director, entered the world on 21 March 1925 in Chiswick's Bedford Park. His early career was at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre and the Royal Opera House.
· Montbrison, France · Europe
Lives
Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez came into the world in Montbrison, in the Loire department, on 26 March 1925. He became a French composer, conductor and writer who founded several musical institutions.
· Germany · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Germany chose its head of state by direct vote for the first time, in a first round on 29 March 1925 and a runoff on 26 April. President Friedrich Ebert had died in office. Paul von Hindenburg won the runoff with 48.3% of the vote.
Wikidata also gives 24 April; the article gives 26 April for the runoff.
· Dornach, Switzerland · Europe
Lives
Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher, social reformer and esotericist, died on 30 March 1925 in Dornach, Switzerland. He founded anthroposophy and had first gained recognition as a literary critic.
The lead gives his birth as 27 or 25 February 1861; the infobox gives 27 February.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Buster Keaton directed and starred in the American silent comedy Seven Chances, released in March 1925. It adapts a play by Roi Cooper Megrue that David Belasco produced in 1916.
Release day disputed: the English infobox says 15 March 1925 (also Wikidata's preferred publication date), Silent Era says released 16 March 1925 and notes that the Film Year Book 1926 lists 22 March, and Wikidata holds a second publication date of 10 April 1925. Month precision used.
· New York City, United States · North America
Art & literature
Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer founded Viking Press in New York City on 1 March 1925. Penguin Group acquired it in 1975, and it now belongs to Penguin Random House.
· Macon, Georgia, United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The company that became Delta Air Lines began on 2 March 1925 in Macon, Georgia, as Huff Daland Dusters. Its first flight, on 23 March, took off from Camp Wheeler to spray a peach orchard at Montezuma, Georgia.
Wikidata also lists 17 June 1929, the time of passenger operations; the article gives 2 March 1925 for the company founding.
· Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Politics & diplomacy
Calvin Coolidge was inaugurated for his second term on Wednesday 4 March 1925, at the Capitol's East Portico. Charles G. Dawes began his only term as vice president, and Chief Justice William Howard Taft administered the oath.
· Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Politics & diplomacy
The 69th Congress met in Washington from 4 March 1925 to 4 March 1927, during Calvin Coolidge's third and fourth years as president. Republicans kept their majority in both the Senate and the House.
· Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, United States · North America
Disasters
On Wednesday 18 March 1925 a tornado tore across eastern Missouri, then southern Illinois and southern Indiana. It killed 695 people. It destroyed ninety percent of the town of Annapolis, Missouri.
· New Mexico, United States · North America
Everyday life
New Mexico officially adopted its Zia sun flag on 19 March 1925. The flag was designed by Reba Mera and shows the red sun symbol of the Zia people on a field of gold.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack directed and produced the documentary Grass, released on 20 March 1925. It tracks a Bakhtiari Lur group and their herds on a seasonal trek to better pastures in Persia.
Day comes from the infobox (released: 20 March 1925); Wikidata gives 1925.
· Tennessee, United States · North America
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Governor Austin Peay signed the Butler Act into law on 21 March 1925. The Tennessee law forbade public school teachers to deny the Genesis account of how humans began, and banned teaching that humans evolved from lower orders of animals.
Infobox gives date_signed: March 21, 1925; Wikidata gives the same date. The English lead says the law was upheld in the Scopes Trial later that year, but the body says the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld it in 1927 and reversed Scopes's conviction on a technicality, so the 1927 ruling is used.
· Panama · North America
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Panama officially adopted its flag under law number 48 of 1925. María de la Ossa de Amador made the flag. Blue stands for the Conservatives, red for the Liberals and white for peace between them.
Adoption date comes from the infobox; the lead names the law (ley 48 de 1925).
· Savannah, Georgia, United States · North America
Lives
Mary Flannery O'Connor was born on 25 March 1925 in Savannah, Georgia. She worked as a novelist, essayist and writer of short stories, in a sardonic Southern Gothic style.
· Bandung, Dutch East Indies (now West Java, Indonesia) · Asia
Technology
The Andir airfield in Bandung, used by the Dutch colonial army's air arm and now Husein Sastranegara Airport, was officially opened on 1 March 1925; civil aviation followed from 1928. It long served as the main air gateway to Bandung and its region.
The English and Indonesian infoboxes give 1 March 1925, and Dutch Wikipedia's text says the airfield was officially opened on 1 March 1925, with shared civil use from 1928. The English body says earlier Bandung airstrips opened in 1920 and that work on the Andir field began around 1921.
· South Waziristan, British India (now Pakistan) · Asia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Royal Air Force bombed and strafed Mahsud mountain strongholds in South Waziristan under Wing Commander Richard Pink, starting in March 1925. British forces had operated against Mahsud tribes in southern Waziristan since July 1924.
Infobox gives date: 9 March to 1 May 1925; the lead says March and April 1925.
· Beijing, China · Asia
Lives
Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing on 12 March 1925. He trained as a physician, became a revolutionary and founded both the Republic of China and the Kuomintang. In 1912 he held the post of first president of the republic's provisional government.
· Osaka, Japan · Asia
Lives
Leo Esaki was born in Osaka on 12 March 1925. The Japanese physicist took a share of the 1973 physics Nobel, alongside Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson, for his research on tunneling in semiconductors.
Wikidata gives Takaida as the birthplace; the article gives Osaka.
· Dali, Yunnan, China · Asia
DisastersSome details uncertain
A violent earthquake struck Yunnan Province at 14:42 UTC on 16 March 1925, late evening local time, with a surface-wave magnitude of about 7.0 and a moment magnitude of 6.9. The shaking reached at least intensity IX (Violent) on the Mercalli scale.
NOAA UTC date 1925-03-16 14:42; the local time, 22:42, falls on the same date. Magnitude: the Wikipedia lead gives 7.0 surface-wave, its infobox lists 7.0 and 6.9, and NOAA gives Ms 7.0 and Mw 6.9. Deaths: Wikipedia about 5,000, NOAA 5,800 (deathsTotal).
SourcesWikipediangdc.noaa.gov
· South China · Asia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The war was a struggle for control of the Nationalist Party after Sun Yat-sen died in 1925. Tang Jiyao, head of the Yunnan clique, claimed the Kuomintang leadership six days after Sun died, on 18 March 1925, and challenged Hu Hanmin. Chiang Kai-shek's side won.
Infobox gives March 1925 to February 1927; Wikidata gives an end date of 1 September 1925, which conflicts with it. The end date is therefore left out.
· Germany · Europe
Economy & trade
Albert Fezer and Gottlieb Stoll set up the company Fezer & Stoll in April 1925, making woodworking machinery. In 1926 the firm applied for a patent on an all-purpose woodworking machine.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Copenhagen, Denmark · Europe
Economy & trade
The Danish public broadcaster began on 1 April 1925 as Radioordningen, largely modelled on the BBC. It became Statsradiofonien in 1926, Danmarks Radio in 1959 and DR in 1996.
· London, England · Europe
Lives
Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn was born on 3 April 1925. He was a Labour politician and activist in Britain who held Cabinet posts in the 1960s and 1970s and sat as an MP for 47 of the 51 years from 1950 to 2001.
Wikidata gives Marylebone as the birthplace; the lead says Westminster and the infobox says London.
· San Remo, Italy · Europe
Lives
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, the sixth Qajar shah, died at San Remo, Italy, on 5 April 1925. He had ruled Iran from 3 January 1907 until he was deposed on 16 July 1909.
· Belgium · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Belgium voted on 5 April 1925. The Belgian Labour Party won most votes, taking 78 seats in the 187-seat Chamber, and turnout was about 92.8%.
Wikidata gives 15 April 1925; both the lead and infobox give 5 April.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Lives
Patriarch Tikhon died on 7 April 1925, which was 25 March by the Old Style church calendar. He had been chosen 11th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia in November 1917, after about 200 years of synodal rule.
Body gives 25 March (OS)/7 April; the Gregorian date 7 April is used.
· Roubaix, France · Europe
Sport
The 26th Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycling race from Paris to a velodrome in Roubaix, took place on 12 April 1925. Félix Sellier of Belgium won.
· London, England · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
The American expatriate painter John Singer Sargent died in London on 14 April 1925. He was called the leading portrait painter of his generation, and left roughly 900 oils and over 2,000 watercolors.
English lead and infobox give 15 April 1925; the English body, French and German Wikipedia and Wikidata give 14 April.
· Sofia, Bulgaria · Europe
War & conflict
On 16 April 1925 members of the Bulgarian Communist Party's Military Organisation blew up the church roof in Sofia during the funeral of General Konstantin Georgiev. Over 200 people died, and about 500 more were injured.
· Paris, France · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
The union adopted its constitution on 17 April 1925, after an informal 1924 meeting of several countries' representatives led to a congress planned for Paris. It is a worldwide confederation of national amateur radio organisations.
Wikidata gives 17 April 1925, and the body dates the constitution to that day. Paris as the place follows the congress plan described in the history section.
· Kastrup, Denmark · Europe
Technology
Copenhagen Airport was inaugurated at Kastrup on 20 April 1925. It is among the oldest international airports in Europe and is today the biggest airport in the Nordic countries.
· Italy · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Giovanni Gentile's manifesto, which set out the ideological basis of Italian Fascism, appeared in Il Popolo d'Italia and then in most Italian newspapers on 21 April 1925. It summarized a Fascist Culture conference held in Bologna on 29 March 1925.
· Wembley, London, England · Europe
Sport
Sheffield United and Cardiff City met at Wembley Stadium on 25 April 1925, and Sheffield United won with a single goal. Both teams had entered in the first round and played five stages to reach the final.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Art & literature
Der Prozess (The Trial) was published in Berlin on 26 April 1925, after Franz Kafka's death. He wrote it in 1914 and 1915 but never finished it, and his friend Max Brod edited the manuscript into a novel.
· Paris, France · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
France's president inaugurated the exhibition of modern decorative and industrial arts at a private ceremony on 28 April 1925, and the public came in the next day. Exhibitors came from twenty countries and over sixteen million people visited.
Lead gives public opening 29 April, the day after a private inauguration on 28 April; infobox gives open 28 April. Originally due to end 25 October.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Sergei Eisenstein directed and edited this Soviet silent propaganda film, his first full-length feature. It depicts a factory strike in 1903 and the violent suppression of the workers.
Infobox gives released 28 April 1925; the body says it premiered in Leningrad on 1 February 1925.
· New York City, United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Vitaphone began at Western Electric's Bell Laboratories and passed to Warner Bros. in April 1925. Its soundtrack came on separate phonograph records played in sync with the projector.
Infobox gives founded: 1926; the April 1925 acquisition is from the history section.
· Oklahoma, United States · North America
Everyday life
Oklahoma adopted its present flag, in its original version, on 2 April 1925. It shows an Osage war shield with a peace pipe and an olive branch on a sky-blue field; the winning design came from Louise Fluke of Shawnee.
Infobox gives adoption 2 April 1925 (original version) and 1 November 2006 (standardized version).
· Coral Gables, Florida, United States · North America
ScienceSome details uncertain
The University of Miami was established on 8 April 1925. The private research university sits in Coral Gables, Florida, and includes a medical school, a law school and a marine science school on Virginia Key.
Establishment date comes from the infobox; Wikidata gives 1925.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Charles Scribner's Sons published F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel on 10 April 1925. It follows narrator Nick Carraway and the mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby on Long Island in the Jazz Age.
Wikidata also lists 1925-01-01 as inception; the infobox gives 10 April 1925 as published.
· Westhampton, New York, United States · North America
Lives
Rodney Stephen Steiger was born on 14 April 1925 in Westhampton, New York. He became an American actor, closely associated with method acting and known for offbeat, often volatile characters.
· United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Albert E. Smith sold Vitagraph to Warner Bros. on 20 April 1925. J. Stuart Blackton and Smith had founded the company in Brooklyn in 1897, and by 1907 it was the most prolific film producer in the United States.
Infobox gives defunct: 1925. Wikidata gives 1925; the 20 April date is that of the sale.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Economy & trade
Sidney N. Shure founded the company in Chicago in 1925. It started as The Shure Radio Company, supplying radio parts kits, and later became a maker of microphones and other audio equipment.
Day comes from the infobox, which gives the founding date as 25 April 1925.
· La Paz, Bolivia · South America
Sport
A group of friends created the club on 12 April 1925 to play sport, especially football, and named it in honour of Simón Bolívar. It started amateur-era play two years after its foundation.
The club's founding year was long given as 1927; the history section says 1925, the centenary year of the country.
· Bolivia · South America
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Bolivia's top state honour, the Condor of the Andes order, was established on 12 April 1925. The president awards it for exceptional merit shown by Bolivians or foreigners.
Infobox and lead give 12 April 1925; Wikidata gives 18 April 1925.
· Santiago, Chile · South America
Sport
David Arellano, a footballer at Magallanes, led young players out of their club and, with them, officially established Colo-Colo on 19 April 1925. Luis Contreras chose the name, after a Mapuche chieftain who fought the Spanish in the Arauco War.
· Seoul, Korea under Japanese rule · Asia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A secret meeting in Seoul in 1925 founded this Marxist-Leninist party, whose leaders included Kim Yong-bom and Pak Hon-yong. In May 1925 Cho Tong-ho travelled to the Soviet Union, seeking the Communist International's recognition.
Infobox gives founded: 17 April 1925; the foundation section says Kim Chae-bong planned the founding congress for 21 April 1925. Month precision used. Wikidata gives April 1925.
· Virunga, Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) · Africa
Everyday life
In April 1925 the park was set up as Albert National Park, the first national park in the Congo, as a science-focused reserve to study and protect wildlife. It lies in the Albertine Rift Valley, largely along the borders with Uganda and Rwanda.
Lead says created in 1925; infobox and body give April 1925.
· Wilhelmshaven, Germany · At sea
Exploration
The survey ship Meteor left Wilhelmshaven on 16 April 1925 under the oceanographer Alfred Merz. Over the next two years it surveyed the South Atlantic from near the equator to Antarctica, taking depth soundings and water samples.
· Vienna, Austria · Europe
Lives
The Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa died in Vienna on 2 May 1925. He found 122 asteroids, among them 216 Kleopatra and 243 Ida, beginning with 136 Austria in 1874 and ending with 1073 Gellivara in 1923.
· Toulouse, France · Europe
Lives
The French inventor and engineer Clément Ader died in Toulouse on 3 May 1925. He is remembered mainly for pioneering work in aviation, and his notable projects included the Théâtrophone and the aircraft design Éole.
· Paris to Tours, France · Europe
Sport
The 20th Paris-Tours cycle race took place on 3 May 1925, starting in Paris and finishing in Tours. Denis Verschueren won.
· Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania) · Europe
War & conflict
During final exams on 6 May 1925, at least two eighth-grade students at a Wilno high school named for Joachim Lelewel attacked their examiners with revolvers and grenades. Two students and one teacher died, and so did the attackers.
Wilno was in the Second Polish Republic in 1925 and is now Vilnius, Lithuania.
· Lubyanka prison, Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Boris Savinkov died in Moscow's Lubyanka prison on 7 May 1925. He rose to prominence in the Combat Organization of the Socialist Revolutionaries and in 1917 served the Provisional Government as assistant minister of war.
The infobox lists the cause of death as defenestration, murder or suicide; the manner is uncertain.
· Seville, Spain · Europe
Sport
The 25th Copa del Rey final was played at Seville's Reina Victoria ground on 10 May 1925. Barcelona beat Arenas 2-0, with Tomás Balaguer refereeing.
Wikidata gives 1925.
· Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The 1918 constitution of Soviet Russia was repealed on 11 May 1925 and replaced by the Russian constitution of 1925. It had taken effect on 10 July 1918 and wrote the results of the 1917 October Revolution into law.
Repeal date comes from the infobox (date_repealed).
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
The French general Charles Mangin, nicknamed 'The Butcher', died on 12 May 1925. In World War I he commanded the Third, Sixth and Tenth Armies.
· Great Wigsell, England · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, a statesman and colonial administrator, died on 13 May 1925. From December 1916 to November 1918 he sat in Lloyd George's war cabinet as one of its most important members.
Wikidata places the death at Canterbury; the infobox names Great Wigsell, East Sussex.
· United Kingdom · Europe
Art & literature
Hogarth Press published Virginia Woolf's novel on 14 May 1925. The story follows a single day for Clarissa Dalloway, a well-off London woman just after the First World War.
· London, England · Europe
Lives
Sir H. Rider Haggard, who wrote adventure romances set mostly in Africa, died in Marylebone, London, on 14 May 1925. His eighteen Allan Quatermain stories began with King Solomon's Mines.
· Milan, Italy · Europe
Sport
The 13th Giro d'Italia began in Milan on 16 May 1925 and ended there on 7 June. Alfredo Binda of the Legnano team won, ahead of Costante Girardengo and Giovanni Brunero.
· Klagenfurt, Austria · Europe
Technology
Klagenfurt Airport opened for civil use on 17 May 1925, a notable occasion for both the city and the province of Carinthia. Airlines began operating from it in 1926.
· Frankfurt, Germany · Europe
Architecture
Frankfurt's original Waldstadion opened its gates on 21 May 1925, following four years of construction. The German football championship final on 7 June 1925 was its first major national event.
Wikidata also lists 1925-01-01 as inception; infobox and body give 21 May 1925.
· Grenoble, France · Europe
Economy & trade
Grenoble staged the exhibition from 21 May to 25 October 1925, hoping to present itself as the capital of 'white coal', as hydropower was then called.
Infobox gives open: 21 May 1925 and close: 25 October 1925.
· Dresden, Germany · Europe
Stage, music & film
Doktor Faust was first staged on 21 May 1925 at the Sächsisches Staatstheater in Dresden, in the version completed by Busoni's pupil Philipp Jarnach. Busoni wrote the German libretto himself, drawing on the Faust myth.
Infobox gives premiere_date: 21 May 1925.
· Barcelona, Spain · Europe
Sport
The seventh Volta a Catalunya ran from 21 to 24 May 1925, starting and finishing in Barcelona. It followed the 1924 edition and preceded the 1926 one.
· Deal, England · Europe
Lives
John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, died at Deal, Kent, on 22 May 1925. Born in Kent, he served briefly as a midshipman before becoming a cavalry officer, and from 1912 he was Chief of the Imperial General Staff.
· Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union (now Georgia) · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
Georgian radio started broadcasting in 1925, with Georgian television following in 1954. The national public broadcaster, GPB, descends from these services.
Day comes from the infobox (founded 23 May 1925 as Georgian Radio); the history section says only 1925. The present-day broadcaster dates from 23 December 2004.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literature
The daily newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda first appeared on 24 May 1925, set up under a ruling of the party's 13th Congress. It is a Russian-language tabloid whose name echoes the official paper Pravda, meaning 'Truth'.
Wikidata gives 1925 for the start; the article gives 24 May 1925.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
Zenit, now a professional football club in Saint Petersburg, was founded in 1925, when a team formed from workers at the Leningrad Metal Plant. Its oldest documented predecessor was a team called Murzinka, founded in 1914.
Infobox gives founded 25 May 1925; the lead says 1925 or 1914 according to some Russian sources.
· Rotherham, England · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
Rotherham County and Rotherham Town merged in 1925 to form Rotherham United, which was immediately placed in the Football League. County had slipped so far that it needed to ask for re-election to the third division.
Infobox gives founded 27 May 1925; the body says talks began in February 1925 and the clubs merged in early May.
· Saint-Cloud, France · Europe
Sport
The 30th French Championships were played on clay at Saint-Cloud from 28 May to 6 June 1925, and were the second Grand Slam event of the year. René Lacoste won the men's singles and Suzanne Lenglen the women's singles.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Lives
The German cultural historian and philosopher Arthur Moeller van den Bruck died in Berlin on 30 May 1925. He was a key thinker of the Conservative Revolution, and his 1923 book Das Dritte Reich promoted German nationalism.
· Boulder, Colorado, United States · North America
Lives
Malcolm Scott Carpenter was born on 1 May 1925 in Boulder, Colorado. His careers included naval officer, pilot, engineer, astronaut and aquanaut.
· Brookline, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Lives
The American imagist poet Amy Lowell died in Brookline, Massachusetts, on 12 May 1925, of a cerebral hemorrhage. She had been born in the same town in 1874 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry after her death.
Lead says she won the Pulitzer posthumously in 1926; the infobox lists it as 1925.
· St. Louis, Missouri, United States · North America
Lives
Lawrence Peter 'Yogi' Berra was born on 12 May 1925 in St. Louis, Missouri. He was an American baseball catcher who later became a manager and coach, playing 19 Major League Baseball seasons, all but the last with the New York Yankees.
· Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Lives
Nelson A. Miles, a U.S. Army officer who served in the Civil War, the Indian Wars and the Spanish–American War, died in 1925 of a heart attack while at a circus in Washington with his grandchildren.
· Chicago, United States · North America
Architecture
The current Union Station in Chicago opened on 16 May 1925, replacing an earlier station on the site built in 1881. Its Beaux-Arts facades use Bedford limestone, and the interior has a Great Hall with marble floors.
Infobox gives 16 May 1925 for the current station; Wikidata gives 1925.
· Omaha, Nebraska, United States · North America
Lives
Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on 19 May 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He became a Muslim minister and civil rights leader, spoke for the Nation of Islam from 1952, and turned to Sunni Islam in 1964.
Infobox and lead agree on 19 May 1925.
· Indianapolis, United States · North America
Sport
The 13th Indianapolis 500 took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday 30 May 1925. Peter DePaolo won, averaging over 100 mph, with Norman Batten driving laps 106 to 127 because DePaolo's hands were blistered and bruised.
· San Francisco, United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Tod Browning's silent crime melodrama premiered in San Francisco on 30 May 1925, with a New York release at the Capitol Theatre on 16 August. Lon Chaney leads the story of three circus conmen.
Wikidata gives 1925; the New York release followed on 16 August 1925.
· Guayaquil, Ecuador · South America
SportSome details uncertain
Eutimio Pérez, a Spanish immigrant, founded the club in Guayaquil on 1 May 1925 and named it after his home city, Barcelona. It has won the Ecuadorian Serie A a record 16 times.
The infobox gives founded: 1899, which conflicts with the 1 May 1925 date in the body; Wikidata gives 1 May 1925.
· Porto Velho, Brazil · South America
Religion & philosophy
The Territorial Prelature of Porto Velho was established on 1 May 1925, with territory from two dioceses, Amazonas and São Luíz de Cáceres.
Infobox gives established: 1 May 1925.
· São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Brazil · South America
Religion & philosophy
The Territorial Prelature of Rio Negro was established on 1 May 1925. It was raised to a diocese in 1980 and renamed Diocese of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in 1981.
Infobox gives established: 1 May 1925.
· Guangdong, China · Asia
Economy & trade
The federation came into being on 1 May 1925, during the Second National Labor Congress in Guangdong, which adopted its first constitution. Today it serves as the national trade union center, under Chinese Communist Party leadership.
· Manila, Philippine Islands, United States (now Philippines) · Asia
Sport
The seventh Far Eastern Championship Games ran from 17 to 22 May 1925 in Manila, with China, Japan and the Philippines competing in eight sports. The Philippines were the overall champions.
· Prek Sbauv, Kampong Thom, French Indochina (now Cambodia) · Asia
LivesSome details uncertain
Pol Pot, born Saloth Sâr, was born on 19 May 1925. He led the Khmer Rouge, which took power in Cambodia in 1975 and ruled Democratic Kampuchea until Vietnam's invasion toppled it in 1979.
Infobox and lead give 19 May 1925; Wikidata also lists 19 May 1928.
· Shanghai, China · Asia
Politics & diplomacy
On 30 May 1925 Shanghai Municipal Police fired on Chinese protesters in the International Settlement. The shootings set off nationwide anti-foreign demonstrations and riots in China, and protests in Britain under the slogan Hands Off China.
· Istanbul, Turkey · Middle East
Lives
Mustafa Bülent Ecevit was born on 28 May 1925. He was a Turkish statesman, poet and journalist who held the office of Turkish prime minister four times between 1974 and 2002.
Turkey has numbered days by the Gregorian calendar since 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year numbering lasted until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
· Sousse, French Tunisia (now Tunisia) · Africa
SportSome details uncertain
The club was set up in May 1925 at a general meeting in the old town of Sousse, aiming to create a sports education society. The protectorate administration officially recognised it on 17 July 1925.
The lead gives 11 May 1925, and Wikidata agrees; the infobox gives 12 May 1925. Month precision used.
· Europe
Art & literature
Pablo Picasso painted The Three Dancers (Les Trois Danseuses) in June 1925, in oils on canvas. The picture measures 215.3 by 142.2 centimetres, and the Tate Gallery in London holds it.
Infobox gives year: 1925.
· Thessaloniki, Greece · Europe
ScienceSome details uncertain
The university was founded in 1925 under premier Alexandros Papanastassiou and legislated by Law 3341. Papanastassiou had decided in 1924 to found a university in Thessaloniki.
Infobox gives established 22 June 1925; the body cites Law 3341/14-6-25, which suggests 14 June. Month precision used.
· United Kingdom · Europe
Art & literature
The Bodley Head issued Agatha Christie's mystery The Secret of Chimneys in Britain in June 1925, and Dodd, Mead and Company brought out the American edition later that year.
Infobox release_date: June 1925.
· Hudiksvall, Sweden · Europe
Sport
Hudiksvall hosted the first northern Swedish cup in June 1925, where Strands IF beat Bodens BK by 2-1. It decided the best team in Norrland, and the tournament ran from 1925 to 1953.
· Juvisy-sur-Orge, France · Europe
Lives
The French astronomer Camille Flammarion died on 3 June 1925 at Juvisy-sur-Orge, where he kept a private observatory. His books covered popular astronomy, early science fiction and psychical research.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
The Belgian poet and writer Pierre Louÿs died in Paris on 4 June 1925. He aimed to express pagan sensuality with stylistic perfection, and his 1894 work Les Chansons de Bilitis is among his best-known.
· Stoke-on-Trent, England · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
King George V visited the town hall and awarded Stoke-on-Trent city status on 5 June 1925. The borough had applied on the strength of its role as the center of the pottery industry, and the Home Office had refused at first.
· Podgorica, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Montenegro) · Europe
Sport
The club began in June 1925 as RSK Zora, a workers' sports club in Podgorica. Under communist rule the city was renamed, so the club was called Budućnost Titograd. Its colors are blue and white.
· Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
An airfield was built near Rostov-on-Don in 1925. On 15 June the first scheduled route began, running from Rostov to Kharkov, Oryol and Moscow. In 1926 the city became a stop on a busy Moscow-Tiflis route.
Wikidata gives 25 June 1925 for the opening and also 1 January 1925. The infobox gives 1925, and 15 June marks the first route.
· Gurzuf, Crimea · Europe
Everyday life
Artek began on 16 June 1925 as a Young Pioneer camp named after Lenin, on the Black Sea coast at Gurzuf in Crimea, close to Ayu-Dag.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Alexander Belyaev's story began appearing in the Moscow daily Rabochaya Gazeta (The Worker's Gazette) on 16 June 1925. It is a science fiction and horror tale about a doctor who secretly revives his former boss's head.
The serial's end is disputed, so only the start is stored. English Wikipedia says it ran from 16 June to 6 July 1925; the bibliography in Russian Wikipedia lists the newspaper's issues for 16-21 and 24-26 June 1925. Both give 16 June as the first issue. Wikidata gives only the year 1925, and the English infobox lists 1925 for the short story and 1937 for the novel.
· Geneva, Switzerland · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Delegates signed the Geneva Protocol on 17 June 1925. It bans the use of poisonous gases and bacteriological methods of warfare in international armed conflicts, building on Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. It entered into force on 8 February 1928.
· Estonia · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Estonia's parliament, the Riigikogu, confirmed the national coat of arms by law on 19 June 1925. On a golden shield, three blue lions with red tongues and claws face left between oak branches.
· Vienna, Austria · Europe
Lives
The Austrian physician Josef Breuer, who made discoveries in neurophysiology, died in Vienna on 20 June 1925. In the 1880s he treated Bertha Pappenheim, known as Anna O., and developed the 'cathartic method'.
· Le Mans, France · Europe
Sport
Le Mans staged the third Grand Prix of Endurance on 20 and 21 June 1925. It closed a series of three races, run from 1923 to 1925, that decided the Rudge-Whitworth Triennial Cup, and was the second race for the first Biennial Cup.
· France · Europe
Sport
The 19th Tour de France ran from 21 June to 19 July 1925 over 18 stages. Italy's Ottavio Bottecchia won for the second year running, and sponsored teams, absent since the First World War, returned.
· Grisons, Switzerland · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
A referendum on 21 June 1925 lifted the Swiss canton of Grisons' ban on motor vehicles, which had applied from 1900 to 1925. Nine cantonal referendums were held on the ban over that time.
· Göttingen, Germany · Europe
Lives
The German mathematician Felix Klein died in Göttingen on 22 June 1925. He was known for group theory, complex analysis and non-Euclidean geometry, and at the University of Göttingen he built a center for mathematical and scientific research.
· Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Sport
The 45th Wimbledon ran from 22 June to 6 July 1925 on the grass of the All England Club. René Lacoste won the men's singles, and Suzanne Lenglen took the women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Science
A party and government decree of 23 June 1925 created the Lenin Prize, which rewarded achievements in science, literature, the arts, architecture and technology. It was awarded until 1934, then replaced largely by the Stalin Prize.
· Zagreb, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Croatia) · Europe
Science
Zagreb Zoo opened its gates on 27 June 1925. The engineer Mijo Filipović launched the project, backed by the mayor, the architect Vjekoslav Heinzel, and the zoo lies inside Maksimir Park.
Infobox gives date_opened: 27 June 1925; the history section agrees.
· Hungary · Europe
Sport
The opening edition of the Tour de Hongrie was run on 27 June 1925. It is a professional road bicycle stage race organised in Hungary, known in Hungarian as Magyar Kerékpáros Körverseny.
Infobox gives first: 27 June 1925.
· Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium · Europe
Sport
The race was run at Spa-Francorchamps on 28 June 1925, the first Grand Prix ever held at Spa and the first Belgian Grand Prix. Antonio Ascari won in an Alfa Romeo.
· Fana, Norway · Europe
Lives
Christian Michelsen, a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman, died on 29 June 1925. He served as prime minister of newly independent Norway from 1905 to 1907, the first to do so.
· Naples, Italy · Europe
Lives
Giorgio Napolitano was born in Naples on 29 June 1925. He joined the Italian Communist Party in 1945 after taking part in the resistance, and was Italy's president from 2006 to 2015.
Infobox and lead agree on 29 June 1925.
· Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Lives
Thomas R. Marshall died in Washington, D.C., on 1 June 1925. He served under Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921 as America's 28th vice president, after being the 27th governor of Indiana.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
Tony Curtis was born Bernard Schwartz on 3 June 1925 in New York City. He became an American actor whose career lasted six decades.
· United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1925 Walter Chrysler built the automaker out of what was left of the Maxwell Motor Company. The first Chrysler cars had been shown on 5 January 1924, a year before the corporation was created.
The day comes from the infobox (introduced: 6 June 1925); the body gives 5 January 1924 for the first Chrysler cars.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
Barbara Pierce, later Barbara Bush, was born on 8 June 1925 in New York City. She was the wife of President George H. W. Bush and first lady from 1989 to 1993, after serving as second lady from 1981 to 1989.
· Toronto, Ontario, Canada · North America
Religion & philosophy
The United Church of Canada was inaugurated at the Mutual Street Arena in Toronto on 10 June 1925. It combined Methodists, Congregationalists, most Presbyterian congregations and the Association of Local Union Churches.
Infobox gives founded_date: 10 June 1925; Wikidata gives 1925.
· Newport News, Virginia, United States · North America
Lives
William Clark Styron Jr. was born on 11 June 1925 in Newport News, Virginia. He wrote novels and essays, among them Lie Down in Darkness, and earned major literary prizes.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Douglas Fairbanks produced and starred in the silent swashbuckler Don Q, Son of Zorro, a sequel to the 1920 film The Mark of Zorro. Donald Crisp directed it and also played the villain Don Sebastian.
15 June 1925 is the premiere (silentera.com says premiered 15 June 1925; the English infobox lists it as the release date); silentera.com gives the general release as 30 August 1925 and the copyright as 8 July 1925. It does not say where the premiere was held, so the place stays at country level. Wikidata gives the year 1925.
· Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Lives
Robert M. La Follette, nicknamed 'Fighting Bob', died in Washington, D.C., on 18 June 1925. He served as Wisconsin's 20th governor and then as a U.S. senator, and in 1924 ran for president for his own Progressive Party.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Charlie Chaplin wrote, produced, directed and starred in this American silent comedy, which premiered in Los Angeles on 26 June 1925. His Little Tramp turns prospector and faces hunger, cold and a grizzly.
26 June 1925 is the world premiere at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles (silentera.com); the English infobox lists the same day as the release date, and Wikidata also gives it. silentera.com gives the New York premiere at the Mark Strand Theatre and the general release as 16 August 1925. Wikidata also lists 15 August, 19 September and 27 September 1925, which I could not tie to a specific country.
· Darjeeling, British India (now India) · Asia
Lives
The Bengali lawyer and freedom fighter Chittaranjan Das died at Darjeeling on 16 June 1925. He founded and led the Swaraj Party in undivided Bengal and was the political guru of Subhas Chandra Bose.
Wikidata gives the place as the house Step Aside; the infobox gives Darjeeling.
· Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China · Asia
Politics & diplomacy
Unions linked to the Chinese Communist Party began a strike combined with a boycott in British Hong Kong and Guangzhou (Canton) on 19 June 1925, reacting to the 30 May shooting of Chinese demonstrators in Shanghai.
Wikidata gives June 1925. Infobox gives 19 June 1925 to October 1926.
· Guangzhou, China · Asia
War & conflict
On 23 June 1925, British and French troops shot into a protest march on Shaji Road in Canton. Chinese civilians suffered severe casualties, and the figures remain contested. Workers in Hong Kong and Canton had struck two days earlier in support of the May Thirtieth Movement.
Also called the Shameen Incident.
· Krasnoyarsk, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Asia
Everyday life
The Krasnoyarsk soviet declared the core of the area a nature reserve (zapovednik) on 30 June 1925, to protect the Syenite Buttes and the rocky landscape around them.
Wikidata gives only 1925 for the park; the history section gives 30 June 1925 for the reserve.
· British Mandate of Palestine · Middle East
Art & literature
The first edition of Davar came out on 1 June 1925. Moshe Beilinson and Berl Katznelson founded it as the Histadrut's paper, with Katznelson as editor.
Infobox gives founded: 1 June 1925.
· İzmir, Turkey · Middle East
Sport
Göztepe Gençlik Kulübü was founded on 14 June 1925, after a split from the club Altay. The inaugural meeting chose red and yellow as its colors.
Turkey has numbered days by the Gregorian calendar since 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year numbering lasted until 1926), so the date needs no conversion. Wikidata gives only the year 1925.
· Worldwide
Politics & diplomacy
The International Labour Organization adopted the convention on 5 June 1925, and it came into force on 8 September 1926. It gives everyone in a country equal treatment for industrial accident compensation, even a foreign worker.
Infobox gives adopt: June 5, 1925; Wikidata gives the year 1925.
· Worldwide
Politics & diplomacy
The International Labour Organization adopted its 17th convention on 10 June 1925, and it came into force on 1 April 1927. It requires that workers or their dependants be compensated for injury from workplace accidents.
Infobox gives adopt: June 10, 1925; Wikidata gives the year 1925.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
The French composer and pianist Erik Satie died in Paris on 1 July 1925. In the 1880s he played piano in Montmartre cabarets and wrote works such as the Gymnopédies; from about 1910 young composers, including Les Six, gathered around him.
· Netherlands · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
The Netherlands held a general election on 1 July 1925 to choose all 100 members of the House of Representatives. The Roman Catholic electoral league stayed the largest party, with 30 seats.
· Grimeton, Sweden · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
Grimeton Radio Station, an early longwave transatlantic telegraph station, was inaugurated on 2 July 1925, after being built between 1922 and 1924. It sent radiotelegraph traffic to North America from the 1920s.
Infobox: operation began 1 December 1924, completion 24 May 1925, inauguration 2 July 1925.
· Trento, Italy · Europe
Sport
On 5 July 1925 the first Trento-Bondone hill climb took place. Cars start in Trento and finish on Monte Bondone, and Scuderia Trentina, part of the Automobile Club d'Italia, runs the event.
Infobox gives opened: 5 July 1925.
· Dolní Věstonice, Czechoslovakia · Europe
Science
A ceramic statuette was found on 13 July 1925 at Dolní Věstonice, lying broken in two pieces in a layer of ash. It dates to between 31,000 and 27,000 years ago. Karel Absolon had begun systematic digging at the site in 1924.
· Zandvoort, Netherlands · Europe
Lives
The German painter and printmaker Lovis Corinth died at Zandvoort on 17 July 1925. His mature work blended impressionism and expressionism, and he had led the Berlin Secession as president from 1915 to 1925.
· Germany · Europe
Art & literature
The first volume of Adolf Hitler's political manifesto and autobiography appeared in 1925, with a second volume following in 1926. Hitler began writing it in Landsberg Prison after the failed 1923 Munich coup, and Rudolf Hess did most of the editing.
The 18 July 1925 date comes from the infobox release_date; the lead says volume 1 was published in 1925.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
Jacques Lucien Jean Delors was born on 20 July 1925 in Paris. He became a French politician and led the European Commission from 1985 to 1995.
· Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain · Europe
Architecture
The stadium in Santa Cruz de Tenerife was inaugurated on 25 July 1925, with an opening game between Tenerife and Marino of Las Palmas. CD Tenerife play their home games there.
Wikidata date matches the infobox (25 July 1925).
· Bad Kleinen, Germany · Europe
Lives
The German philosopher, logician and mathematician Gottlob Frege died at Bad Kleinen on 26 July 1925. He was a professor at the University of Jena, and his Begriffsschrift developed modern logic.
· Montlhéry, France · Europe
Sport
The race was run on 26 July 1925 at the new Montlhéry motor circuit near Paris, the first Grand Prix there. Robert Benoist won the 80-lap race in a Delage after starting from 8th place.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union · Europe
Architecture
The stadium opened on Petrovsky Island on 26 July 1925. Designed by the Czech architect Aloise Wejwoda, it was built in 1924 and 1925 and was called Lenin Stadium until 1992.
Infobox opened: 26 July 1925; Wikidata agrees. The city was Leningrad from 1924 and is now Saint Petersburg.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Science
A joint resolution of the Soviet central executive committee and government council, dated 27 July 1925, formed the academy. It grew out of the earlier Russian Academy of Sciences.
Infobox gives formation as 1925 only; the history section gives the 27 July resolution date.
· Chios, Greece · Europe
Lives
Michail 'Mikis' Theodorakis was born on 29 July 1925 on Chios. He worked as a Greek composer and lyricist, with over 1,000 works to his name.
· California, United States · North America
Economy & trade
Harris Hanshue incorporated the company in 1925 as Western Air Express, the year the US Postal Service began giving airline contracts to carry airmail.
Infobox gives founded: July 1925 (as Western Air Express).
· Cleveland, Ohio, United States · North America
Technology
The airport that became Cleveland Hopkins was founded on 1 July 1925 southwest of downtown Cleveland, in the Hopkins neighbourhood. It was among the earliest municipally owned airports in the United States.
Infobox opened: 1 July 1925; Wikidata agrees.
· Highland Park, Michigan, United States · North America
Lives
William John Clifton Haley was born on 6 July 1925 in Highland Park, Michigan. He became an American rock and roll musician, credited by many with popularising the form in the early 1950s.
· Dayton, Tennessee, United States · North America
Politics & diplomacy
Teacher John T. Scopes was tried in Dayton from 10 to 21 July 1925 under Tennessee's Butler Act, which banned teaching human evolution in public schools. William Jennings Bryan prosecuted and Clarence Darrow led the defense. Scopes was fined $100.
· Fort-de-France, Martinique · North America
Lives
Frantz Omar Fanon was born in Fort-de-France, Martinique, on 20 July 1925, when the island was French colonial territory. He became a psychiatrist and political philosopher who contributed to post-colonial studies and critical theory.
· Dayton, Tennessee, United States · North America
Lives
William Jennings Bryan died in Dayton, Tennessee, on 26 July 1925. A lawyer and orator, he was three times the Democratic nominee for president and served as secretary of state from 1913 to 1915.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Lives
Baruch Samuel Blumberg, known as Barry, was born on 28 July 1925 in Brooklyn. He became an American physician and geneticist, and shared the 1976 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek.
· Ecuador · South America
Politics & diplomacy
Young army officers of the Military League carried out a coup on 9 July 1925 that toppled President Gonzalo Córdova. A military junta followed, and the movement's governments lasted until 1931.
· Bragança Paulista, Brazil · South America
Religion & philosophy
The diocese was established on 24 July 1925, with territory from the Diocese of Campinas and the Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Paulo. It lies in the ecclesiastical province of Campinas.
Infobox gives established: 24 July 1925.
· Rio de Janeiro, Brazil · South America
Art & literature
The Rio de Janeiro daily O Globo was founded on 29 July 1925. Its founder, Irineu Marinho, died weeks after it began, and his son Roberto inherited it.
Infobox and Portuguese Wikipedia text give 29 July 1925. The Grupo Globo infobox gives 25 July 1925 for the group, which conflicts; the 29 July date is used for the newspaper.
· Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union (now Uzbekistan) · Asia
Stage, music & film
The studio was established on 1 July 1925 as Sharq Yulduzi, meaning Eastern Star, and became Uzbekfilm in 1936. During the war against Nazi Germany it was called Tashkent Film Studio.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaya · Asia
Lives
Mahathir bin Mohamad was born on 10 July 1925 in Alor Setar, Kedah. A Malaysian politician, physician and author, he held Malaysia's premiership twice, in 1981-2003 and 2018-2020.
Infobox and lead give 10 July 1925. Wikidata also lists 20 December 1925.
· al-Kafr, Jabal al-Druze, French Mandate of Syria · Middle East
War & conflict
On 22 July 1925 Sultan al-Atrash's Druze and Bedouin fighters attacked a French column led by Captain Gabriel Normand while it was camped outside al-Kafr, a village in Jabal al-Druze. The French were routed, and the defeat helped set off the wider Great Syrian Revolt.
Infobox gives date: 22 July 1925.
· Mandatory Palestine · Middle East
Politics & diplomacy
Authorities issued the order on 24 July 1925, and it took effect on 1 August 1925. It established Palestinian citizenship for people living in Mandatory Palestine.
Promulgated 24 July 1925, in force 1 August 1925.
· Italian Somaliland · Africa
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Italian Somaliland had used the rupia since 1909, with 100 bese to the rupia. The Italian Somaliland lira replaced it during a transition that ran from 1 July 1925 to 30 June 1926.
Lead gives the currency as 1909 to 1925; the body dates the changeover to 1 July 1925 through 30 June 1926.
· Katakokombe, Belgian Congo · Africa
Lives
Patrice Lumumba, originally named Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa, was born at Onalua in the Katakokombe region of the Belgian Congo on 2 July 1925. An African nationalist and pan-Africanist, he led the Congolese National Movement from 1958 until his assassination in 1961.
The English body places the birth at Onalua, in the Katakokombe region (infobox: Katakokombe), and says that among the Tetela he was called Élias Okit'Asombo; French Wikipedia gives that as his real name and also gives Onalua.
· Kisumu, Colony of Kenya (now Kenya) · Africa
Religion & philosophy
The Apostolic Prefecture of Kavirondo was set up on 15 July 1925, carved out of the Apostolic Vicariate of Upper Nile in Uganda. It is now the Archdiocese of Kisumu, in western Kenya.
Infobox gives established: 15 July 1925.
· South Pacific, New Zealand and Australia · Oceania
Science
An annular eclipse of the Sun happened on 20 and 21 July 1925. Annularity could be seen from northern Northland and the Kermadec Islands in New Zealand, and from Rapa Iti in French Polynesia; parts of eastern Australia and Oceania saw a partial eclipse.
Dates differ by time zone: the event is 20 July in UTC and 21 July in New Zealand.
· Svalbard, Norway · The poles
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The post of governor was created on 17 July 1925. The governor represents the Norwegian government in exercising Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard and reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Justice.
Infobox gives formation: 17 July 1925 and names Bassøe as inaugural governor, while the list of governors in the body shows Edvard Lassen before him, so the first holder is not stated.
· Zurich, Switzerland · Europe
Economy & trade
Gottlieb Duttweiler started Migros in Zurich in August 1925 as a private business. His idea was to sell a few basic goods cheaply to households lacking easy market access.
Infobox founded: August 1925; the history section says 1925. Wikidata also gives August 1925.
· Wales, United Kingdom · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Moses Gruffydd and others created the Welsh nationalist party on 5 August 1925, at first as Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru. Its early aims were to keep Welsh as the living language of Wales and restore it to public life.
· Bologna, Italy · Europe
Lives
The Italian mathematician Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro died in Bologna on 6 August 1925. He is best known for discovering tensor calculus, and he also wrote on higher algebra, infinitesimal analysis and the theory of real numbers.
· Bilbao, Spain · Europe
Sport
The second Tour of the Basque Country ran from 6 to 9 August 1925, starting and finishing in Bilbao. Auguste Verdyck won the race.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union · Europe
Sport
The fourth Soviet chess championship ran in Leningrad from 11 August to 6 September 1925. Efim Bogoljubow won the tournament, which decided the Soviet national title.
Wikidata gives the same dates (11 August to 6 September 1925).
· Warsaw, Poland · Europe
Technology
The Polish national radio company came into existence on 18 August 1925, with Zygmunt Chamiec and Tadeusz Sułowski listed as its founders. Regular transmissions from Warsaw started on 18 April 1926.
Infobox gives founded: 18 August 1925; the history section agrees.
· Dereham, Norfolk, England · Europe
Lives
Brian Aldiss was born on 18 August 1925 in Dereham, Norfolk, above a shop run by his grandfather. He worked as a writer, artist and anthology editor in England, mainly known for science fiction.
· Emmen, Netherlands · Europe
Sport
An amateur club called NEC, short for Noordbarge Emmen Combinatie, was formed on 21 August 1925. It entered the professional Eerste Divisie in 1985 and first reached the Eredivisie in 2018, by promotion.
· Apeldoorn, Netherlands · Europe
Sport
Apeldoorn, in the Netherlands, hosted the fifth road cycling world championships on Saturday 22 August 1925. There was a single race, open to amateur cyclists.
· Ruhr, Germany · Europe
War & conflict
The last French troops left Düsseldorf and Duisburg on 25 August 1925, ending an occupation of the Ruhr that French and Belgian forces had begun on 11 January 1923 after Germany defaulted on reparations.
Evacuation followed the Dawes Plan, which took effect 1 September 1924.
· Bad Mergentheim, Germany · Europe
Lives
The Austrian field marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf died on 25 August 1925 at Mergentheim, Germany, where he was taking a cure. He headed the Austro-Hungarian general staff from 1906 to 1917.
· Cuba · North America
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A forerunner of today's Communist Party of Cuba was formed in August 1925, choosing José Miguel Pérez, born in Spain, as its leader. The party's top post, now called first secretary, is the office that leads Cuba.
The prose gives 18 August 1925 for the forerunner party and Wikidata gives 20 August 1925, so month precision is used. The article's table calls the office General Secretary, established by a 1st Congress, which is not used.
· New York, United States · North America
SportSome details uncertain
The New York Giants were one of five clubs that entered the NFL in 1925. They have eight NFL championship titles, third most among all franchises.
Infobox gives founded August 1, 1925; the lead gives the 1925 NFL entry.
· Montreal, Quebec, Canada · North America
Lives
Oscar Emmanuel Peterson was born on 15 August 1925 in Montreal. He became a Canadian jazz pianist and composer, whom many regard as a leading figure among the all-time great jazz pianists.
· Forest Hills, New York City, United States · North America
SportSome details uncertain
The 45th U.S. National Championships, the fourth Grand Slam event of 1925, were played on grass at Forest Hills' West Side Tennis Club. The women's tournament ran from 17 to 24 August and the men's from 14 to 19 September.
Women's and men's events were held on separate dates; Wikidata gives 17 August to 19 September.
· Mexico City, Mexico · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Banco de México, Mexico's central bank, was created on 25 August 1925 under Finance Minister Alberto J. Pani, with an official ceremony on 1 September. A credit institutions law passed at the end of 1924 was its legal predecessor.
Body gives creation on 25 August 1925 and the official ceremony on 1 September; the infobox gives established 1 September 1925.
· New York City, United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Erich von Stroheim wrote and directed this silent film starring Mae Murray and John Gilbert. It premiered at the Embassy Theatre in New York on 26 August 1925, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released it on 30 August. It takes its story from the operetta of the same name that Franz Lehár wrote in 1905.
26 August 1925 is the premiere at the Embassy Theatre in New York (silentera.com; the English infobox lists it as the release date). silentera.com gives the release as 30 August 1925.
· Mercedes, Argentina · South America
Lives
Jorge Rafael Videla came into the world in Mercedes, Buenos Aires Province, on 2 August 1925. He became an Argentine general, politician and dictator, brought to power by the March 1976 coup that deposed Isabel Perón.
· Santiago, Chile · South America
Economy & trade
Chile created its central bank in August 1925 through Decree Law 486. The decree gave the bank sole power to issue banknotes under a gold standard.
Infobox established: August 22, 1925; Wikidata agrees.
· Montevideo, Uruguay · South America
Architecture
The Legislative Palace was formally inaugurated on 25 August 1925, exactly a century after the Declaration of Independence. It houses Uruguay's General Assembly and stands in the Aguada neighbourhood of Montevideo.
Infobox gives completion_date: 1925.
· Chile · South America
Politics & diplomacy
Chile held a constitutional referendum on 30 August 1925. Voters chose between two draft constitutions, one from a subcommission backed by President Arturo Alessandri and the other from Congress, and a large majority backed Alessandri's.
· Chile · South America
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Chilean voters approved the new constitution in a plebiscite on 30 August 1925. President Arturo Alessandri drafted it to replace the Constitution of 1833, and it separated church from state.
Wikidata gives 18 September 1925. Infobox: ratified 30 August 1925, effective 18 October 1925.
· Al-Mazraa, Jabal al-Druze, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
War & conflict
Sultan Pasha al-Atrash led Druze and Bedouin rebels against a well-armed French force on 2 and 3 August 1925, near al-Mazraa, north-west of al-Suwayda. The rebels won the battle.
Infobox gives date: 2-3 August 1925; Wikidata gives 2 August to 3 August.
· Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union (now Georgia) · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
In autumn 1925 the Dinamo sports society began forming a football team in Tbilisi. Its first match was against Dinamo Baku on 26 January 1926, and it entered the Soviet Top League in 1936.
Infobox gives founded 1 September 1925; the body says the club's history began in autumn 1925. Wikidata gives 1925.
· Rome, Italy · Europe
Economy & trade
The National Bank of Albania was set up in Rome in 1925. Its successor, the Albanian State Bank, replaced it in 1945, and the present Bank of Albania name dates from 1992.
Infobox gives established: 2 September 1925.
· Prague, Czechoslovakia · Europe
Sport
The championships were held on the Vltava river in Prague on 3 and 4 September 1925. Only men competed, in the seven Olympic boat classes used at the 1924 Paris Games.
· Monza, Italy · Europe
Sport
A combined Grand Prix and voiturette event was run at Monza on 6 September 1925, closing out the 1925 AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship season. Gastone Brilli-Peri won for Alfa Romeo.
· Le Plessis-Robinson, France · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
René Viviani, a politician of the Third Republic and prime minister during the first year of World War I, died at Le Plessis-Robinson on 7 September 1925. His birthplace was Sidi Bel Abbès in French Algeria, and in France he had defended socialists and trade unionists.
Wikidata also lists 6 September; lead and infobox give 7 September 1925.
· Southsea, England · Europe
Lives
Richard Henry Sellers, who became the actor Peter Sellers, was born in Southsea on 8 September 1925. His breakthrough came on BBC Radio with The Goon Show.
· Łódź, Poland · Europe
Technology
The airport in Łódź, earlier called Łódź-Lublinek Airport, opened on 13 September 1925. It is a regional airport in central Poland.
Wikidata also gives 1 January 1925 as an inception date.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union · Europe
Lives
The physicist Alexander Friedmann died in Leningrad on 16 September 1925 from typhoid fever that had been misdiagnosed. He had originated the theory that the universe is expanding, using equations now named for him.
Wikidata lists Saint Petersburg as place; the infobox gives Leningrad, the city's name in 1925.
· Heidelberg, Germany · Europe
Lives
Ananda Mahidol was born on 20 September 1925 in Heidelberg, Germany. He became the eighth king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama VIII, and the National Assembly recognised him as king in March 1935, when he was nine.
· Faroe Islands · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Members of Faroese trade unions founded the Social Democratic Party on 25 September 1925. The party is social democratic and unionist, and Maurentius Viðstein led it from 1926 to 1936.
· Batley, England · Europe
Lives
Robert Geoffrey Edwards was born on 27 September 1925 in Batley, England. He became a British physiologist and a pioneer of reproductive medicine and IVF.
· Oger, France · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
The French statesman Léon Bourgeois died on 29 September 1925. His ideas shaped the Radical Party, and he promoted progressive income taxes, social insurance and wider educational opportunity.
Infobox gives the death place as Oger; Wikidata gives Épernay.
· St. John's, Newfoundland · North America
Science
Memorial University College opened in St. John's in September 1925, on Parade Street. It was founded as a memorial to Newfoundlanders and Labradorians killed in the First World War, and its first students were enrolled in a non-degree program.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Weird Tales #24 carried the first publication of The Temple, a horror short story by H. P. Lovecraft, in September 1925. He had written it in 1920.
Infobox gives pub_date: September 1925.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
Roy Jay Glauber was born on 1 September 1925 in New York City. He became an American theoretical physicist and a professor at Harvard University.
· near Itta Bena, Mississippi, United States · North America
Lives
Riley B. King was born on 16 September 1925 near Itta Bena, Mississippi, to Albert and Nora Ella King, sharecroppers on a cotton plantation. He became a leading blues guitarist known as B.B. King.
· New York City, United States · North America
Stage, music & film
The Freshman opened on 20 September 1925 at the Colony Theater on Broadway. Harold Lloyd stars as a college freshman who hopes to win popularity by joining the football team.
· British India (now India) · Asia
Politics & diplomacy
K. B. Hedgewar founded the Hindutva volunteer organization on 27 September 1925, its first meeting held on Vijaya Dashami day. Its first aim was character training and 'Hindu discipline' to unite the Hindu community.
· Al-Musayfirah, Hauran, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Druze rebels fought the French Army at al-Musayfirah in the Hauran in September 1925. A French advance guard under General Maurice Gamelin reached the village on 15 September, and French aircraft bombed the rebels for three hours after sunrise, after which they withdrew.
Lead and infobox date the battle to 17 September 1925, while the lead also says the fighting began on 16 September; month precision used.
· Alhucemas, Spanish Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
War & conflict
Spanish forces, with a French naval and air contingent, landed at Alhucemas on 8 September 1925, a turning point that led to the end of the Rif War. A joint Spanish-French fleet carried about 13,000 Spanish soldiers from Ceuta and Melilla, under General Miguel Primo de Rivera.
The war did not end that day: the Rif War article dates it 1921 to 1926, has Abd el-Krim surrendering to the French on 27 May 1926, and says the last pocket of resistance was taken on 9 July 1927. Spanish Wikipedia likewise says the landing led to the end of the war.
· Chefchaouen, Spanish Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
War & conflict
The Escadrille Cherifienne bombed Chefchaouen from the air on 17 September 1925, in the middle of the Rif War. The squadron was a rogue American unit serving the French colonial empire.
Infobox gives date: September 17, 1925.
· Petrich, Bulgaria · Europe
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In October 1925 the Greek-Bulgarian crisis led to a brief Greek invasion of Bulgaria near Petrich, sometimes called the War of the Stray Dog. Bulgaria appealed to the League of Nations, whose decision ended the incident.
Infobox gives 19–29 October 1925; the body gives 18 October for the start in one version and 22 October for the Greek advance. Month precision used.
· Paris, France · Europe
Architecture
The stadium opened in Paris's 16th arrondissement in October 1925, opposite the Parc des Princes. Stade Français rugby and Paris FC football use it as their home ground.
Infobox gives opened: October 1925.
· Latvia · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Latvians voted in parliamentary elections on 3 and 4 October 1925. The Social Democratic Workers' Party again came first, with 32 of the 100 seats.
Infobox gives election_date: 3–4 October 1925.
· Locarno, Switzerland · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Germany, France, the UK, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia negotiated seven agreements at Locarno in late 1925. In the main treaty, five western European nations promised to guarantee the German-French and German-Belgian borders.
Meeting at Locarno ran 5 to 16 October 1925 (Wikidata gives 16 October); the infobox gives 1 December 1925 as the date signed, in London. Effective 14 September 1926 on Germany joining the League of Nations.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Lives
Hugo Preuß, a liberal lawyer and politician who drafted the Weimar constitution, died in Berlin on 9 October 1925. In 1919 he served as Reich Minister of the Interior.
Wikidata gives the place as Wedding, a Berlin district; the infobox gives Berlin.
· Grantham, Lincolnshire, England · Europe
Lives
Margaret Hilda Roberts, who later became Margaret Thatcher, was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, on 13 October 1925. She led the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 and governed Britain as prime minister from 1979 to 1990.
Infobox gives birth_place Grantham, Lincolnshire; Wikidata's street-address place is not used.
· Trondheim, Norway · Europe
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The present synagogue was inaugurated on 13 October 1925, replacing Trondheim's first synagogue, the St Jørgensveita Synagogue, which opened in 1899.
English Wikipedia gives the congregation as established in June 1892, but German Wikipedia says the community was officially founded in 1905, so no congregation date is stated. French Wikipedia gives 1924 for the inauguration, which looks like the building's purchase year; English, German and Norwegian Wikipedia all give 13 October 1925.
· Kensington, London, England · Europe
Lives
The Prussian-born bodybuilder and showman Eugen Sandow, born Friedrich Wilhelm Müller, died at his Kensington home on 14 October 1925. In 1901 he organized what is believed to be the first major bodybuilding contest, at London's Royal Albert Hall.
· Oslo, Norway · Europe
Lives
The Norwegian painter, illustrator, author and journalist Christian Krohg died in Oslo on 16 October 1925. He worked in the naturalist style, often taking motifs from everyday life.
· London, England · Europe
Lives
Angela Brigid Lansbury was born in central London on 16 October 1925, to the Irish actress Moyna Macgill and the British politician Edgar Lansbury. She signed with MGM in 1942 and became an actress and singer.
· Bern, Switzerland · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The stadium was built in 1925 and was the home of BSC Young Boys. The Swiss national team beat Austria in the first international played there, on 8 November 1925.
Infobox gives opened: 18 October 1925; Wikidata gives 1925.
· Shkodër, Albania · Europe
Lives
Ramiz Alia was born in Shkodër on 18 October 1925. He rose to lead Albania in its socialist era, as the second and final leader, holding the First Secretary post of the Albanian Party of Labour from 1985 to 1991.
· Switzerland · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Switzerland voted in federal elections on 25 October 1925. In the National Council, the Free Democratic Party stayed on top, with 60 seats out of 198.
· Kraków, Poland · Europe
Religion & philosophy
Kraków was promoted to a metropolitan archdiocese of the Latin Church on 28 October 1925. The Diocese of Kraków itself dates from the year 1000, when it was carved out of the Diocese of Poznań.
· Wilno (Vilnius), Poland (now Lithuania) · Europe
Religion & philosophy
Pope Pius XI raised the diocese of Vilnius, then in Poland, to a metropolitan archdiocese on 28 October 1925. The diocese dated from the 14th century, and its first suffragan sees were Łomża and Pinsk.
In 1925 the archdiocese's two suffragan sees were Łomża and Pinsk (until 1991); today's are Kaišiadorys and Panevėžys. The English articles on the Pinsk and Łomża dioceses also place their creation or renaming on 28 October 1925 under Vilnius, then in Poland.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Lives
Mikhail Frunze, a revolutionary, politician, soldier and military thinker, died in Moscow on 31 October 1925. In the Civil War he defeated Wrangel's White army in Crimea and Makhno's anarchists in Ukraine.
· Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada · North America
Art & literature
The British Columbia Art League opened a school of decorative and applied arts in Vancouver in 1925. In 1933 it took a new name, the Vancouver School of Art.
Infobox gives established: 1 October 1925.
· West Point, New York, United States · North America
Lives
Eugene Louis Vidal, later Gore Vidal, was born on 3 October 1925 at West Point, New York. He became an American writer and public intellectual whose novels and essays challenged the social and sexual norms of American life.
· New York City, United States · North America
Art & literature
Boni & Liveright published Ernest Hemingway's first short story collection, In Our Time, in New York on 5 October 1925. The edition held fourteen stories, among them 'Indian Camp' and 'Big Two-Hearted River', with vignettes inserted between them.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
James B. Duke, whose business interests were in tobacco and electric power, died in New York City on 10 October 1925. He started the American Tobacco Company in 1890 and is buried at Duke University.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Politics & diplomacy
The Zhi Gong Party was founded in San Francisco on 10 October 1925, growing out of the overseas Hung Society organisation, the Chee Kung Tong. It stood for federalism and multi-party democracy.
· New Orleans, Louisiana, United States · North America
Lives
Elmore John Leonard Jr. was born on 11 October 1925 in New Orleans. He wrote novels, short stories and screenplays, beginning with Westerns in the 1950s and then specialising in crime fiction and suspense thrillers, many filmed for the screen.
· Havana, Cuba · North America
Lives
Celia Caridad Cruz Alfonso came into the world in Havana on 21 October 1925. She became a Cuban-American singer and a very popular Latin artist of the 20th century, a vocalist with the group Sonora Matancera.
· Corning, Iowa, United States · North America
Lives
John William Carson was born on 23 October 1925 in Corning, Iowa. He became an American television host, comedian and writer, and grew up in Norfolk, Nebraska.
· Canada · North America
Politics & diplomacy
Canada held a general election on 29 October 1925 to choose members of the House of Commons. The Conservatives won the most seats but not a majority.
· Linares, Chile · South America
Religion & philosophy
Pope Pius XI established the diocese on 18 October 1925, in the papal bull Notabiliter Aucto. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile.
Infobox gives established: 18 October 1925.
· Rancagua, Chile · South America
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The diocese was created on 18 October 1925 under the name Diócesis de Santa Cruz de Rancagua. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile.
The bull is disputed across articles: English Wikipedia gives Apostolici muneris ratio (and wrongly names Pius XII), Spanish and French give Apostolicis muneris by Pius XI, and the Talca article says Notabiliter Aucto for Talca, Rancagua and San Felipe together, so no bull is named. The date 18 October 1925 agrees in all.
· Chile · South America
Politics & diplomacy
Chile held a presidential election on 22 October 1925, the first held under the 1925 constitution. Emiliano Figueroa won with about 72% of the vote.
· Beijing, China · Asia
Art & literature
The Palace Museum opened in Beijing's Forbidden City on 10 October 1925, soon after the warlord Feng Yuxiang drove Puyi, the last emperor, out of the Forbidden City.
Infobox gives established 10 October 1925 in the Forbidden City, Beijing, and 12 November 1965 in Taipei. Wikidata place is the Taipei site.
· Seoul, Korea · Asia
Architecture
The main athletics stadium and baseball field opened under the name Keijō Stadium on 15 October 1925, after building work had begun on 24 May. It was later known as Dongdaemun Stadium.
Infobox gives opened: 15 October 1925 and groundbreaking: 24 May 1925.
· Pishpek, Soviet Union (now Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) · Asia
ScienceSome details uncertain
The Kyrgyz Institute of Education was established on 25 October 1925, the same day the decision to open it was taken. It grew into Kyrgyz National University, named for the poet Jusup Balasagyn.
Lead gives established on 25 October 1925; the history section says it was decided on that date to open the institute.
· Cairo, Egypt · Middle East
Art & literature
The first copy of Rose al-Yūsuf appeared on 26 October 1925. The magazine is a weekly on politics, in Arabic, produced in Egypt and based in Cairo.
Infobox gives firstdate: 26 October 1925.
· Valley of the Kings, Egypt · Middle East
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
On 28 October 1925 the excavators led by Howard Carter opened the innermost of three coffins and found the gold mask. It shows Tutankhamun in the form of Osiris and is set with semi-precious stones. It reached the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in December 1925.
The lead loosely says the mask was found in 1922 with the tomb discovery; the infobox and body give 28 October 1925 for the mask.
· Persia (now Iran) · Middle East
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In October 1925 Reza Khan persuaded Persia's Majles to remove Ahmad Shah and permanently exclude the Qajars, who had ruled since 1789. Reza Khan was next proclaimed monarch, as Reza Shah Pahlavi, and he reigned until 1941.
Infobox gives the end date as 31 October; the body says October 1925; Wikidata gives only the year. The date is Gregorian: Persian Wikipedia gives 9 Aban 1304 (solar Hijri) for the Majlis vote deposing Ahmad Shah and declaring the Qajar dynasty dissolved, which is 31 October 1925. The constituent assembly then gave the throne to Reza Shah on 12 December 1925.
· Paris, France · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
The French comic actor and director Max Linder, whose real name was Gabriel-Maximilien Leuvielle, died on 1 November 1925. His screen character 'Max' was among the earliest recognizable recurring film characters. He moved to the United States after an American producer approached him in 1916.
Wikidata gives 31 October as the date, with 1 November as an alternate. The body explains the gap: Linder lay unconscious through 31 October and died after midnight, on 1 November 1925, which the lead and infobox also give.
· Riga, Latvia · Europe
Technology
Latvian radio went on air on 1 November 1925, from a studio on Radio iela in Riga. Madama Butterfly was among its first broadcasts.
Infobox gives launch_date: 1 November 1925.
· Warsaw, Poland · Europe
War & conflict
On 2 November 1925 an unidentified young soldier killed in the defence of Lwów was laid in the tomb in Warsaw. Three coffins, holding an unknown sergeant, corporal and private, had been exhumed at Lwów in October.
· Watford, Hertfordshire, England · Europe
Technology
Watford station opened on 2 November 1925. The Metropolitan Railway served it with electric trains, and the LNER ran steam trains there for the first few months.
Infobox gives opened: 1925; Wikidata gives 2 November 1925.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Sidney Reilly, fictionalized as the 'Ace of Spies', died on 5 November 1925. Born in Russia, he worked as an agent for Scotland Yard's Special Branch and then for the British Secret Service Bureau.
Infobox gives the death place as "possibly Moscow" and the birthplace as "possibly Odessa"; the circumstances are uncertain.
· Latvia · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Latvia's presidential election took place on 6 November 1925, with three candidates standing. Jānis Čakste was re-elected as president.
Infobox gives election_date: November 6, 1925.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Science
Teaching started on 7 November 1925 at the Comintern school in Moscow, which operated from 1925 to 1930. It trained Chinese revolutionaries from both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party.
Infobox gives established: 1925.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Sport
Nikolai Krylenko organized the tournament, held in Moscow from 10 November to 8 December 1925, with eleven foreign stars and ten Soviet masters. Efim Bogoljubov won unexpectedly, ahead of Lasker and then Capablanca, the favorites.
· Pontrhydyfen, Glamorgan, Wales · Europe
Lives
Richard Walter Jenkins Jr., later known as Richard Burton, was born on 10 November 1925 in Pontrhydyfen, Wales. In 1949 he made his film debut, in The Last Days of Dolwyn, and he built a name on stage as a Shakespearean actor.
· Minsk, Soviet Union (now Belarus) · Europe
Technology
The first Belarusian radio service went on air on 15 November 1925, from station RB-10, named after the BSSR Council of People's Commissars. Radio news for workers and peasants started in 1926.
Infobox gives radio launch 15 November 1925 and television 1 January 1956. Wikidata also lists 26 September 1991, which is outside 1925. Place is inferred from the company headquarters in Minsk.
· Czechoslovakia · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Czechoslovakia held parliamentary elections on 15 November 1925. The Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants came first, with 45 Chamber of Deputies seats and 23 Senate seats.
· Germany · Europe
Stage, music & film
Ewald André Dupont's German silent drama Variety, starring Emil Jannings and Lya de Putti, was released in Germany on 16 November 1925. It adapts Felix Hollaender's 1912 novel The Oath of Stephan Huller.
Infobox gives released: 16 November 1925 in Germany; Wikidata agrees. Alternative titles include Jealousy and Vaudeville.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer and executive, died in Paris on 19 November 1925. He devised a broad theory of how to administer a business, often called Fayolism.
· Poznań, Second Polish Republic · Europe
Lives
Zygmunt Bauman was born on 19 November 1925 in Poznań to a Polish Jewish family. He became a Polish-British sociologist and philosopher who wrote on modernity and the Holocaust, consumerism and liquid modernity.
· Sandringham, England · Europe
Lives
Alexandra of Denmark died at Sandringham House in Norfolk on 20 November 1925. She had been queen and empress of India as wife of Edward VII from 1901 to 1910, and was widely imitated in how she dressed.
· Warsaw, Poland · Europe
Lives
The Polish novelist and dramatist Stefan Żeromski died in Warsaw on 20 November 1925. He belonged to the Young Poland movement and received four nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Lives
Maya Mikhailovna Plisetskaya came into the world in Moscow on 20 November 1925. She worked as a dancer, choreographer, ballet director and actress, and danced at the Bolshoi Theatre.
· Zurich, Switzerland · Europe
Architecture
The original Letzigrund stadium opened in Zurich on 22 November 1925. Members of FC Zürich built it, and the club owned it.
Infobox has two openings: 22 November 1925 (old stadium) and 30 August 2007 (new stadium).
· Foggia, Italy · Europe
Architecture
The stadium in Foggia was inaugurated in 1925. Football is its main use, and Foggia Calcio play their home games there.
Infobox gives opened: 22 November 1925; Wikidata gives the year 1925.
· The Hague, Netherlands · Europe
Lives
Simon van der Meer was born on 24 November 1925 in The Hague. He became a Dutch physicist who worked on particle accelerators and is known for stochastic cooling.
· Heraklion, Greece · Europe
Sport
Athletes from Crete who practised together in Heraklion founded OFI on 25 November 1925. It is the most successful football club from Crete.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Boni & Liveright issued Anita Loos's comic novel in book form in November 1925, after it had run as sketches in Harper's Bazaar through spring and summer. Its heroine is the blonde flapper Lorelei Lee.
Infobox gives published: November 1925.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
King Vidor directed this American silent war drama, released on 5 November 1925, with a story by the World War I veteran Laurence Stallings. A rich, idle young man joins the Rainbow Division and endures trench warfare in France.
Infobox gives released 5 November 1925 (USA). Wikidata lists many other dates, such as 19 November 1925 and later release dates.
· Pittsburgh, United States · North America
Sport
On 7 November 1925 the National Hockey League gave a franchise to a newly professional Pittsburgh club. The team was based in Pittsburgh for the 1925-26 to 1929-30 seasons, then relocated to Philadelphia as the Quakers.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Clarence Brown directed The Eagle, a silent adventure film led by Rudolph Valentino with Vilma Bánky and Louise Dresser. In imperial Russia, a disgraced lieutenant turns into a masked outlaw.
Infobox gives released: 8 November 1925 (USA).
· Dayton, Ohio, United States · North America
Lives
Jonathan Harshman Winters III was born on 11 November 1925 in Dayton, Ohio. He began as a stand-up comedian before moving into film and television acting, and also worked as an author, television host and artist.
· Winnetka, Illinois, United States · North America
Lives
Roy Harold Scherer Jr., later Rock Hudson, was born on 17 November 1925 in Winnetka, Illinois. He became an American film star with a career of more than three decades.
· Brookline, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Lives
Robert Francis Kennedy was born on 20 November 1925 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was US attorney general from 1961 to 1964 and a senator for New York from 1965 until he was assassinated in 1968.
· California, United States · North America
Everyday life
Lava Beds was set aside as a national monument on 21 November 1925. It covers land across Siskiyou and Modoc counties in northeast California, on the flank of Medicine Lake Volcano.
Infobox established: 21 November 1925.
· Nashville, Tennessee, United States · North America
Stage, music & film
George D. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance on 28 November 1925 in a new downtown Nashville radio studio, with the fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson. The program took the name Grand Ole Opry in 1927.
· Argentina · South America
Stage, music & film
The orchestra's first lineup debuted on 9 November 1925, recording the tangos 'Olvido' and 'Sarandí'. RCA Victor created the orchestra to make tango recordings, which span 1925 to 1944.
Wikidata gives 1925.
· Northern China · Asia
War & conflict
The war ran from November 1925 to April 1926, with the Guominjun fighting the Fengtian clique and its Zhili allies. It ended with the Guominjun defeated and the provisional executive government ended.
· Huế, French Indochina (now Vietnam) · Asia
Lives
Emperor Khải Định, the 12th Nguyễn emperor, died at the Kien Trung palace in Huế on 6 November 1925. He had reigned since 1916 under the French protectorate of Annam and Tonkin.
· Bangkok, Siam · Asia
LivesSome details uncertain
King Vajiravudh, Rama VI, the sixth king of the Chakri dynasty, died in Bangkok on 26 November 1925, having reigned since 1910. He is best known for promoting Siamese nationalism.
English lead and infobox give 26 November 1925; Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 25 November.
· Australia · Oceania
Politics & diplomacy
Australia held a federal election on 14 November 1925, with all 75 House of Representatives seats and 22 of the 36 Senate seats up for election. Prime Minister Stanley Bruce's Nationalist–Country coalition beat Matthew Charlton's Labor Party in a landslide.
· Netherlands · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Hungarian nationalists plotted to forge French banknotes to hurt the French economy and fund a coup. By September 1925 they had produced forged 1,000 franc notes in the tens of thousands, and in December they began spending them in the Netherlands.
· Madrid, Spain · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
Line 2 of the Madrid Metro gained a branch linking Isabel II station, now Ópera, with Estación del Norte, in late December 1925. Príncipe Pío was formerly called Estación del Norte.
Infobox gives opened: 27 December 1925 for the original station; the history section dates the branch opening to 26 December 1925. Month precision used. Wikidata gives 27 December 1925.
· Vienna, Austria · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Lajos Kassák founded the Hungarian avant-garde magazine MA in Budapest in 1916 and later published it from exile in Vienna, keeping it going there until 1 December 1925.
Lead says he published it in Vienna until 1925; the history section gives 1 December 1925.
· Warsaw, Poland · Europe
Lives
The Polish novelist Władysław Reymont died in Warsaw on 5 December 1925. He won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature, and his best-known work is the four-volume novel Chłopi (The Peasants).
· Madrid, Spain · Europe
LivesSome details uncertain
Pablo Iglesias, a Spanish Marxist labor leader regarded as the father of Spanish socialism, died in Madrid on 9 December 1925. He founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 1879 and the UGT union in 1888.
Lead gives his birth as 17 October 1850 and the infobox 18 October.
· Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Sport
Metalist Kharkiv was founded in 1925 and first played as KhPZ, a factory team. It worked its way up the Soviet football system and reached the Soviet Top League in 1960.
Infobox gives 11 December 1925; the lead gives 1925.
· Torrelodones, Spain · Europe
Lives
Antonio Maura died on 13 December 1925 while painting at El Canto del Pico in Torrelodones. He held the office of Spanish prime minister five times and directed the Royal Spanish Academy from 1913 to 1925.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Stage, music & film
Erich Kleiber conducted the premiere of Berg's first opera at the Berlin State Opera on 14 December 1925. Based on Büchner's play Woyzeck, it traces a soldier's slide into madness and murder.
Wikidata also lists 1 January 1925 as publication; the lead and infobox give the premiere date 14 December 1925.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Politics & diplomacy
Delegates met in Moscow from 18 to 31 December 1925, opening in a hall of the Kremlin palace. The congress marked the victory of the Stalin and Bukharin majority over the 'New Opposition' led by Zinoviev and Kamenev, and elected the 14th Central Committee.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Sergei Eisenstein's silent Soviet film about the 1905 mutiny of the battleship Potemkin crew had its first showing on 21 December 1925 at the Bolshoi Theatre, during a ceremonial meeting to mark the 1905 revolution.
Infobox and body give 21 December 1925 for the first screening; Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 24 December. The Moscow premiere followed on 18 January 1926.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Stage, music & film
Vsevolod Pudovkin directed the Soviet silent comedy Chess Fever, released on 21 December 1925. The story is set during the 1925 international chess tournament in Moscow, and Pudovkin made it while filming of Mechanics of the Brain was paused.
Infobox gives released: 21 December 1925; Wikidata agrees.
· Paris, France · Europe
Lives
The French statesman Jules Méline died in Paris on 21 December 1925. He had been prime minister from 1896 to 1898 and was born in Remiremont on 20 May 1838.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Lives
The psychoanalyst Karl Abraham died in Berlin on 25 December 1925, still fairly young. He was president of the International Psychoanalytical Association for 1914 to 1918 and once more in 1925, and he analyzed Melanie Klein in 1924 and 1925.
The infobox has no death date; lead and body give 25 December 1925.
· Madrid, Spain · Europe
Technology
A branch of line 2, the Ramal, began service on 27 December 1925, reaching Estación del Norte, today Príncipe Pío, a leading rail terminus of the city at that time.
Infobox gives open: 27 December 1925, and the Spanish, French and German articles agree; the Príncipe Pío article gives 26 December 1925 for the same branch. Wikidata gives the official opening as 27 December 1925 and its inception as the year 1925 only.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union · Europe
Lives
The Russian lyric poet Sergei Yesenin died in Leningrad on 28 December 1925. Born in Konstantinovo in the Ryazan area, he belonged to the imaginist movement, and much of his writing recalled the rawness of village life in his childhood.
Wikidata gives the place as Saint Petersburg; the infobox gives Leningrad, the city's name then.
· Neuilly-sur-Seine, France · Europe
Lives
The Swiss-born painter and printmaker Félix Vallotton died after cancer surgery in Paris on 29 December 1925. He had become a French citizen in 1900 and played a key part in shaping the modern woodcut.
· Grosse Pointe, Michigan, United States · North America
Lives
Julia Ann Harris was born on 2 December 1925 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. She became an American actress, made her Broadway debut in 1945 and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2005.
The body text gives Grosse Pointe Park as the birthplace.
· New York City, United States · North America
Stage, music & film
The New York Symphony Orchestra, under Walter Damrosch, premiered George Gershwin's concerto at Carnegie Hall on 3 December 1925, with Gershwin himself as the solo pianist.
Wikidata gives the first performance as 3 December 1925; its composition and publication dates are the year 1925 only.
· Mundare, Alberta, Canada · North America
Lives
Albert Bandura was born on 4 December 1925 in Mundare, Alberta. He became a Canadian-American psychologist and a professor at Stanford University, known as the originator of self-efficacy as a concept and of social learning and social cognitive theory.
· León, Nicaragua · North America
Lives
Anastasio 'Tachito' Somoza Debayle was born on 5 December 1925 in León, Nicaragua. He became a Nicaraguan politician, military officer and dictator, president for 1967-1972 and again from 1974 until he was toppled in 1979.
· New York City, United States · North America
Lives
Samuel George Davis Jr. was born on 8 December 1925 in New York City. He was a US singer, actor, comedian and dancer nicknamed 'Mr. Entertainment', whose career began at age two in vaudeville, in an act with his father and Will Mastin.
· West Plains, Missouri, United States · North America
Lives
Richard Wayne Van Dyke was born on 13 December 1925 in West Plains, Missouri. He works as an actor, comedian, singer, dancer and writer in the United States.
· New York City, United States · North America
Architecture
The arena opened on 15 December 1925, with groundbreaking having taken place on 9 January 1925. It stood on Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, on the site of trolley-car barns.
The infobox gives opened: 15 December 1925, and the article's text agrees. Wikidata gives the official opening as 15 December 1925; its inception is the year 1925 only.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Boni & Liveright published Theodore Dreiser's novel on 17 December 1925. It draws on the 1906 murder of Grace Brown and the court case against her lover, Chester Gillette.
The infobox gives release 17 December 1925. Wikidata agrees with a publication date of 17 December 1925; its inception is the year 1925 only.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & film
Ernst Lubitsch directed the American silent drama Lady Windermere's Fan, released on 26 December 1925, which adapts Oscar Wilde's 1892 play of the same name.
Day comes from the infobox (released: 26 December 1925); Wikidata gives the year.
· New York City, United States · North America
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The American silent epic opened in New York City on 30 December 1925. Fred Niblo directed it, with Ramon Novarro as Ben-Hur, adapting Lew Wallace's 1880 novel. Production moved to MGM in Culver City after two years of difficulties and accidents.
Infobox gives a New York City premiere on 30 December 1925; Wikidata also lists dates in 1926 and 1927.
· Cajamarca, Peru · South America
Lives
Carlos Castaneda, whose birth record names him Carlos César Salvador Arana, was born on 25 December 1925 in Cajamarca, Peru. He became a writer of Peruvian and American background with anthropological training.
Body text gives the date as recorded in his birth record.
· Mongolia · Asia
Economy & trade
Mongolia introduced the tögrög as its currency on 9 December 1925. At launch it was worth the same as the Soviet ruble, and, like the ruble, its value was fixed by a set weight of silver.
Infobox gives date of introduction as 1925; the history section gives 9 December 1925.
· Osaka, Japan · Asia
Economy & trade
Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. was established in Osaka on 25 December 1925, spun off from the securities department of Osaka Nomura Bank. Its successor holding company, Nomura Holdings, now heads the biggest brokerage and investment banking group in Japan.
The 1925 event is the founding of Nomura Securities Co., Ltd., the predecessor of the holding company. Infobox gives 25 December 1925 in Osaka.
· Kanpur, British India (now India) · Asia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Communist Party of India was formed at its first party conference in Kanpur on 26 December 1925, a date the party counts as its foundation. The Communist International regarded neither this date nor 1920 as significant.
The body mentions a 1920 founding date as an alternative that the Communist International did not treat as significant.
· Tehran, Persia (now Iran) · Middle East
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 12 December 1925 Persia's Majlis, sitting as a constituent assembly, named Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general in the Persian Cossack Brigade, as shah. His accession began the Pahlavi dynasty and ended the Qajars' rule.
A list in the body gives 31 October 1925 as the end of Ahmad Shah's reign (the Majlis vote deposing him); the lead dates the end of effective Qajar rule to the constituent assembly's vote of 12 December 1925. The English dates are Gregorian: Persian Wikipedia gives 9 Aban 1304 (solar Hijri) for the deposition and 21 Azar 1304 for the vote, which convert to 31 October and 12 December 1925; it also gives 22 Azar (13 December) once for the constituent assembly's grant of the throne.
· Hejaz, Arabia · Middle East
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Saudis and the Hejaz kingdom were at war between August 1924 and December 1925. It ended with Ibn Saud's forces defeating Hejaz and taking the region, and the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was formed.
Infobox gives 29 August 1924 to 23 December 1925; Wikidata gives December 1925. The lead says the war ran to December 1925.
· Akokoro, Apac District, Uganda · Africa
Lives
Apollo Milton Obote was born on 28 December 1925 in the village of Akokoro, Uganda. He became a Ugandan politician and was prime minister from 1962 to 1966.
· Worldwide
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Pope Pius XI promulgated the encyclical Quas primas on 11 December 1925, establishing the Feast of Christ the King. In 1925 he had asked the Dominican priest Édouard Hugon, a professor at the Angelicum, to work on the text.
Wikidata gives 30 May 1925.
Events we can place in 1925 but not in a particular month.
· Munich, Germany · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The SS grew from a small guard unit of party volunteers protecting Nazi meetings in Munich. In 1925 Hitler ordered Julius Schreck to organise a new bodyguard unit, and Schreck became the first SS chief. Heinrich Himmler joined that year.
Infobox gives formed 4 April 1925 (Wikidata agrees); the body says the SS officially marked its foundation on 9 November 1925. Year precision used.
· France · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Purism was an art movement active in France from 1918 to 1925, led by Amédée Ozenfant and the future architect known as Le Corbusier. It criticised Cubism and wanted objects shown as elementary forms without detail.
A movement with no single end day; the span 1918 to 1925 comes from the lead.
· Cowes, United Kingdom · Europe
Sport
The first Fastnet Race was held in 1925 from Cowes and was won by the yacht Jolie Brise. It is an offshore yacht race run by the Royal Ocean Racing Club, and the course rounds Fastnet Rock off southern Ireland.
· Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
War & conflictSome details uncertain
By 1925 the Allied forces sent into Russia had withdrawn after the White forces collapsed. Japanese troops stayed in northern Sakhalin until 1925, when Japan agreed in a convention to withdraw. The expeditions began in 1918.
Infobox gives the intervention as 4 March 1918 to 15 May 1925; lead says the Allies withdrew by 1925. Year precision used.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Mikhail Bulgakov wrote the novella in 1925, a biting satire of Bolshevism, as the New Economic Policy seemed to be easing communism. Publishers rejected it, partly through the influence of the party official Lev Kamenev.
The lead says written in 1925; the infobox release date is 1968.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Sholokhov wrote the first three volumes of his novel between 1925 and 1932, and the magazine Oktyabr published them from 1928 to 1932. It follows the lives of Don Cossacks through the World War, the revolution and the civil war.
1925 is the start of the 1925 to 1932 writing span given in the lead; Wikidata gives 1925.
· Struer, Denmark · Europe
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Peter Bang and Svend Olufsen founded the company in 1925, with Bang handling the technology and Olufsen the business. Today it makes high-end audio products, televisions and telephones.
Wikidata gives 17 November 1925; year precision used.
· France · Europe
Art & literature
André Gide's novel was published in French in 1925, and Dorothy Bussy's English translation followed in 1927. It is a novel within a novel, in which Gide's alter ego plans to write a book with the same title.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literature
Mikhail Bulgakov's novel first appeared in 1925, in installments in the literary journal Rossiya. The journal was shut down before the serial was complete, and Soviet readers had to wait until 1966 for a reprint.
· Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium · Europe
Sport
Belgium held its first national Grand Prix in 1925 on the Spa race course, and Antonio Ascari won the inaugural race. The circuit had been built in 1921 but hosted only motorcycle racing until 1924.
· Rome, Italy · Europe
Economy & trade
Edoardo Fendi and Adele Casagrande started Fendi in Rome in 1925 as a fur and leather shop on Via del Plebiscito. The house is known for furs, fur accessories and leather goods.
· Rotterdam, Netherlands · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Work on Rotterdam's Van Nelle Factory, beside the Schie, ran from 1925 to 1931. Leendert van der Vlugt of the Brinkman & Van der Vlugt office designed it, and it is a leading example of modernist and functionalist architecture.
Infobox gives construction start 1925 and completion 1931.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union · Europe
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Dmitri Shostakovich composed his Symphony No. 1 in F minor in 1924 and 1925, for his graduation from the Petrograd Conservatory. The Leningrad Philharmonic first performed it under Nikolai Malko on 12 May 1926.
The composing span is 1924 to 1925; the first performance was on 12 May 1926.
· Bologna, Italy · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Groundbreaking for the stadium, designed by Giulio Ulisse Arata, took place in 1925, and it was inaugurated in 1927 as Stadio Littoriale. It replaced the Stadio Sterlino.
Year comes from the infobox (groundbreaking: 1925); the lead gives inauguration in 1927.
· Berlin, Germany and Vilnius, Poland · Europe
Science
YIVO was founded in 1925 as the Yiddish Scientific Institute, launched at a conference in Berlin and seated in Wilno. Its focus is the culture and history of Jewish life in Eastern Europe, Germany and Russia, plus the study of Yiddish.
The city is now Vilnius, Lithuania.
· Italy · Europe
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Casa Ricordi published the score of Ottorino Respighi's tone poem Pines of Rome in 1925. Respighi had finished it in 1924, and it premiered in Rome on 14 December 1924.
The first performance (14 December 1924, conducted by Bernardino Molinari) falls before 1925; only publication is dated 1925.
· Belgium and Vatican City · Europe
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Pope Pius XI approved the Young Christian Workers (JOC) in 1925. The Belgian priest Joseph Cardijn had founded the movement as the Young Trade Unionists, and it took its present name in 1924.
Wikidata lists 1925 as founding year; the article ties 1925 to papal approval.
· Latvia · Europe
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Ernests Brastiņš and Kārlis Bregžis systematised the Latvian neopagan faith Dievturība in 1925 and published a manifesto of renewal, Latviešu dievturības atjaunojums. A year later, in 1926, they formed the organisation Latvju dievturu draudze.
Infobox founded_date: 1925; the organisation itself was founded in 1926.
· United Kingdom · Europe
Art & literature
W. Somerset Maugham's novel The Painted Veil appeared in 1925, after serial runs in Cosmopolitan from November 1924 to March 1925 and in Nash's Magazine in Britain from December 1924.
Infobox gives pub_date: 1925, with Heinemann (UK) and George H. Doran (US) as publishers.
· Netherlands · Europe
Science
The Dutch national science academy created the medal in 1925, on the fiftieth anniversary of Hendrik Lorentz receiving his doctorate. It rewards major contributions to theoretical physics and is presented every four years.
· Geneva, Switzerland · Europe
Everyday life
Psychologists and educators in Geneva created the bureau in 1925 as a private body. Pierre Bovet was among the founders, alongside Adolphe Ferrière and Edouard Claparède, and he directed it from 1925 to 1929.
· Stockholm, Sweden · Europe
Religion & philosophy
Archbishop Nathan Söderblom of the Church of Sweden organised the conference in Stockholm in 1925. It brought together most major Christian denominations to discuss social cooperation.
· Italy / Germany / Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Maxim Gorky wrote the four-volume novel between 1925 and his death in 1936. It follows the decline of the Russian intelligentsia from the 1870s to the 1917 Revolution.
Infobox gives release dates of 1927-1931 and 1937; 1925 is when the writing began.
· Copenhagen, Denmark · Europe
Stage, music & film
The singer Emil Holm, who wanted Denmark to have a full-time symphony orchestra, set one up in 1925 with the help of four musicians: Wells King, Folmer Jensen, Rudolf Dietzmann and Otto Fessel. It began with 11 players, and Launy Grøndahl led it as conductor without a formal title.
English Wikipedia says the orchestra's roots go back to Holm and that it was founded in 1925 in collaboration with the four musicians. Danish Wikipedia's article on Holm says he took the initiative to create the radio symphony orchestra, and its article on the orchestra says it debuted in a studio concert on 28 October 1925 with 11 musicians.
· Helsinki, Finland · Europe
Science
The Civic College opened in Helsinki in 1925, the start of the later University of Tampere. It taught public administration, organisation management and journalism.
· Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Building work on the Derzhprom office complex began around 1925. Its Constructivist design stands on Freedom Square in Kharkiv, and it was finished in 1928.
Infobox gives construction_start_date: 1925 and inauguration 7 November 1928; a photo caption in the body dates construction to c. 1925.
· London, England · Europe
Art & literature
Liam O'Flaherty published the spy novel The Informer in 1925. It is set in Dublin.
Infobox gives published: 1925, with Jonathan Cape (UK) and Alfred A. Knopf (US) as publishers. Place is London, the home of the UK publisher Jonathan Cape; the novel itself is set in Dublin.
· Holy See and Poland · Europe
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A 1925 concordat of 27 articles bound the Holy See and Poland's Second Republic together, guaranteeing freedom for the Church and its believers. It covered Catholic instruction in schools, the nomination of bishops, seminaries and a permanent nuncio in Warsaw.
Wikidata gives 10 February 1925.
· Brașov, Romania · Europe
Economy & trade
The Romanian government helped set up the company in 1925, aiming to cut reliance on foreign firms for aircraft for the Royal Romanian Air Force. The firm also built foreign aircraft designs under licence.
Wikidata gives 1 November 1925. Infobox shows founded 1925 and re-established 1968.
· Mladá Boleslav, Czechoslovakia · Europe
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Škoda Works took over the Bohemian carmaker Laurin & Klement in 1925. Václav Laurin and Václav Klement had started the firm in 1895 in Mladá Boleslav, and a fire damaged its factory in 1924.
Wikidata gives 27 June 1925; year precision is used. Infobox gives defunct: 1925.
· Europe
Politics & diplomacy
The Jewish Territorial Organisation was dissolved in 1925, and most of its members went back to the Zionist movement. It had sought a Jewish homeland somewhere other than Palestine.
· Paris, France · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The student campus in Paris has provided shared services since 1925. The universities of Paris own the campus, which maintains several dozen residences for around 6,000 students and visiting academics.
Lead gives services from 1925; individual residences opened in 1924, 1925 and later years.
· Fresnoy-le-Grand, France · Europe
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Two Belgians, the casting specialist Armand De Saegher and the enamelling specialist Octave Aubecq, started the foundry in 1925, first making its products in Fresnoy-le-Grand, France.
Wikidata gives 1 September 1925; year precision used. Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Switzerland · Europe
Economy & trade
Charles Haccius and Jacques Bogopolsky founded the company in 1925, originally as Bol. Bolex makes motion picture cameras, best known in 16 mm and Super 16 mm formats.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Savignano sul Panaro, Italy · Europe
Science
In 1925 a farmer, Olindo Zambelli, dug up a greenstone figurine outside his stable near Savignano sul Panaro, in Modena province. It dates to the Upper Paleolithic, proposed at 25,000 to 20,000 years ago.
· Moscow, Soviet Union · Europe
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Imaginism was a literary association of Russian poets, active from 1918 to 1925. Its members held that creativity exists to produce an image, mainly through metaphor. The group broke up in 1925 and was officially liquidated in 1927.
Place is Moscow, where the group was founded and had its main centre; the article names St Petersburg as a second centre.
· France · Europe
Art & literature
The French sociologist Marcel Mauss's essay first appeared in L'Année Sociologique in 1925. It was republished in French in 1950, and Ian Cunnison translated it into English in 1954.
· Innsbruck, Austria · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
Innsbruck's air traffic dates to 1925, when a first airfield opened; the airport at today's site, called Kranebitten Airport by locals, followed in 1948. It is now Tyrol's largest international airport.
English lead gives 1925 but its infobox gives opened 15 January 1948; German Wikipedia says the first airfield opened on 1 June 1925 and the present site on 15 January 1948. Year precision kept.
· London, England · Europe
Art & literature
The Dickens House Museum opened in 1925, after the house was renovated. It is at 48 Doughty Street in Bloomsbury, in a Georgian terraced house, and an independent trust now runs it.
· Soviet Union · Europe
Stage, music & film
Lev Kuleshov directed the Soviet science fiction film The Death Ray, written by Vsevolod Pudovkin, in 1925. Its first and last reels have been lost.
Infobox gives released: 1925.
· Zakopane, Poland · Europe
Sport
The Wielka Krokiew ski jumping hill in Zakopane opened in 1925, built on the slope of Krokiew mountain. It hosted ski championships in 1929, 1939 and 1962.
Wikidata gives 22 March 1925. Infobox gives opened: 1925.
· Berlin-Britz, Germany · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Construction of the Horseshoe Estate in Berlin began in 1925, and its heritage-protected core was finished by 1930. It was designed by Bruno Taut, Martin Wagner, Leberecht Migge and Ottokar Wagler; the housing company GEHAG, founded in 1924, hired Taut as its chief architect for the estate.
The lead gives the building period as 1925-33 (written in that short form only); the body says the heritage-protected part was built between 1925 and 1930. Wikidata gives 1925.
· Triberg, Germany · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
Triberg, in Germany, hosted the 1925 European Figure Skating Championships. Senior skaters from European ISU member nations took part, in men's singles only, and Willy Böckl took the title.
· Poland · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
Poland's national football cup dates its founding to 1925. The first final listed was in the 1925-26 season, won by Wisla Krakow. Games were not played from 1927 to 1950.
Infobox founded: 1925. The competition was not held between 1927 and 1950.
· Switzerland · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
The Swiss Football Association decided in 1925 to start its own official cup. The first edition was played in the 1925-26 season, and the competition has been held yearly since.
The 11 January 1925 play-off for the Och Cup was a separate match from the cup launch.
· Rožnov pod Radhoštěm, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Everyday life
In Rožnov pod Radhoštěm, an open-air museum opened its doors in 1925 during a folklore festival called the 'Wallachian year'. The brothers who founded it had worked on the idea since 1911.
Infobox gives established: 1925.
· France · Europe
ScienceSome details uncertain
The engineer Marie-Louise Paris founded the school in 1925 to train young women in electromechanical engineering. It is now EPF.
Wikidata gives 11 April 1925; year precision used. The English text says the school moved to Sceaux in 1956, as do the French and German articles, although an English photo caption calls the Sceaux building the original, so no early location is stated. The claim of being France's first school to train women engineers appears only in the English lead.
· Oberstdorf, Bavaria, Germany · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The Schattenberg site in Oberstdorf, which opened in 1925, holds five separate ski jumping hills on the northwest side of the mountain.
Infobox gives opened: 1925; Wikidata gives 27 December 1925.
· Germany · Europe
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Arado Flugzeugwerke began as the Warnemünde factory of Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. In 1925 the company joined a trading firm founded by the industrialist Hugo Stinnes Jr.
Wikidata gives 1925 as the founding year; the article ties 1925 to the company joining the Arado trading firm.
· Venice, Italy · Europe
Sport
The basketball section was founded in 1925. Reyer Venezia Mestre is an Italian professional club based in Venice, and it plays in Italy's top league and the EuroCup.
· Stockholm, Sweden · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
Stockholm hosted the first competitive European amateur boxing championships in 1925, after an earlier first edition in 1924. The EUBC, Europe's boxing governing body, organises the event.
Lead gives a first edition in 1924, and 1925 for the first competitive championships; infobox gives first: 1925 / 2001.
· Czechoslovakia · Europe
Sport
The league was Czechoslovakia's top football division from 1925 to 1993, apart from the Second World War years. It began as the First Association League with Prague teams only.
· Italy · Europe
Economy & trade
In 1925 Mussolini's regime launched the Battle for Grain, also called the Battle for Wheat, a propaganda campaign aiming for self-sufficiency in wheat and freedom from 'slavery of foreign bread'.
· Kaunas, Lithuania · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Steponas Darius and Kęstutis Bulota designed the original stadium in 1923, and it was completed in 1925. It stands in Ąžuolynas park, in Kaunas's Žaliakalnis district.
Conflict: the infobox gives opened: 1925, while the body dates the opening ceremonies to 6-8 September 1924 and completion to 1925.
· Sonneberg, Thuringia, Germany · Europe
ScienceSome details uncertain
The town of Sonneberg founded the observatory in 1925, at Cuno Hoffmeister's initiative and backed by the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung. The site is on Erbisbühl, 638 m up, and it studies variable stars over the long term.
Wikidata gives 28 December 1925. Infobox gives established: 1925.
· Bari, Italy · Europe
Science
The University of Bari, a public institution in Apulia in southern Italy, was founded in 1925. On 15 January 2010 it took the name of the statesman Aldo Moro.
· Düsseldorf, Germany · Europe
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Düsseldorf's Rheinstadion, part of a sports complex beside the Rhine, was taken into use in 1925 with about 42,500 places, and President Hindenburg spoke there in September of that year. It later hosted matches of the 1974 World Cup and was demolished in 2002.
Year disputed: the English lead says the stadium was built in 1926, while the English infobox gives an opening in September 1925. German Wikipedia says the whole sports site went into use in 1925, counts Hindenburg's speech to about 50,000 people in September 1925 as an unofficial inauguration, and treats the football match against the Netherlands on 18 April 1926 as the official opening. Year precision used (1925); the architect is left out because the English and German articles name him differently (Heinrich or Hans Freese).
· Finland · Europe
TechnologySome details uncertain
In 1925 the M/26, designed by Aimo Lahti and Arvo Saloranta, came first in a Finnish Army contest and became the army's main light machine gun.
Infobox gives design_date: 1925; the lead says the gun was designed in 1926. The 1925 date is for the army competition in the history section.
· Europe
SportSome details uncertain
The Coupe Jean Dupuich was an international club football tournament held from 1908 to 1925, and its last edition was played in 1925. A Mr Dupuich gave the cup and named it in memory of his son Jean, a young footballer.
The English lead calls the donor Adolphe Dupuich, while the English body and French Wikipedia say Alphonse Dupuich and say the cup was named for his son Jean.
· Budapest, Hungary · Europe
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Budapest and Diósgyőr ironworks joined with the Győr Ágyúgyár in 1925, and the enlarged firm took the name MÁVAG, for Hungary's royal state iron, steel and machine plants.
Infobox gives founded: 1892; Wikidata also gives 1 August 1870. The 1925 date is for the merger and renaming described in the history section.
· Ostend, Belgium · Europe
SportSome details uncertain
The 1925 World Fencing Championships, an international fencing competition, took place in Ostend, Belgium.
· Kiel, Germany · Europe
Economy & trade
Deutsche Werke Kiel AG was founded in 1925 by merging the Kaiserliche Werft Kiel with other shipyards. The Weimar Republic government owned it, with headquarters in Berlin and manufacturing in Kiel.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Andalusia, Spain · Europe
Sport
The first Vuelta a Andalucía took place in 1925. It is a regional Spanish road cycling race, also called the Ruta del Sol, and has been part of the UCI ProSeries since 2020.
Infobox lists the race as held in mid-February, first edition 1925.
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
Economy & trade
In Berlin in 1925, Dekra started out under the name Deutscher Kraftfahrzeug-Überwachungs-Verein, meaning German Motor Vehicle Inspection Association. It is now a German inspection and expert certification company headquartered in Stuttgart.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Sweden · Europe
Sport
Sweden took part in the Davis Cup for the first time in 1925. The Swedish Tennis Association governs the national team.
Infobox gives first year: 1925.
· Gorna Oryahovitsa, Bulgaria · Europe
Technology
The airport was established in Gorna Oryahovitsa in 1925, with the Bulgarian Air Force as its main user at the start. It is an international airport near Veliko Tarnovo.
Infobox gives opened: 1925.
· Italy · Europe
Sport
Italy's top professional ice hockey league, run by the Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio, first played in 1925. It was later known as the Italian Hockey League Elite and is now the Italian Hockey League Serie A.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Asturias, Spain · Europe
Sport
The first Vuelta Asturias was run in 1925. It is a professional road race in Spain, held in early May, and has been a UCI Europe Tour event since 2005.
· Oslo, Norway · Europe
Economy & trade
Gyldendal Norsk Forlag was founded in 1925, after buying rights to publications from the Danish publisher Gyldendal, from which it took its name. It is one of the largest publishing houses in Norway.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Guatemala · North America
Economy & trade
The quetzal came into use in Guatemala in 1925, while José María Orellana was president, and replaced the Guatemalan peso. It is named after the country's national bird, the resplendent quetzal.
· United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Frederick and Gordon Rentschler, Edward Deeds and George Mead founded the aircraft engine company in 1925. Frederick Rentschler, a former Wright Aeronautical executive, set out to start his own aviation business in April.
Infobox gives founded 1925; the body places the start of the venture in April 1925.
· United States · North America
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
This American silent horror film, based on Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel, stars Lon Chaney as the disfigured Phantom who terrorizes the Paris Opera House. Rupert Julian is credited as director.
Dates conflict: the infobox gives 6 September 1925 (New York) and 15 November 1925, the first cut previewed on 26 January 1925, and Wikidata gives 7 January and 15 November 1925. Year precision used.
· Mexico · North America
Economy & trade
Corona beer was officially introduced in 1925. Grupo Modelo makes the Mexican brand, and its parent company AB InBev now brews and sells it worldwide. Its best-known variety is Corona Extra, a pale lager.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
John Dos Passos published the novel Manhattan Transfer in 1925. Overlapping individual stories in New York City, running from the Gilded Age into the Jazz Age, make up the book, which criticises consumerism and social indifference.
Harper & Brothers is listed as publisher in the infobox.
· New York City, United States · North America
Art & literature
Simon and Olga Guggenheim formed the foundation in 1925 in memory of their son, who died in 1922. Senator Guggenheim appointed Henry Allen Moe in 1924 to oversee setting it up.
The son's death is dated 26 April 1922 in the article.
· United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Maxwell, an American car maker active since 1904, ended in 1925. Walter Chrysler had earlier taken a controlling interest in the debt-laden company after the post-war slump of 1920; in 1925 he formed the Chrysler Corporation, the Maxwell line was phased out and its assets were absorbed.
The lead says Chrysler acquired the company in 1925; the body says Chrysler took a controlling interest the year after the 1920 recession and that the 1925 step was forming the Chrysler Corporation, ending the Maxwell line and absorbing its assets. Infobox gives defunct: 1925.
· Tucson, Arizona, United States · North America
TechnologySome details uncertain
The airfield was set up in 1925 as Davis-Monthan Landing Field, south-east of downtown Tucson. One of its two namesakes, Oscar Monthan, had died in a Martin B2 bomber crash in Hawaii on 27 March 1924.
Wikidata also gives 4 January 1940.
· United States · North America
Art & literature
Edward Hopper painted House by the Railroad, in oil on canvas, in 1925. The painting shows a house in Haverstraw, New York, and is held by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
ScienceSome details uncertain
The University of Baltimore was established in 1925. It is a public university in Baltimore and part of the University System of Maryland, with four colleges covering business, law, public affairs and applied arts and sciences.
Year comes from the infobox (established: 1925).
· Nicaragua · North America
War & conflict
The National Guard was created in 1925 while the United States occupied Nicaragua. It began as a militia and gendarmerie, and the Nicaraguan government hired a retired US general that year to help set it up.
Infobox gives founded: 1925 and disbanded: 1979.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Architecture
The Tribune Tower, a 36-floor neo-Gothic skyscraper at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, was completed in 1925. Chicago Tribune owner Robert R. McCormick had it built, to designs by John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood.
Infobox gives construction start 1923 and completion 1925.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
Science
Mary Stewart Carey, a wealthy civic patron, founded the museum in 1925, inspired by a visit to the Brooklyn Children's Museum in 1924. In 1926, after moving twice, it went into her own mansion on Meridian Street.
· United States · North America
SportSome details uncertain
This was the 20th staging of the event now called the Davis Cup, formally the 1925 International Lawn Tennis Challenge. France reached the Challenge Round after beating Australia, but the United States won it, at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia.
Wikidata gives 8 May to 13 September 1925; the dates in the lead are those of the Challenge Round (11 to 13 September).
· Stanford, California, United States · North America
Economy & trade
The school was founded in 1925 after the trustee Herbert Hoover formed a committee to raise the funds needed to start it. It serves as the business school for graduate students at Stanford University.
Infobox gives established: 1925.
· New York City, United States · North America
Sport
The NHL awarded a New York franchise in April 1925 to Duggan and Bill Dwyer, and the Americans played from 1925 until 1942. They were the third team added to the NHL by expansion, and the second US-based one.
Infobox gives founded: 1925.
· Miami, Florida, United States · North America
Architecture
The building went up in 1925 as the headquarters and printing facility of the newspaper The Miami News, designed by Schultze and Weaver in Spanish Renaissance Revival style.
Infobox gives built: 1925.
· New York, United States · North America
Art & literature
Boni & Liveright first published Ernest Hemingway's story in 1925, in the collection In Our Time. It follows an American couple on vacation in Italy.
Infobox gives pub_date: 1925.
· Guatemala · North America
Economy & trade
The peso was Guatemala's currency from 1859 to 1925, when the quetzal replaced it.
· United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Fairchild Engine Company came into being in 1925 when the firm bought the Caminez Engine Company. Fairchild was an American aircraft and aerospace manufacturer, and Sherman Fairchild established the parent business.
Conflict: the infobox gives the company as founded in 1925, while the history section says Sherman Fairchild founded it in 1924. The purchase of the engine company is dated 1925.
· United States · North America
Science
J. L. Coolidge gave the money in 1925 that set up the Chauvenet Prize, which the Mathematical Association of America presents each year for an outstanding expository article in mathematics. It is named in honor of William Chauvenet.
Infobox gives year: 1925.
· United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Lever Brothers brought Lux Soap to America in 1925. The Lux national advertising campaign in the US began in 1926 and added men and children as audiences.
The brand dates from 1899; 1925 is the US launch.
· Panama City, Panama · North America
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The see dates from 28 August 1513 and moved to Panama City on 7 December 1520. It was raised to an archdiocese in 1925, the year it also gave up territory to form the Vicariate Apostolic of Darién.
The lead and history section give 29 November 1925 for the elevation; Wikidata gives 14 December 1925. Year precision used.
· Claremont, California, United States · North America
Science
The graduate university was founded in 1925 in Claremont, California, and was first called Claremont University College. It is a private postgraduate research university.
Infobox gives established: 1925.
· Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · North America
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In 1925 a Georgian Revival building on Quincy Street, designed by the firm Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch and Abbott, replaced the earlier building of the Fogg Museum. The museum itself was established in 1895.
Wikidata gives 1925 as the founding year, but the lead dates the museum itself to 1895; 1925 is the new building.
· Florida, United States · North America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
NextEra Energy traces its origins to the formation of Florida Power & Light in 1925. FPL Group was formed in 1984, and Florida Power & Light is the largest of the company's subsidiaries.
Infobox gives founded: 1984 as FPL Group; the 1925 date is for the formation of Florida Power & Light.
· Cochabamba, Bolivia · South America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
A consortium of German-Bolivian residents founded the airline in 1925. Its first commercial flights, on a Junkers F 13, ran from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz on 24 September 1925.
Lead and infobox give founding on 15 September 1925, while the history section says August 1925; infobox gives commenced 23 September, lead and body give 24 September.
· Rio de Janeiro, Brazil · South America
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Irineu Marinho founded the media business in 1925 and launched the morning newspaper O Globo that year. The group is now based in Rio de Janeiro.
The Grupo Globo infoboxes (English and Portuguese) give 25 July 1925, while the O Globo article and Portuguese Wikipedia's text date the newspaper that began the group to 29 July 1925; the Grupo Globo text says only 1925. Year precision used.
· Bolivia · South America
Sport
The Bolivian Football Federation was founded in 1925, which made it the eighth oldest football federation in South America. It affiliated with CONMEBOL and FIFA in 1926.
· Salvador, Bahia, Brazil · South America
Technology
The airport was established in 1925 as Santo Amaro do Ipitanga Airport and was later called Dois de Julho International Airport. Vinci SA operates it today.
Infobox gives opened: 1925.
· Japan · Asia
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Shogakukan created Shueisha in 1925 as its entertainment-related publishing division, and the following year it became a separate, independent company. It is now the largest publishing company in Japan.
Infobox gives founded 8 August 1926, the year it became independent; the lead gives 1925 for its creation as a division.
· Beijing, China · Asia
Science
Pope Pius XI asked for a university to be founded in Beijing in 1925. The American missionary George Barry O'Toole served as its first president until 1927. It was known as the Catholic University of Peking from 1925 to 1950.
· Khost, Southern Province, Afghanistan · Asia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Khost rebellion was an uprising against the modernising, Westernising reforms of Afghanistan's king, Amanullah Khan. It began in Southern Province in March 1924, led by the Mangal Pashtun tribe, and was finally quelled in 1925.
Infobox gives date: March 1924 to early 1925; Wikidata gives January 1925 for the end.
· Kabul, Afghanistan · Asia
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Building work on the palace began in 1925 under Amanullah Khan and was finished in 1927. The three-story palace has 150 rooms and was meant to house a future parliament.
Infobox gives construction_start_date 1925 and completion 1927. The lead says it was built in the 1920s. Amanullah was emir, then king from June 1926.
· Asia
Art & literature
Raghunath Murmu invented the Ol Chiki script for the Santali language in 1925. It has 30 letters whose shapes are meant to evoke nature, and it was made public in 1939 at an exhibition in Mayurbhanj State.
· Mongolia · Asia
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The dollar was Mongolia's money from 1921 to 1925, as the Bogd Khan's rule gave way to a people's government. In 1925 the authorities made the tögrög the official money, replacing the dollar and other circulating currencies.
· Manipal, British India (now India) · Asia
Economy & trade
The bank came into existence in Manipal in 1925, founded by Vaman Srinivas Kudva, T. M. A. Pai and Tonse Upendra Ananth Pai. Its original name was Canara Industrial and Banking Syndicate Limited.
Infobox gives founded: 1925 in Manipal, India.
· Mandalay, British Burma (now Myanmar) · Asia
Science
The university began in 1925 as Mandalay College, affiliated with Rangoon University. Today it is a state-run liberal arts and science university in Mandalay.
Infobox gives established: 1925.
· Japan · Asia
Sport
The club began in 1925 under the name Oji Eagles. Today, as the Red Eagles Hokkaido, it plays professional ice hockey from Tomakomai, on Hokkaidō, in the Asia League Ice Hockey.
Infobox gives founded: 1925 (as Oji Eagles). The article's prose says three Asia League titles while its honours list shows two, so no Asia League title count is used.
· China · Asia
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The committee sat from 1925 to 1927, set in motion by the party's 4th National Congress. At its first plenary session in 1925 it chose the Central Bureau, later known as the Politburo.
Wikidata gives January 1925.
· French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
War & conflictSome details uncertain
A general uprising spread across Syria and Greater Lebanon between 1925 and 1927, answering repressive policies of the French mandate authorities. It began among the Druze of the Jabal Druze State, who beat a French relief column and took the fort at al-Suwayda.
Year precision kept: Wikidata gives 1925-07-19; the body says the Druze revolted in September 1925, yet also dates the Battle of al-Kafr to 21 July 1925 and says Sultan al-Atrash formally declared revolution on 23 August 1925, so the start within 1925 is not settled.
· Luxor, Egypt · Middle East
ScienceSome details uncertain
A dagger with an iron blade, taken from the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun, was found at Luxor in 1925. Its blade composition and uniformity match those of meteorites, so the iron is judged to be of meteoritic origin.
Year comes from the infobox (discovered_date); the lead gives no discovery date.
· Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia · Middle East
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Banu Qatadah dynasty held the emirate of Mecca until it was abolished in 1925. Hussein bin Ali held the title of Sharif and Emir of Mecca between 1908 and 1924.
The infobox gives a life span of 967 to 1916, while the lead and body extend the rule of the Qatadah line to 1925.
· Persia (now Iran) · Middle East
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Reza Shah gave the order its present name, Zolfaghar, in 1925, and also made it an exclusively military order. Naser al-Din Shah Qajar had created it in 1856, under the title Decoration of the Commander of the Faithful.
Wikidata gives 10 April 1925. Iran: calendar not stated in source.
· Hejaz · Middle East
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The riyal circulated in the Kingdom of Hejaz from 1916 to 1925, when it was replaced at par by the Hejaz and Nejd riyal. It was divided into 20 qirsh.
· Italian Somaliland · Africa
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Italian Somaliland got its own coinage, a special version of the Italian lira, struck from 1925 to 1926. Silver lire coins were issued in 1925, and a royal decree of 18 June 1925 approved the issue.
The body cites Royal Decree no. 1143 of 18 June 1925 as approval for the issue.
· Tripoli, Italian Tripolitania (now Libya) · Africa
Sport
The motor race was first held in 1925 on a circuit outside Tripoli, then the capital of Italian Tripolitania. The Italian name of the event was Gran Premio di Tripoli.
· Casablanca, French Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
SportSome details uncertain
A motor race was first organised in Casablanca in 1925 and officially named the Casablanca Grand Prix. The Comte de Vaugelas won in a Delage in the touring car category.
· Réunion · Africa
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Émile Merwart designed the coat of arms of Réunion in 1925, for a colonial exhibition planned for Petite-Île. It stands for Réunion, an overseas department of France.
· Australia · Oceania
Politics & diplomacy
Federal legislation formally established the Australian War Memorial in 1925. The Commonwealth Government had announced its plan for a national war memorial in 1923.
Wikidata gives 26 September 1925.
· Worldwide
Science
Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg rediscovered a new element in 1925 and named it rhenium, after the Rhine. They reported finding it in platinum ore and in columbite, a mineral.
· Worldwide
Science
In 1925 the sociologist Ernest Burgess created the concentric zone model, also called the Burgess model or the CCD model. It describes how urban society is structured.
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