Our records for 1930 hold 500 events from 11 regions; the best-ranked is “Gandhi begins the Salt March from Sabarmati to Dandi”.
This page lists all 500 events in our records for 1930: 350 dated to the day, 105 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1930
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
Politics & diplomacyWidely known
Gandhi begins the Salt March from Sabarmati to Dandi
· Sabarmati to Dandi, British India (now Gujarat, India) · Asia
Gandhi set out on 12 March 1930 with 78 volunteers to protest the British salt monopoly in India. The march lasted 24 days and ended at Dandi, where he broke the salt laws.
Why it is interesting. Gandhi's breaking of the salt laws at Dandi sparked mass civil disobedience by millions, and more than 60,000 Indians ended up in jail.
Notes and dating details
The data box location is Sabarmati, Ahmedabad; the march ran to Dandi. Wikidata gives only 1930 with an end date of 6 April 1930.
A dry spell unusual for the region set in during summer 1930, and severe dust storms followed across American and Canadian prairie farmland. Drought and farming methods that left topsoil unprotected combined to cause them.
Why it is interesting. Dust blown from unprotected farm soil sometimes blackened the sky over the prairies.
Notes and dating details
The opening text describes the Dust Bowl as a feature of the 1930s generally; the dry era is placed in summer 1930 and the first recorded storm on 14 September 1930 in the main text. Wikidata gives the start as 1930 and the end as 1936.
The first World Cup took place in Uruguay in 1930, with teams from South America, Europe and North America. The opening matches were played simultaneously on 13 July, and Uruguay won the tournament.
Why it is interesting. FIFA chose Uruguay as host to mark the centenary of its independence, and the home side then won the first final at the Estadio Centenario.
Notes and dating details
The article is about the competition as a whole; the founding year 1930 is from the data box and opening text. The 13 July 1930 matches are from the main text.
The Castellammarese War begins among New York Mafia factions
· New York City, United States · North America
Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano began fighting over control of the American Mafia when Masseria ordered the murder of his own ally Gaetano Reina on 26 February 1930. The feud ended with Masseria's death in April 1931.
Why it is interesting. The war ended with Maranzano's side splitting New York's crime families into what became the Five Families, and Lucky Luciano set up a governing Commission.
Notes and dating details
The English article dates the war from 26 February 1930 to 15 April 1931, and the start is stored. Wikidata gives only 1930, with an end in 1931.
Germany votes in the Reichstag election of 14 September 1930
· Weimar Republic, Germany · Europe
Voters chose the fifth Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. The Nazi Party rose from 12 seats to 107, and the Social Democrats lost ten seats but stayed the largest party with 143 of 577.
Why it is interesting. Chancellor Brüning's government lost its majority, and his new cabinet governed by emergency decree with President Hindenburg's backing.
Notes and dating details
At Brüning's request, Hindenburg had the Reichstag dissolved on 18 July 1930 (main text).
The Soviet Union begins forced population transfers
· Soviet Union · Asia
Some details uncertain.
From 1930 the Soviet government, on Stalin's orders, forcibly moved groups of people, mostly to underpopulated remote areas; roughly 1.8 million people labelled kulaks were sent into exile in 1930-31 alone. The deportations continued until 1952 and affected at least 6 million people inside the country.
Why it is interesting. Dekulakization was the first time an entire class of people was deported, and historians now class the deportations as a crime against humanity.
Notes and dating details
The article covers the whole period 1930-1952 as one subject; only the start year is stored here. The data box gives date 1930-1952.
Arthur Conan Doyle, the British writer and physician born in Edinburgh, died on 7 July 1930 in Crowborough, Sussex. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories, four novels and fifty-six short stories.
Why it is interesting. Doyle killed off Sherlock Holmes in 1893, then public outcry brought the detective back.
Notes and dating details
The data box death place is Crowborough, Sussex; Wikidata gives Windlesham Manor.
The 2nd Academy Awards banquet is held in Los Angeles
· Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, United States · North America
The film academy held its awards banquet at the Ambassador Hotel on 3 April 1930, honouring films released from August 1928 to the end of July 1929. The Broadway Melody won Best Picture.
Why it is interesting. A Los Angeles radio station carried the first broadcast of an Academy Awards ceremony, and the Academy never named official nominees.
Notes and dating details
The ceremony was a banquet at the Ambassador Hotel; its awards covered films released from August 1928 to July 1929.
The 3rd Academy Awards ceremony is held at the Ambassador Hotel
· Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, United States · North America
The Academy honoured films released between August 1929 and July 1930 at the Ambassador Hotel. All Quiet on the Western Front won both Best Picture and Best Director.
Why it is interesting. Only seven months after the 2nd ceremony, 1930 became the sole year with two Academy Awards ceremonies.
· Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan) · Asia
Some details uncertain.
A famine caused by human policy began in late 1930 in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic and lasted through 1933. Collectivization seized herds, disrupted traditional migrations and forced nomadic communities onto collective farms.
Why it is interesting. Kazakhs fell from about 60 percent of their republic's population to 38 percent, and between 38 and 42 percent of them died.
Notes and dating details
The data box period is 1930-1933. Death toll differs between the opening text (1.3 to 2.3 million) and the data box (1.5-2.3 million), so no toll is used in the facts.
· 405 Lexington Avenue, Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
The Art Deco skyscraper at 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in Manhattan opened on 27 May 1930, designed by William Van Alen. Walter Chrysler paid for and shaped the design himself.
Why it is interesting. It held the height record for 11 months, and its builders raced 40 Wall Street, and later the Empire State Building, for the tallest-building title.
Alfred Wegener dies on his last Greenland expedition
· Greenland · The poles
The German climatologist and polar researcher Alfred Wegener died in Greenland in November 1930. His last expedition there had run six weeks behind schedule because of a late thaw.
Why it is interesting. Wegener proposed in 1912 that the continents drift, an idea that mainstream geology did not accept until the 1960s.
Notes and dating details
Only the month and year of death (November 1930) are given in the data box and opening text.
The 1929 Barcelona International Exposition closes
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The world fair on Montjuic hill ran from 20 May 1929 until mid-January 1930. Twenty European nations took part, along with private groups from the United States and Japan.
Notes
The opening text and Wikidata give the close as 15 January 1930; the data box gives 30 January 1930. Month stored because the days differ.
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played ten matches between January and April 1930. It was the sixteenth series since France joined the Home Nations Championship.
Notes
The data box gives 1 January - 12 April 1930; the opening text gives 1 January to 21 April; Wikidata gives an end of 21 April 1930. The end date is therefore not stored.
The Communist Party disbands the Zhenotdel, its women's department
Politics & diplomacy
The party's Central Committee disbanded the Zhenotdel, its department for women's affairs in the 1920s, on 5 January 1930. Aleksandra Artyukhina was its last head.
Notes
The English leaders list gives Aleksandra Artyukhina 1925-1930, while Russian Wikipedia's Zhenotdel list gives 1926-1930 and her own Russian article says she headed the department in 1926-1929; because the start year is disputed, the summary names her as the last head without years. The 5 January 1930 date is in the English dissolution section.
Sanremo's casino staged its first international chess tournament, a round-robin among 16 masters from 16 January to 4 February 1930. Champion Alexander Alekhine scored 14/15, 3½ points clear of runner-up Aron Nimzowitsch.
· Maly Operny Theatre, Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
Shostakovich's opera The Nose is staged for the first time in Leningrad
Stage, music & film
Samuil Samosud conducted the stage premiere of Shostakovich's first opera at the Maly Operny Theatre on 18 January 1930. The satirical work, finished in 1928, is based on an 1836 story by Nikolai Gogol.
Notes
Soviet date in Gregorian terms; the article gives 18 January 1930 in the data box and main text.
The British philosopher, mathematician and economist Frank Ramsey died at Guy's Hospital in London on 19 January 1930, aged only 26. He had developed jaundice after an abdominal operation.
Shostakovich's Symphony No. 3, The First of May, is first performed
Stage, music & film
The Leningrad Philharmonic and the Academy Capella Choir gave the premiere on 21 January 1930 under Aleksandr Gauk. Shostakovich had written most of it in summer 1929, partly on a Black Sea cruise.
Hergé's weekly strip first appeared on 23 January 1930 in a newspaper's children's supplement, at first starring Quick without Flupke. It follows two misbehaving Brussels boys and their run-ins with a policeman, Officer 15.
Notes
The opening text says serialised weekly from January 1930; the main text gives 23 January 1930 for the first appearance. The data box gives 1930-1941.
Primo de Rivera resigns, ending his dictatorship in Spain
Politics & diplomacy
General Miguel Primo de Rivera gave up power on 28 January 1930, handing his resignation to King Alfonso XIII, who accepted it. General Dámaso Berenguer's Dictablanda took over.
Notes
Historians differ on when the dictatorship's crisis began (late 1927, mid-1928 or January 1929), but the date of the resignation itself, 28 January 1930, is not in dispute.
Lionel Barrymore directed this American musical romance for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, led by the opera singer Lawrence Tibbett, who earned a Best Actor nomination. It premiered in January 1930.
Notes
The English data box lists 28 January 1930 (New York), 17 February 1930 (Los Angeles) and 10 May 1930 (US), while its text says it premiered in Hollywood on 17 January 1930; German and French Wikipedia give 10 May 1930. The dates conflict, so only the month (January 1930) is stored, with medium confidence.
· New Ulm, Minnesota, United States · North America
Tippi Hedren is born
Lives
Born on 19 January 1930 in New Ulm, Minnesota, Tippi Hedren is an American former actress who began as a fashion model. Alfred Hitchcock discovered her in a television commercial.
Notes
For much of her career Hedren's birth year was given wrongly as 1935. She acknowledged 1930 in a 2004 documentary, in line with Minnesota's birth registration index.
· Glen Ridge, New Jersey, United States · North America
Buzz Aldrin is born
Lives
Buzz Aldrin was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, on 20 January 1930. He became an astronaut, aeronautical engineer and fighter pilot, and on Apollo 11 in 1969 he piloted the lunar module Eagle.
Rebecca Felton, the first woman to serve in the US Senate, died in Atlanta on 24 January 1930. She was sworn in on 21 November 1922 and held the seat for only 24 hours, a symbolic appointment.
· San Bernardino, California, United States · North America
Gene Hackman is born
Lives
Gene Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California, on 30 January 1930. His mainstream acting career ran over four decades, and his credited film debut was Lilith in 1964.
The Quito football club Liga Deportiva Universitaria has an official founding date of 11 January 1930. Its roots lie in semi-professional sports teams of the Central University of Ecuador from 1918.
Notes
The data box gives 23 October 1918 as the founding date, as Club Universitario; the opening text and main text give 11 January 1930 as the official founding. The 1930 date is used because the main text confirms it; 1918 marks the club's roots.
Bolivia's largest stadium, a multi-purpose ground in La Paz, opened officially on 16 January 1930, when The Strongest beat Universitario 4-1. It is named after President Hernando Siles Reyes.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 1930; the main text gives 16 January 1930.
The club dates from 25 January 1930, when two existing clubs merged, Athletico Paulistano and the Palmeiras athletic association. Its home kit of white with red and black stripes honours its parent clubs.
Mapai, a Labor Zionist and democratic socialist party, was founded on 5 January 1930 in a merger that included Hapoel Hatzair. David Ben-Gurion and Yosef Sprinzak are listed as its founders.
· Nejd, Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (now Saudi Arabia) · Middle East
The Ikhwan revolt against Ibn Saud is put down
War & conflict
Government troops ended the uprising on 10 January 1930, once the remaining rebel leaders gave themselves up to the British. Many Ikhwan leaders were then killed or jailed, and the other rebels joined regular Saudi units.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1930 as the end; the article gives 10 January 1930 in both the opening text and the main text. Wikidata place (Mandatory Iraq) is the raid area, not the whole revolt. The opening text dates the Battle of Sabilla to 29 March 1929 but the main text says 31 March; not used here. Wikidata says the revolt began in 1927; the article dates it 1929-1930 with raids from late 1927.
· Lancaster Park, Christchurch, New Zealand · Oceania
New Zealand plays its first Test cricket match, against England
Sport
New Zealand made its Test debut against England at Lancaster Park, Christchurch, from 10 to 13 January 1930. England toured in 1929-30 and played four Tests, each scheduled for three days.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year only (1930); the data box gives the first Test dates 10-13 January 1930. Test status year is also 1930 in the data box.
The 1930 Australian Championships tennis tournament begins
Sport
The 23rd edition of the event now known as the Australian Open was played on outdoor grass at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne from 18 to 27 January 1930. Gar Moon won the men's singles and Daphne Akhurst the women's.
· off the Antarctic coast, Southern Ocean · The poles
The BANZARE expedition finds the Aagaard Islands off Antarctica
Exploration
The BANZARE expedition, a joint British, Australian and New Zealand polar venture led by Sir Douglas Mawson, found the Aagaard Islands in January 1930. They lie west of Proclamation Island and Cape Batterbee.
Notes
Wikidata gives 30 January 1930; the article gives only January 1930.
The British revue film Elstree Calling is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Adrian Brunel and Alfred Hitchcock directed this British musical revue at Elstree Studios, and it opened in London on 6 February 1930. Tommy Handley introduced the music and comedy items as compère.
Notes
The English data box gives two release dates: 6 February 1930 in London and 29 September 1930 across the UK. The earlier London date is stored; French Wikipedia lists only 29 September 1930, so confidence is medium.
Mary Quant, a British fashion designer, was born in London on 11 February 1930. She became a leading figure in the Mod and youth fashion scene of 1960s London.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 11 February 1934 as an alternative birth year. English Wikipedia says 11 February 1930, which is stored, with confidence lowered to medium. The English text names Woolwich and Wikidata names Blackheath, so only London is stored.
The Italian general Giulio Douhet, who developed theories of air power and championed strategic bombing, died of a heart attack in Rome on 15 February 1930. He was born in Caserta on 30 May 1869.
The station opened as Cluny on 15 February 1930, the day Line 10 was extended from Odéon to Place d'Italie. It serves the Latin Quarter in the 5th arrondissement.
Notes
Part of the 15 February 1930 Line 10 extension from Odéon to Place d'Italie, which also opened other stations such as Place Monge.
Stadio Vesuvio opens in Naples as a new home for Napoli
Architecture
The stadium opened on 16 February 1930 under the name Stadio Vesuvio, after its street, as a new home for SSC Napoli, founded in 1926. It later also carried the name Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli.
Notes
The stadium was completed in 1929 but opened on 16 February 1930, which is the date stored (built 1929-1930).
· South Woodford, Essex (now Greater London), England · Europe
Ruth Rendell is born
Lives
Ruth Rendell was born in Woodford, Essex, on 17 February 1930. She wrote English thrillers and psychological murder mysteries, and also published novels under the pseudonym Barbara Vine.
Notes
The article's text gives South Woodford, Essex (now in Greater London), while its data box gives just Woodford; South Woodford is stored.
Ahmad Shah Qajar, the seventh and last Qajar monarch, who ruled Iran from 1909 to 1925, died of influenza at the American Hospital of Paris on 21 February 1930. He was buried in Karbala, Iraq, as his will asked.
Notes
Persia used its own calendar, but this death happened in France and the article gives Gregorian dates throughout. The data box gives the death place as Neuilly-sur-Seine; the main text says he died at the American Hospital of Paris.
Horst Wessel, a Nazi Sturmabteilung member, died in Berlin on 23 February 1930, after being shot in the head on 14 January by two Communist Party members. His cause of death is given as blood poisoning from treatment of the wound.
Notes
Shot on 14 January 1930 and died on 23 February 1930 (data box and opening text).
The 1930 World Figure Skating Championships open in New York
Sport
The championships ran from 3 to 5 February 1930 in New York City. Karl Schäfer won the men's title, Sonja Henie the ladies' title, and Andrée and Pierre Brunet the pairs.
· Queens, New York City, United States · North America
John Frankenheimer is born
Lives
John Frankenheimer was born in New York City on 19 February 1930. He directed American films and television, including The Manchurian Candidate, Seven Days in May and Ronin.
Notes
The English article's early-years section says he was born in Queens, and Wikidata agrees.
Greta Garbo's first sound film, Anna Christie, is released
Stage, music & film
Clarence Brown directed this film version of Eugene O'Neill's 1921 play, with Garbo heading a cast that included Bickford, Marion and Dressler. It earned Oscar nominations for Best Director, Best Actress and Best Cinematography.
· Pottenger Sanatorium, Monrovia, California, United States · North America
Mabel Normand dies
LivesSome details uncertain
Mabel Normand, an American silent-film comedienne, actress, director and screenwriter, died of pulmonary tuberculosis at the Pottenger Sanitorium in Monrovia, California, on 23 February 1930. She had worked with Mack Sennett at Keystone Studios.
Notes
The data box, opening text and main text give 23 February 1930; Wikidata also lists 22 February 1930.
The Castellammarese War begins among New York Mafia factions
War & conflict
Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano began fighting over control of the American Mafia when Masseria ordered the murder of his own ally Gaetano Reina on 26 February 1930. The feud ended with Masseria's death in April 1931.
Notes
The English article dates the war from 26 February 1930 to 15 April 1931, and the start is stored. Wikidata gives only 1930, with an end in 1931.
· Newton, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Mary Whiton Calkins dies
Lives
The American philosopher and psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins, who studied memory, dreams and the self, died in Newton, Massachusetts, on 26 February 1930. She devised paired-associate learning and a theory called self-psychology.
· Thomasville, Georgia, United States · North America
Joanne Woodward is born
Lives
Joanne Woodward was born in Thomasville, Georgia, on 27 February 1930. She won the Best Actress Oscar for The Three Faces of Eve, playing a woman with a dissociative identity disorder.
· The Bronx, New York City, United States · North America
Leon Cooper is born
Lives
Leon Cooper, the American theoretical physicist and neuroscientist, was born in the Bronx on 28 February 1930. He developed the concept of Cooper pairs.
On 1 February 1930 the Central Bank of China's customs gold unit took over from the Haikwan tael as the yardstick for duties paid at customs. It was divided into 100 cents.
Notes
Adoption date 1 February 1930 is from the main text; notes first circulated 1 May 1930. The data box gives 1930 only.
Ho Chi Minh founded the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1930, bringing together rival communist groups that had formed in Tonkin and Cochinchina the year before. It was renamed the Indochinese Communist Party in October.
· Yên Bái, Tonkin, French Indochina (now Vietnam) · Asia
The Yên Bái mutiny against French rule
War & conflict
On 10 February 1930 Vietnamese soldiers of a Tonkinese rifle regiment rose against their French officers, joined by civilian members of the Vietnam Nationalist Party. French forces crushed the uprising.
Notes
The data box, opening text and main text agree on 10 February 1930.
Japanese voters chose a new House of Representatives on 20 February 1930, with turnout of 82%. Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi's governing Constitutional Democratic Party won a clear majority.
· Omdurman, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (now Sudan) · Africa
Al Hilal is founded in Omdurman
Sport
Graduates of Gordon Memorial College founded the football club Al Hilal in Omdurman on 13 February 1930. It is a Sudanese professional club in the Sudan Premier League.
The English novelist, poet, playwright, critic, essayist and painter D. H. Lawrence died of complications of tuberculosis at a villa in Vence, France, on 2 March 1930.
Ion Iliescu was born in Oltenița on 3 March 1930. The Romanian politician and engineer joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1953 and played a leading role in the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
FK Kukësi is founded in Albania as Shoqëria Sportive Kosova
Sport
The football club of Kukës was founded on 4 March 1930 as Shoqëria Sportive Kosova. Its first match, on 20 April 1930 against Internati Krumë, ended 0-0.
Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz died on 6 March 1930 at Ebenhausen, near Munich. From 1897 to 1916 he ran the Imperial Naval Office as State Secretary, and later he chaired the far-right German Fatherland Party.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Schäftlarn; the article gives Ebenhausen, near Munich.
Maison Blanche station opened on 7 March 1930, as the line reached Porte de Choisy beyond Place d'Italie. It now serves Lines 7 and 14 in the 13th arrondissement.
Notes
Wikidata also holds a year-only value of 1930, which gives no day; the article's 7 March 1930 is stored. Part of the 7 March 1930 Line 10 extension to Porte de Choisy, which also opened Tolbiac and Porte d'Italie.
· Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
The Kharkiv show trial of the Ukrainian liberation union opens
Politics & diplomacy
From 9 March to 19 April 1930, forty-five defendants, among them writers, theologians and a librarian, were tried for anti-state activities in the Kharkiv opera theatre building. Fifteen worked in the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
Weill and Brecht's opera Mahagonny premieres in Leipzig
Stage, music & film
Kurt Weill's political-satirical opera, with a libretto by Bertolt Brecht and Elisabeth Hauptmann, was first performed in Leipzig on 9 March 1930 under Gustav Brecher. The Berlin production followed in December 1931, with Lotte Lenya as Jenny.
The Czech author of historical novels and plays Alois Jirásek died in Prague on 12 March 1930 and was buried in his home town of Hronov. He had taught history at high schools in Litomyšl and Prague until 1909.
Martin Karplus was born in Vienna on 15 March 1930. The Austrian and American theoretical chemist held a named chemistry professorship at Harvard University.
The Spanish general who ruled as dictator and prime minister from 1923 to 1930 died in Paris on 16 March 1930. He had seized power in a coup on 13 September 1923, with the monarch's acquiescence.
Arthur Balfour, the Conservative who led the British government from 1902 to 1905, died in Woking, Surrey, on 19 March 1930. He later served as foreign secretary under Lloyd George.
Penya Spirit of Badalona, now Joventut Badalona, is founded
Sport
The basketball club began on 30 March 1930 as Penya Spirit of Badalona, and later used the names Centre Esportiu Badaloní and Club Juventud de Badalona. Since 1978 it has been Club Joventut de Badalona, called La Penya by fans.
Notes
The data box gives 1930; the main text gives 30 March 1930.
Engineers and intellectuals found Rodno Radio in Sofia
Everyday life
On 30 March 1930 a group of engineers and intellectuals set up Rodno Radio, or Homeland Radio, because they wanted Sofia to have its own radio station.
Notes
Bulgarian National Radio itself is given a launch date of 25 January 1935; 30 March 1930 is the founding of its forerunner, Rodno Radio. Bulgarian Wikipedia says that regular Rodno Radio broadcasts began in May 1930 and does not give the founding day.
Félix Guattari was born in Villeneuve-les-Sablons, Oise, on 30 March 1930. A French psychoanalyst, political philosopher and social activist, he co-founded schizoanalysis with Gilles Deleuze.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 30 April 1930 as an alternative birth date. English, French and German Wikipedia all say 30 March, which is stored, with confidence lowered to medium because of the conflict.
· Richmond, Virginia, United States · North America
Tom Wolfe is born
Lives
Tom Wolfe was born in Richmond, Virginia, on 2 March 1930. The American author and journalist was tied to New Journalism, and his first novel, in 1987, was The Bonfire of the Vanities.
· Fort Worth, Texas, United States · North America
Ornette Coleman is born
LivesSome details uncertain
Ornette Coleman was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on 9 March 1930. He played saxophone, trumpet and violin and also composed, and taught himself saxophone as a teenager.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 19 March 1930. English, German and French Wikipedia all say 9 March, which is stored, with confidence lowered to medium because of the Wikidata conflict.
Dorothy Arzner directed this pre-Code American drama starring Ruth Chatterton and Fredric March. Paramount shot it at its Los Angeles studios, from a screenplay by Zoë Akins based on Timothy Shea's novel.
Notes
Place is the Paramount Studios filming location named in the opening text; release date from the data box.
The 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games open in Havana
Sport
The second edition of the regional games ran in Havana from 15 March to 5 April 1930, with 596 athletes from nine nations. Cuba topped the medal table with 30 golds, ahead of Mexico and Panama.
· Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
James Irwin is born
Lives
James Irwin was born in Pittsburgh on 17 March 1930. The American astronaut, engineer and Air Force pilot was Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing.
Stephen Sondheim was born in New York City on 22 March 1930. The American composer and lyricist was mentored by Oscar Hammerstein II when he was young.
· Beech Grove, Indiana, United States · North America
Steve McQueen is born
Lives
Steve McQueen, the American actor nicknamed the King of Cool, was born in Beech Grove, Indiana, on 24 March 1930. His films include The Great Escape, Bullitt and The Towering Inferno.
Sandra Day O'Connor was born in El Paso, Texas, on 26 March 1930. She served as a U.S. Supreme Court associate justice from 1981 to 2006, after President Ronald Reagan nominated her.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Jerome Friedman is born
Lives
Jerome Friedman was born in Chicago on 28 March 1930. The American physicist, now professor emeritus at MIT, shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henry Kendall and Richard Taylor.
Brazilians voted on 1 March 1930, and Júlio Prestes of the Paulista Republican Party won the presidential vote with 58%. He never took office because of the Revolution of 1930.
· Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh provinces, Annam, French Indochina (now Vietnam) · Asia
The Nghệ-Tĩnh uprisings begin in central Vietnam
War & conflictSome details uncertain
A series of strikes, demonstrations and revolts led by communists against French colonial rule began in March 1930 with strikes in Vinh and Bến Thuỷ and centred on Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh. French forces harshly suppressed it.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 1930-1931 for the whole series; the main text says the revolt started in March 1930. The event ran into 1931, so only the start month is stored.
The Zuolian writers' league is founded in Shanghai
Art & literature
Shanghai saw the league formed on 2 March 1930, with its inauguration at the Chinese Arts University. It began with more than 50 members, many of them Chinese Communist Party members.
· Sabarmati to Dandi, British India (now Gujarat, India) · Asia
Gandhi begins the Salt March from Sabarmati to Dandi
Politics & diplomacy
Gandhi set out on 12 March 1930 with 78 volunteers to protest the British salt monopoly in India. The march lasted 24 days and ended at Dandi, where he broke the salt laws.
Notes
The data box location is Sabarmati, Ahmedabad; the march ran to Dandi. Wikidata gives only 1930 with an end date of 6 April 1930.
The English author and mathematician Henry Dudeney, known for logic puzzles and mathematical games, died of throat cancer in Lewes in April 1930. He was born in Mayfield, East Sussex, on 10 April 1857.
Notes
The opening text says 23 April 1930 but the data box and Wikidata say 24 April 1930; day unresolved so month stored.
Josef von Sternberg's German musical comedy-drama, with Marlene Dietrich, Emil Jannings and Kurt Gerron in the cast, was released on 1 April 1930. The story comes from Professor Unrat, a 1905 novel by Heinrich Mann.
Notes
The data box gives release 1 April 1930 in Germany; the main text says the Berlin premiere was scheduled for 1 April 1930 but UFA owner Alfred Hugenberg blocked release before relenting. American release was in 1931.
Cosima Wagner, daughter of Franz Liszt and second wife of Richard Wagner, died in Bayreuth on 1 April 1930. With her husband she set up the Bayreuth Festival, which she directed for more than 20 years after his death in 1883.
Gerhard Fieseler buys the Segel Flugzeugbau Kassel
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Gerhard Fieseler, a First World War flying ace and aerobatic champion, bought the Segel Flugzeugbau Kassel on 1 April 1930. It later became Fieseler Flugzeugbau.
Notes
The day, 1 April 1930, appears only in the English article. German Wikipedia says only that Fieseler took over the Kassel firm in 1930 (naming it Kegel-Flugzeugbau and giving 1931 for the renaming, against 1932 in the English text), so the renaming year is left out. The purchase of an existing firm is treated as the founding of the Fieseler company, which is a judgement call.
Helmut Kohl was born in Ludwigshafen on 3 April 1930. He earned a history doctorate at Heidelberg University in 1958 and led the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998.
Notes
Both the data box and the opening text name Ludwigshafen as the birthplace.
· Old Compton Street, Westminster, London, England · Europe
The Prince Edward Theatre opens in London's West End
Stage, music & film
The Prince Edward Theatre in Old Compton Street, a short way north of Leicester Square, opened on 3 April 1930. Its first show was the musical Rio Rita.
Notes
The exact day, 3 April 1930, is given in the history text of the English and German articles and in the French data box; Wikidata gives only the year.
Victoria of Baden, consort of King Gustaf V of Sweden since 8 December 1907, died in Rome on 4 April 1930, at 67, at her home Villa Svezia. She was buried at Riddarholmen Church on 12 April.
The Central Executive Committee established the Order of Lenin on 6 April 1930, naming it after the leader of the October Revolution. It became the Soviet Union's highest civilian decoration.
A decree of 6 April 1930 established the Order of the Red Star, a Soviet military decoration. Its statute followed in a decree of 5 May 1930, and the first awards were made in September.
Notes
Establishing decree 6 April 1930; statute defined by a separate decree of 5 May 1930; first awarded September 1930.
Dreyfus wins the 1930 Monaco Grand Prix in a private Bugatti
Sport
The Frenchman Dreyfus won the Monaco Grand Prix on 6 April 1930 in a Bugatti he had entered privately. Louis Chiron and Guy Bouriat finished next in works Bugattis.
Gran Canaria Airport opened on 7 April 1930 on the Bay of Gando, south of Las Palmas. A royal order by King Alfonso XIII had made the Bay of Gando air base a civilian airfield.
Notes
The Canary Islands lie off the African coast but belong to Spain; region kept as Europe.
Alexander Dovzhenko wrote and directed the Soviet Ukrainian silent film Earth, which concerns collectivization and the hostility of kulak landowners in the era of the First Five-Year Plan. It closes his Ukraine Trilogy, following Zvenigora and Arsenal.
The League of Nations adopts a convention on conflicts of nationality laws
Politics & diplomacy
The convention was adopted at the League of Nations Codification Conference of 1930 in The Hague. Many states signed it, but only twenty-three ratified it.
Notes
The English article dates the convention only to the 1930 conference; German Wikipedia and Wikidata both give 12 April 1930, which is stored. It came into force on 1 July 1937, after the tenth ratification.
The Russian poet, playwright, artist and actor Vladimir Mayakovsky took his own life in Moscow on 14 April 1930. He had co-signed the 1913 Futurist manifesto and written poems such as A Cloud in Trousers.
Notes
The poet was born on 19 July 1893 in Baghdati, then in the Russian Empire. The opening text and data box agree on the death date, 14 April 1930.
Agatha Christie's The Mysterious Mr Quin is published
Art & literature
Collins issued Agatha Christie's collection of short stories in Britain on 14 April 1930, with Dodd, Mead bringing out the American edition later that year. Each story pairs the socialite Mr Satterthwaite with the mysterious Mr Quin.
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, the Icelandic stateswoman and theatre director, was born in Reykjavík on 15 April 1930. She was president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996.
The Gubkin oil and gas university is founded in Moscow
Everyday life
The university named after the geologist Ivan Gubkin dates from 1930, when an order of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy split the Moscow Mining Academy into six separate institutes.
Notes
The day, 17 April 1930, is given in the English data box and in German Wikipedia's data box; the English text gives only 1930.
Robert Bridges, Poet Laureate since 1913, died at Boars Hill, Berkshire, on 21 April 1930. He had trained as a doctor and found literary fame only late in life.
Notes
Wikidata place is Oxford; the data box gives Boars Hill, Berkshire.
Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States signed a naval arms agreement in London on 22 April 1930. It regulated submarine warfare and set further controls on cruisers, destroyers and shipbuilding, and took effect on 27 October.
Notes
Signed 22 April 1930; in force 27 October 1930 (the data box also lists expiry on 31 December 1936, apart from Part IV).
Jeppe Aakjær, a Danish poet and novelist of the Jutland Movement, died at Jenle on 22 April 1930. Much of his regionalist writing dealt with his native Jutland.
Notes
The data box gives 22 April 1930; the opening text gives 22 (23) April 1930.
Arsenal beat Huddersfield Town in the 1930 FA Cup Final
Sport
Arsenal beat Huddersfield Town 2-0 at Wembley on 26 April 1930, through goals by Alex James and Jack Lambert. It was Arsenal's first FA Cup, after losing the 1927 final.
Antwerp opens a world's fair for Belgium's centenary
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
King Albert and Queen Elisabeth opened Antwerp's world's fair on 26 April 1930, held for the centenary of Belgian independence. A separate exposition ran in Liège during the same year.
Notes
The English article says the fair closed on 5 November 1930, which is stored; French Wikipedia gives 4 November, so confidence is medium. The opening day, 26 April, agrees in both. Part of Belgium's 1930 centenary fairs, with the Liège exposition.
Ham Fisher created Joe Palooka, a US newspaper strip starring a heavyweight prizefighter, which debuted in April 1930. At its peak 900 newspapers carried it.
Notes
The opening text gives 19 April 1930 as the debut; the data box and main text give 21 April 1930. Day unresolved, so month stored.
· Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, United States · North America
The 2nd Academy Awards banquet is held in Los Angeles
Stage, music & film
The film academy held its awards banquet at the Ambassador Hotel on 3 April 1930, honouring films released from August 1928 to the end of July 1929. The Broadway Melody won Best Picture.
Notes
The ceremony was a banquet at the Ambassador Hotel; its awards covered films released from August 1928 to July 1929.
Frank Capra directed this American pre-Code romantic drama starring Barbara Stanwyck, adapted from Milton Herbert Gropper's 1924 play. It was made at Columbia and on location at Malibu Lake.
· Schiller Park, Illinois, United States · North America
James Dewar invents the Twinkie
Everyday life
The Canadian-born baker James Dewar created the Twinkie in Schiller Park, Illinois, on 6 April 1930, working for the Continental Baking Company. The snack cake went on sale that year.
Notes
English Wikipedia's opening text gives only 1930; the day, 6 April 1930, comes from its history section.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Anton LaVey is born
Lives
Anton LaVey was born Howard Stanton Levey in Chicago on 11 April 1930. The American writer, musician and Satanist established the Church of Satan and the LaVeyan Satanist philosophy.
Warner Bros. launches the Looney Tunes cartoon shorts
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Warner Bros. began releasing Looney Tunes animated shorts in 1930. Producers Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising and Leon Schlesinger made the early ones, with characters such as Bosko, Foxy and Buddy.
Notes
The data box gives a first release date of 19 April 1930, while the opening text says only that the shorts began in 1930. Wikidata also holds the bare year 1930 as a second publication date.
Robert Z. Leonard directed this American pre-Code drama, based on Ursula Parrott's 1929 novel Ex-Wife. MGM's Irving Thalberg had bought the rights to the novel in summer 1929.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
The film King of Jazz opens in Los Angeles
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Universal's King of Jazz, produced by Carl Laemmle Jr. and starring Paul Whiteman and his orchestra, debuted at the Criterion Theater on 19 April 1930. A grand premiere followed at New York's Roxy Theatre on 2 May.
Notes
The English text gives the Los Angeles debut at the Criterion Theater on 19 April 1930 and a New York premiere on 2 May 1930. Italian Wikipedia gives 20 April 1930 for the US release, so the day is treated with some caution.
All Quiet on the Western Front is first shown in Los Angeles
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Lewis Milestone's anti-war film, based on Erich Maria Remarque's 1929 novel, was previewed in Los Angeles on 21 April 1930. Lew Ayres and Louis Wolheim were among its stars.
Notes
The data box gives 21 April 1930 for Los Angeles and 24 August 1930 for the United States general release; the main text says the 152-minute version was previewed in Los Angeles on 21 April and in New York on 25 April, general release 24 August 1930, and the London premiere on 14 June 1930. Wikidata also lists 2 March 1931.
· The Bronx, New York City, United States · North America
Richard Donner is born
Lives
Richard Donner was born Richard Donald Schwartzberg in New York City on 24 April 1930. He became a film director, making The Omen in 1976 and Superman in 1978.
Notes
The English article's early-life section says he was born in the Bronx, and Wikidata agrees.
· western United States and Canada · North America
A hybrid solar eclipse crosses the western United States and Canada
Science
The eclipse of 28 April 1930 was a hybrid one, with magnitude 1.0003, so only part of its path was total. Totality crossed California, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho and Montana, and the annular phase resumed over Montana and carried through Canada to northern Labrador.
Notes
Labrador was then part of the Dominion of Newfoundland, as the article notes.
The Peruvian politician and Marxist writer José Carlos Mariátegui, known as El Amauta, died in Lima on 16 April 1930. He had entered an emergency hospital at the end of March.
· Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam, Tanjore District, British India (now Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam, Tamil Nadu, India) · Asia
C. Rajagopalachari leads the Vedaranyam salt march
Politics & diplomacy
C. Rajagopalachari led a march that set out from Trichinopoly on 13 April 1930, modelled on Gandhi's Dandi March of the month before. Marchers broke the salt law by taking salt directly from the sea at Vedaranyam.
Notes
Accounts differ on the number of volunteers (close to 150 in the opening text, 98 in the detailed account), so no number is given. The English opening text puts both the end of the campaign and the participants' arrest on 28 April 1930. The detailed account says the marchers reached Vedaranyam on 28 April, that Rajagopalachari announced the salt law would be broken on 30 April, and that he was arrested at the Edanthevar salt swamp, without giving a clear date for the arrest. Tamil Wikipedia gives only the 13 April start. The end is therefore stored as April 1930. Part of the 1930 Salt Satyagraha (Dandi March, Dharasana).
· Chittagong, Bengal, British India (now Bangladesh) · Asia
Surya Sen's followers attempt the Chittagong armoury raid
War & conflict
Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen tried to raid the police and auxiliary forces armoury at Chittagong, starting at 22:00 on 18 April 1930. They cut telephone and telegraph wires but failed to find the ammunition.
· Yogyakarta, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
The Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) is founded
Sport
PSSI, which governs football in Indonesia, was founded on 19 April 1930, with Soeratin Sosrosoegondo as its first leader. Clubs and associations from seven cities, including Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya, met to form it.
Notes
The English text does not name the meeting place; Indonesian Wikipedia says PSSI was formed on 19 April 1930 in Yogyakarta, which is used for the place.
· Qissa Khwani Bazaar, Peshawar, British India (now Pakistan) · Asia
British troops fire on demonstrators in the Qissa Khwani massacre
War & conflict
On 23 April 1930 British colonial troops attacked unarmed demonstrators in Peshawar with an armoured vehicle and gunfire. Estimates of the dead range from the official figure of 20 to about 400.
Notes
Wikidata place is given as Pakistan; in 1930 Peshawar was in British India's North-West Frontier Province.
· British Malaya (now Malaysia and Singapore) · Asia
The Communist Party of Malaya is founded
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Communist Party of Malaya, which followed Marxist-Leninist and anti-imperialist lines in British Malaya, replaced the dissolved South Seas Communist Party in April 1930. It disbanded in 1989.
Notes
The data box gives 30 April 1930; the main text says only April 1930 and records a raid on 29 April 1930 that caught several founding members, so the exact founding day is slightly uncertain. The data box lists the predecessor as the South Seas Communist Party.
Zewditu, daughter of Menelik II, held the Ethiopian throne as empress from 1916 and died in Addis Ababa in 1930. She was strongly conservative and often opposed her regent's reforms.
Notes
Ethiopia used its own calendar; the dates here are as given in the article, in the Gregorian style, and no original-calendar date is stated.
Battista Farina founds the coachbuilder Pininfarina in Turin
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Battista 'Pinin' Farina founded the car design firm in May 1930, with papers filed on 22 May to form the Società anonima Carrozzeria Pinin Farina. In the 1930s its bodies went onto chassis from Lancia, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Cadillac and Rolls-Royce.
Notes
The data box gives founded 23 May 1930; the main text says papers were filed 22 May 1930; Wikidata gives 22 May 1930. Month stored because the days differ.
The Stockholm Exhibition promotes Functionalist design
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The Stockholm Exhibition of 1930 was organised by the art society Svenska Slöjdföreningen together with the city authorities, on Djurgården. It had a large influence on Functionalism and the International style in architecture.
Notes
Article gives May to September 1930 only. Wikidata gives 16 May to 29 September 1930, which the article does not state. Wikidata place is Gärdet; the article says the southern part of Djurgården.
René Clair's film Under the Roofs of Paris is released
Stage, music & film
René Clair's 1930 French film was shot at Épinay from 2 January to 21 March and first shown publicly at Paris's Moulin Rouge cinema on 2 May 1930. It was probably the earliest French filmed musical comedy, though its tone was often dark.
The fair ran in Liège between 3 May and 3 November 1930, marking a hundred years of Belgian independence. A matching fair in Antwerp, on colonial and maritime themes, ran at the same time.
Notes
Two simultaneous Belgian fairs marked the 1930 centenary; the other was held in Antwerp.
Luce Irigaray was born in Blaton, Belgium, on 3 May 1930. The Belgian-born French feminist philosopher and psychoanalyst became a founding figure of French difference feminism.
Edsger Dijkstra was born in Rotterdam on 11 May 1930. The Dutch computing scientist was hired as the Netherlands' first computer programmer, at Amsterdam's Mathematical Centre.
The Dutch lawyer, journalist and socialist politician Pieter Jelles Troelstra died in The Hague on 12 May 1930. He was born in Leeuwarden on 20 April 1860.
Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize winner, died on 13 May 1930. He had led the first crossing of the Greenland interior, on skis, in 1888.
The Bank for International Settlements opens in Basel
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Bank for International Settlements was established in 1930 and is owned by member central banks. It was first meant to supervise payment of the reparations left over from World War I.
Notes
The English data box gives established 17 May 1930, and the main text says the bank opened for business in Basel that day. The same text says it was formally created in Rome on 27 February 1930, when the governors signed the statutes. Wikidata lists 20 January 1930 as inception and 17 May 1930 as opening. The stored date is the opening in Basel.
The 18th Giro d'Italia, organised by La Gazzetta dello Sport, ran from 17 May to 8 June 1930. Luigi Marchisio of the Legnano team won, ahead of Luigi Giacobbe and Allegro Grandi.
Notes
The opening text says Binda himself was paid to stay away, while a sentence in the main text says his team manager received the money. The opening text says the race began in Milan with a stage to Turin; the stage table starts with Messina to Catania on 17 May. The dates agree, so no start city is stored.
G. W. Pabst directed this German First World War picture, set mainly in the trenches of the Western Front, from Ladislaus Vajda's screenplay based on a novel by Ernst Johannsen.
Notes
Wikidata describes it as a silent film; the article says it was Pabst's first 'talkie'.
Lithuania closes the militarised organisation Iron Wolf
Politics & diplomacy
Iron Wolf, a semi-official militarised organisation led by Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, was officially closed on 24 May 1930. It had been active since 1928.
Notes
The history also mentions the Supreme Staff office being bombed on 30 November 1930, which does not fit a closure in May 1930, so it is not used. Russian Wikipedia also gives 24 May 1930 for the closure.
Jean Vigo's short documentary À propos de Nice is released
Stage, music & film
Jean Vigo and Boris Kaufman directed this silent short documentary, which shows life in Nice, including daily routines, a carnival and social inequalities. It was released on 28 May 1930.
Notes
The day, 28 May 1930, is the release at the Vieux-Colombier theatre in Paris, given in the English data box and French Wikipedia's data box; the English text says only 1930. The film itself shows Nice.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Gary Snyder is born
Lives
Gary Snyder was born in San Francisco on 8 May 1930. He is a poet, essayist, lecturer and environmental campaigner from the United States, and his early verse is tied to the Beats and the San Francisco Renaissance.
· White Plains, New York, United States · North America
George E. Smith is born
Lives
George E. Smith was born in White Plains, New York, on 10 May 1930. The American applied physicist worked at Bell Labs and co-invented the charge-coupled device, or CCD.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
The Adler Planetarium opens in Chicago
Science
The planetarium opened to the public on 12 May 1930, founded by the local businessman Max Adler. Architect Ernest A. Grunsfeld Jr. won a Chicago architects' gold medal for the design in 1931.
Notes
The opening day, 12 May 1930, was also the birthday of the founder, Max Adler.
· Eddy County, New Mexico, United States · North America
Carlsbad Caverns becomes a national park
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
An act of the United States Congress established Carlsbad Caverns National Park on 14 May 1930, in the Guadalupe Mountains of south-east New Mexico. Carlsbad Cavern, a show cave, is its main attraction.
Notes
English Wikipedia and Wikidata give 14 May 1930; the data box of French Wikipedia gives 30 May 1930.
Congress establishes the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Politics & diplomacy
Congress established the Bureau of Prisons within the Department of Justice on 14 May 1930, growing out of the earlier Superintendent of Prisons office. Sanford Bates was its first director.
Jasper Johns was born in Augusta, Georgia, on 15 May 1930 and grew up in South Carolina. The American works as a painter, sculptor, draftsman and printmaker.
· Woodmere, New York, United States · North America
Harvey Milk is born
Lives
Harvey Milk was born in Woodmere, New York, on 22 May 1930. In 1972 he relocated to San Francisco, where he ran a camera shop, and he later sat on the city's Board of Supervisors.
· Manhattan, New York City, United States · North America
40 Wall Street opens in Manhattan
Architecture
The neo-Gothic skyscraper in Manhattan's Financial District, built for the Manhattan Company as its headquarters, opened on 26 May 1930. H. Craig Severance designed it with Yasuo Matsui and the firm Shreve & Lamb.
Notes
The data box lists completion on 1 May 1930, construction start in May 1929 and topping out on 13 November 1929; opening 26 May 1930.
· 405 Lexington Avenue, Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
The Chrysler Building opens in New York
Architecture
The Art Deco skyscraper at 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in Manhattan opened on 27 May 1930, designed by William Van Alen. Walter Chrysler paid for and shaped the design himself.
· Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Hollywood, United States · North America
Howard Hughes's film Hell's Angels premieres in Hollywood
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Howard Hughes produced and directed this American epic about two brothers in Britain's Royal Flying Corps in the First World War. It first screened publicly at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on 27 May 1930.
Notes
Two dates in the data box: 27 May 1930 premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre (also in the main text) and 15 November 1930 US release; Wikidata gives 15 November and lists 24 November as another. Premiere chosen because the main text confirms it; general release 15 November kept here for the record. Medium confidence.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Frank Drake is born
Lives
Frank Drake was born in Chicago on 28 May 1930. The American astrophysicist and astrobiologist began the search for extraterrestrial intelligence with Project Ozma in 1960.
· Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Indiana, United States · North America
Billy Arnold dominates the 1930 Indianapolis 500
Sport
The 18th Indianapolis 500, run on Friday 30 May 1930, was led by Billy Arnold from lap 3 onward after he started from pole. Paul Marshall died when his brother Cy's car hit the wall and flipped.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
The Shedd Aquarium opens in Chicago
Everyday life
Chicago's John G. Shedd Aquarium opened on 30 May 1930, after groundbreaking on 2 November 1927 and the end of construction on 19 December 1929. It was the earliest inland aquarium to keep a permanent saltwater fish collection.
· Burbank, California, United States · North America
United Airport opens in Burbank
Architecture
United Airport, now Hollywood Burbank Airport, opened on 30 May 1930 and was dedicated with festivities including an air show over the Memorial Day weekend. The original terminal building dates from 1930.
Notes
The data box gives opened 30 May 1930; the main text gives dedication over 30 May to 1 June 1930.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Clint Eastwood is born
Lives
Clint Eastwood was born in San Francisco on 31 May 1930. The American actor and filmmaker rose to fame in the TV Western Rawhide and then as the Man with No Name in Leone's films.
· Dharasana Salt Works, British India (now Gujarat, India) · Asia
Gandhi's followers raid the Dharasana Salt Works
Politics & diplomacy
After the Dandi march ended, Gandhi chose a peaceful raid on Gujarat's Dharasana Salt Works to oppose the British salt tax, and wrote to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, on 4 May 1930 to announce it. Soldiers under British command beat hundreds of satyagrahis there.
Notes
The article dates the protest to May 1930 and describes a police charge on 21 May; month precision is kept because the protest is dated only to the month in the opening lines. 4 May 1930 is the date of Gandhi's letter announcing the raid. Wikidata gives the year only.
Chiang Kai-shek opens his May 1930 offensives in the Central Plains War
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 11 May 1930 the Central Army under Chiang Kai-shek attacked on a broad front, aiming at Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang, two commanders in an anti-Chiang coalition. Fighting spread across Henan, Shandong and Anhui.
Notes
The war as a whole ran March 1929 to November 1930 (data box). The second main phase began in May 1930, and the date given is the start of that phase. Wikidata gives the start as May 1930 and the end as 4 November 1930.
The liner Hikawa Maru sets out on her maiden voyage from Kobe to Seattle
TechnologySome details uncertain
Hikawa Maru, built by the Yokohama Dock Company for the NYK Line and launched on 30 September 1929, set off on 13 May 1930 on her maiden voyage across the Pacific, sailing from Kobe for Seattle.
Notes
The openings of the English, German, French, Italian and Russian articles all give 13 May 1930 for her departure from Kobe, which is stored. A photo caption in some languages gives 22 May 1930 for the maiden voyage and Wikidata gives 25 April 1930, so the day carries some doubt and confidence is medium. The place is the departure port; the ship is preserved in Yokohama.
· Rangoon, Burma, British India (now Yangon, Myanmar) · Asia
Race riots break out in Rangoon
Politics & diplomacy
After a dockworkers' wage strike in early May 1930 was settled and the Burman strike-breakers were dismissed, the first of two race riots broke out in Rangoon on 26 May, between Indian dockworkers and Burman labourers. It spread to districts with many Indian residents, and the Cameron Highlanders were brought in to restore order.
Notes
The data box gives 26 May and 24 June 1930 as the two riots. Casualty figures differ: colonial sources say about 120 killed and over 900 injured; later estimates say over 200 killed and 2,000 injured.
· Kottar, Nagercoil, Travancore princely state, British India (now Tamil Nadu, India) · Asia
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar is established in southern India
Religion & philosophy
The Latin Rite Diocese of Kottar was established on 26 May 1930, and Lorenzo Pereira became its first bishop that day. Its cathedral is St. Francis Xavier at Kottar.
Notes
German Wikipedia also gives 26 May 1930 (apostolic constitution Ad pastorale), and French Wikipedia says the diocese was created from the Diocese of Quilon on that day.
Citizen became a corporation in May 1930 as Citizen Watch Co., Ltd., established by Kamekichi Yamazaki, Yosaburo Nakajima and Suzuki. It traces its roots to a watch research institute Yamazaki set up in 1918.
Notes
The data box gives 28 May 1930 for the company and 1918 for the predecessor; the main text says May 1930.
· Salmas, Persia (now West Azerbaijan, Iran) · Middle East
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake strikes Salmas in northwest Iran
Disasters
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck the Salmas area of West Azerbaijan in the early hours of 7 May 1930 local time, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX. Sixty villages were destroyed, including Dilman, which was moved and rebuilt as Salmas.
Notes
Local date 7 May 1930 (01:34:26 Iran time); the same moment was 22:34 UTC on 6 May 1930, which is the date Wikidata and NOAA's earthquake catalogue use. NOAA also lists magnitude 7.1 and intensity IX. The article calls it the 1930 Salmas earthquake and puts it in West Azerbaijan; Wikidata calls it the Hakkari earthquake. Casualty estimates range from 1,360 to 3,000 (NOAA lists 2,539 deaths). Dates in the article are Gregorian.
· State of Syria, French Mandate (now Syria) · Middle East
The French Mandate State of Syria becomes the Republic of Syria
Politics & diplomacy
On 14 May 1930 the State of Syria, created as a French Mandate state in 1924 by combining the separate states of Aleppo and Damascus, was declared the Republic of Syria. A new constitution was drafted at the same time.
Notes
The data box gives the end only as '14 May' with no year; the main text gives 14 May 1930.
· French protectorate of Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
The French protectorate issues the Berber Dahir in Morocco
Politics & diplomacy
The French protectorate had the decree issued on 16 May 1930, signed by Sultan Muhammad V. It set up a separate legal arrangement for regions where Berber languages predominated.
Notes
Wikidata and the first sentence of Spanish Wikipedia give 16 March 1930, but the English text, French Wikipedia (17 Hijja 1348, 16 May 1930) and the Spanish text of the decree itself all give 16 May 1930, which is used.
Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann found comet 73P on photographic plates they had exposed in 1930 while looking for new asteroids. The comet circles the Sun about every 5.4 years.
The Charmilles ground was built because of the Coupe des Nations tournament of 1930. Servette FC played its home matches there until its closure in 2002.
Notes
Only the month is stored: French Wikipedia gives the opening as 20 June 1930 and German Wikipedia as 28 June 1930, while the English text says only 1930.
Athletic Bilbao beat Real Madrid 3-2 after extra time at Montjuïc in Barcelona on 1 June 1930, in the 30th final of the Spanish cup. A crowd of 63,000 attended.
Hergé's second Tintin adventure began weekly serialisation on 5 June 1930 in the children's supplement Le Petit Vingtième, running until 11 June 1931. Tintin and Snowy travel to the Belgian Congo.
Notes
The opening text says serialisation began in May 1930, while the data box and main text give 5 June 1930, which Wikidata also gives. The text does not name a city for the serialisation.
The Albanian National Championship in football begins
Sport
The football competition began in 1930 under King Zog, a short time after the country's football association was set up. Tirana won the first title.
Notes
The data box gives the founding date as 6 June 1930; the opening text says 1930. The article's season table lists Tirana as champion of the 1930 season, its first title.
Albania's football federation is founded inside the new Albanian Sports Federation
Sport
Albania's football governing body started on 6 June 1930 inside the Albanian Sports Federation, the day King Zog I's government issued a royal decree recognising that new federation. It is based in Tirana.
Notes
Same day as the founding of the Albanian national championship. In 1930 the football federation sat inside the Albanian Sports Federation; its current form dates from 1962.
FIPRESCI, an association of national organisations of professional film critics and film journalists, was founded in Brussels in June 1930. Its full French name is Fédération Internationale de la Presse Cinématographique.
Notes
The data box gives 6 June 1930; the opening text says June 1930. Headquarters are now in Munich.
Adolf von Harnack, a Baltic German Lutheran theologian and church historian, died in Heidelberg on 10 June 1930. He traced how Hellenistic philosophy shaped the earliest Christian texts.
The eighth Grand Prix of Endurance ran on 21 and 22 June 1930 at the Sarthe circuit, with only 17 cars starting, the smallest field in Le Mans history. Woolf Barnato took a third consecutive win and then announced his retirement.
The world's fair in Maria Luisa Park opened on 9 May 1929 and closed on 21 June 1930. Organisers hoped it would strengthen ties between Spain and the countries that sent exhibits, among them Portugal, the United States, Brazil and Mexico.
Notes
The article is titled Ibero-American Exposition of 1929; it opened in 1929 and closed in 1930. Wikidata's end date matches the data box close date.
· All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom · Europe
The 1930 Wimbledon Championships begin
SportSome details uncertain
The 50th Wimbledon was played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Club from 23 June 1930. Bill Tilden won the men's singles and Helen Moody the women's singles.
Notes
Originally planned to finish on Saturday 5 July 1930; the data box gives 23 June to 7 July, the later end being the rescheduled men's doubles final.
Claude Chabrol was born in Paris on 24 June 1930. He wrote criticism for Cahiers du Cinema before directing, and his first feature was Le Beau Serge in 1958.
Notes
Wikidata gives the 10th arrondissement; the article says only Paris.
The Glacier Express makes its first run between Zermatt and St. Moritz
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The first Glacier Express ran on 25 June 1930, joining the Swiss resorts of Zermatt and St. Moritz by way of Andermatt. Three railway companies operated it at first: the Visp-Zermatt, Furka Oberalp and Rhaetian railways.
Notes
The English opening text gives 30 June 1930 for the first train, but the English data box, the English history section and German Wikipedia all give 25 June 1930, which is stored. Confidence is medium because of the opening text's different day.
The Soviet Communist Party's sixteenth congress opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The congress ran from 26 June to 13 July 1930, attended by 1,268 voting delegates plus 891 who held observer status, and chose the 16th Central Committee.
· Ramelton, County Donegal, Irish Free State (now Ireland) · Europe
William C. Campbell is born
Lives
William C. Campbell was born in Ramelton, County Donegal, on 28 June 1930. The Irish and American microbiologist spent 1957 to 1990 working at Merck's research institute for therapeutics.
Allied forces had held the west bank of the Rhine and four bridgeheads since December 1918. The occupation ended on 30 June 1930, with French troops from the Mainz zone the last to leave.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Pete Conrad is born
Lives
Pete Conrad was born in Philadelphia on 2 June 1930. The American NASA astronaut and naval aviator joined NASA's second astronaut class when it was chosen in 1962.
The Winnipeg Rugby Football Club, forerunner of the Blue Bombers, is formed
Sport
On 10 June 1930 the struggling Tammany Tigers disbanded and merged with other city teams to form the Winnipeg Rugby Football Club. It played its first game at Carruthers Park on 13 June, losing 7-3 to St. John's.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 1930; the main text gives 10 June 1930 for the merger and 13 June 1930 for the first game.
President Herbert Hoover signed the protectionist Tariff Act of 1930 into law on 17 June 1930. It raised tariffs on more than 20,000 imported goods and was named for Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis Hawley.
Notes
Wikidata gives 13 March 1930, which the article does not support. The data box timeline: House passed 28 May 1929, Senate 24 March 1930, final passage 13-14 June 1930, signed 17 June 1930.
· East Aurora, New York, United States · North America
The toy company Fisher-Price is founded
Economy & trade
Four founders, including Herman Fisher and Irving Price, started Fisher-Price in 1930, during the Great Depression. The company is based in East Aurora, New York.
Notes
The day, 19 June 1930, appears only in the English data box; the text and other-language Wikipedias say only 1930.
· Madison, Wisconsin, United States · North America
Gena Rowlands is born
Lives
Gena Rowlands was born in Madison, Wisconsin, on 19 June 1930. The American actress had a career lasting nearly seven decades and made ten films with her husband, the director John Cassavetes.
George Hill directed this American pre-Code prison drama for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Wallace Beery, Chester Morris, Lewis Stone and Robert Montgomery in the lead roles. Frances Marion won the Oscar for Best Writing Achievement.
Born on 27 June 1930 in Texarkana, Texas, Ross Perot became an American businessman, politician and philanthropist. He founded Electronic Data Systems in 1962 and Perot Systems in 1988.
Cleveland's Terminal Tower and Union Terminal complex are dedicated
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The Union Terminal complex around Cleveland's 52-story Terminal Tower was dedicated in 1930, with the tower lit up for the occasion. The tower itself had been completed in 1927, and tenants moved in during 1928.
Notes
The English and German data boxes give an opening date of 28 June 1930, while the tower was completed in 1927 and opened to tenants in 1928; the English text says only that the Union Terminal complex was dedicated in 1930. Confidence is medium.
The weekly illustrated magazine appeared in Shanghai from 21 April 1928 to its final issue on 7 June 1930. A dispute over a rival proposal led to its shutdown.
Notes
7 June 1930 is the final issue date; French Wikipedia also gives it.
The Trade-Cooperative Institute is founded in Baku
Everyday life
A school specialised in economics began in Baku in 1930, in Soviet Azerbaijan, and became a separate university as the Trade-Cooperative Institute. Mehdi bay Ismayilov was its first rector, serving from 1930 to 1934.
Notes
The data box gives 19 June 1930. Wikidata's description says founded in 1934, which the article does not support.
Magen David Adom began in 1930 as a small volunteer body with a single branch, in Tel Aviv. It now serves as Israel's national service for emergencies, disasters, ambulances and blood banks.
Notes
The English data box gives 7 June 1930 for MDA and 1899 for the first use of the name; the English text says only 1930. Hebrew Wikipedia describes the founding meeting of Dr Meshulam Levontin and others in Tel Aviv on 7 June 1930, which supports the day.
Turkey's Grand National Assembly passed the central bank law, Law No. 1715, on 11 June 1930, and the Official Gazette printed it on 30 June. The bank itself began work on 3 October 1931.
Notes
The Grand National Assembly passed Law No. 1715 on 11 June 1930, and the Official Gazette printed it on 30 June 1930 (English, German and Turkish Wikipedia). The English data box treats the Gazette date as the establishment date, but French and German Wikipedia say the bank itself was created on 3 October 1931, when it started to function, and Wikidata also lists 3 October 1931. The date given is the enactment of the law, with medium confidence. Turkey used the Gregorian calendar by 1930.
The cornerstone of the Palestine Archaeological Museum is laid in Jerusalem
Architecture
The cornerstone was laid on 19 June 1930 for a white limestone building by Austen Harrison, mixing eastern and western styles. A donation from John D. Rockefeller Jr. paid for the museum.
Notes
This is the cornerstone date; the museum itself opened in January 1938. The opening text of the article agrees on June 1930.
The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 was an alliance between the United Kingdom and the mandate-era Kingdom of Iraq. Britain's High Commissioner, Francis Humphrys, put his name to it, as did Iraq's prime minister, Nuri as-Said.
Notes
English Wikipedia dates the treaty only to 1930; German Wikipedia and Wikidata both give 30 June 1930, which is stored.
· Brazilian territorial waters, Atlantic Ocean · At sea
Itamar Franco is born at sea in Brazilian waters
Lives
Itamar Franco was born in Brazilian territorial waters in the Atlantic Ocean on 28 June 1930. He became a Brazilian politician and held the country's presidency between December 1992 and the start of 1995.
Notes
The data box gives the birthplace as Brazilian territorial waters in the Atlantic Ocean.
Otto Strasser formed the Black Front, formally the Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists, in 1930 after quitting the Nazi Party to avoid expulsion. It was banned on 15 February 1933.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia's data boxes give 4 July 1930. German Wikipedia gives 4 July 1930 as the day Strasser published his call for socialists to leave the Nazi Party and dates the founding of his league only to July 1930, and Wikidata gives July, so only the month is stored.
· Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union (now Georgia) · Europe
Akaki Tsereteli State University is established in Tbilisi
Everyday life
The university was established in Tbilisi in July 1930, the month Soviet authorities abolished Tbilisi State University and created four independent institutions in its place.
The Netherlands plays its first, unofficial, international rugby match
SportSome details uncertain
The Netherlands played an unofficial first game against Belgium in The Hague on 1 July 1930 and lost 0-6.
Notes
The English data box says the game was in Amsterdam, but German and French Wikipedia both say The Hague and describe it as an unofficial first match against a Belgian selection; the first official match was on 13 March 1932 (a 6-6 draw). Medium confidence.
The 24th Tour de France ran over 21 stages from 2 to 27 July 1930. André Leducq of the French team won overall, while Charles Pélissier finished ninth but won eight stages.
Arthur Conan Doyle, the British writer and physician born in Edinburgh, died on 7 July 1930 in Crowborough, Sussex. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories, four novels and fifty-six short stories.
Notes
The data box death place is Crowborough, Sussex; Wikidata gives Windlesham Manor.
· Tuzla, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina) · Europe
Biljana Plavšić is born
Lives
Biljana Plavšić, a Bosnian Serb academic, scientist and politician, was born in Tuzla on 7 July 1930. Between 1996 and 1998 she was president of Republika Srpska.
FIDE organised the team tournament in Hamburg, which ran from 13 to 27 July 1930. Poland won the gold medal with a team that included Tartakower, Rubinstein and Przepiórka.
The Hungarian violinist, conductor, composer and teacher Leopold von Auer died in Loschwitz, a suburb of Dresden, on 15 July 1930. He was interred in Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.
The Challenge International de Tourisme 1930 air contest opens in Berlin
Sport
The second international touring aircraft contest run by the FAI took place in Berlin from 18 July to 8 August 1930, opening at Berlin-Staaken airfield. Germany hosted it because its pilot Fritz Morzik had won in 1929.
Louis Chiron wins the 1930 Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps
Sport
The second Grand Prix de Belgique was won by Louis Chiron in a Bugatti. Guy Bouriat had led into the 40th lap but was made to wait on the line so that Chiron could win.
Notes
The English data box gives 30 July 1930, but the English opening text, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia all give 20 July 1930, which is stored.
Girona Futbol Club was founded on 23 July 1930 at the Café Norat on La Rambla in Girona. It was set up after the earlier club, Unió Esportiva Girona, was dissolved over money problems.
Magnitude 6.5 earthquake strikes Irpinia in southern Italy
Disasters
An earthquake struck the Irpinia area, near where Basilicata, Apulia and Campania meet, on 23 July 1930, with magnitude 6.5 and maximum intensity 10. It killed 1,430 people and destroyed 3,188 houses.
Notes
NOAA gives the UTC date as 23 July 1930 00:09; the article gives 00:08 UTC and local time 01:08 on 23 July, so the local date is the same. NOAA and the article differ on magnitude (6.5 against 6.6) and deaths (1,430 against 1,404); the summary gives NOAA's figures.
The Swedish ophthalmologist Allvar Gullstrand died in Stockholm on 28 July 1930. He won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and is known for a mathematical model of the human eye.
Joan Gamper, the Swiss-born football administrator and all-round sportsman, died in Barcelona on 30 July 1930, taking his own life after a period of depression probably tied to business troubles.
Notes
Born Hans Max Gamper-Haessig in Winterthur on 22 November 1877; buried at the Cemetery of Montjuïc.
Alfred Hitchcock co-wrote and directed this British mystery thriller with Herbert Marshall, Norah Baring and Edward Chapman, adapted from the 1928 novel Enter Sir John. It was his third all-talkie.
Notes
The data box gives release 31 July 1930; Wikidata also lists 24 November 1930 and 27 May 1931 among other dates.
· Detroit, Michigan, United States · North America
Wallace Fard Muhammad founds the Nation of Islam in Detroit
Religion & philosophy
In July 1930 Wallace Fard Muhammad began preaching among African Americans in Detroit, founding the Nation of Islam, a black nationalist religious movement. It drew on the Moorish Science Temple and on Garveyism.
Notes
The data box gives formation on 4 July 1930; the main text says Fard Muhammad began preaching in July 1930.
The First World War film The Dawn Patrol is released in New York
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Howard Hawks directed this 1930 American pre-Code film, which starred Richard Barthelmess and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Principal photography began in February 1930.
Notes
The data box gives two dates: 10 July 1930 in New York City and 20 August 1930 across the US; the first is stored as the first release. Wikidata gives the year only.
Born in New York City on 11 July 1930, Harold Bloom became an American literary critic and a humanities professor at Yale. His first book appeared in 1959.
· Buffalo, New York, United States · North America
Glenn Curtiss dies
Lives
Glenn Curtiss, the American who pioneered both aviation and motorcycling, died in Buffalo, New York, on 23 July 1930. He helped found the US aircraft industry, and his seaplane experiments moved naval aviation forward.
Carlos Menem was born in Anillaco, La Rioja, on 2 July 1930. The Argentine Peronist politician became governor of La Rioja in 1973 and president from 1989 to 1999.
Argentina, Chile, France and Mexico played in Group 1, which opened on 13 July 1930 with France beating Mexico 4-1. Argentina won the group on 22 July by beating Chile 3-1.
Notes
Group play ran 13-22 July 1930. Wikidata gives only the year.
The United States wins Group 4 of the 1930 World Cup
Sport
Group 4 ran from 13 to 20 July 1930. The United States began with a 3-0 win over Belgium, beat Paraguay by the same score, and advanced to the semi-finals.
The Central Committee of the Revolutionary Socialist Party established the Colombian Communist Party on 17 July 1930, as its successor. The new party joined the Communist International.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 1930; the main text gives 17 July 1930.
Estadio Centenario opens in Montevideo for the first World Cup
Architecture
Uruguay beat Peru 1-0 in the opening match on 18 July 1930 at the stadium, which immigrant workers built in record time. It staged the semi-finals and the final of the tournament.
Notes
Wikidata also carries 18 January 1930 as an inception date; the article's data box and main text both give 18 July 1930. Related to the 1930 World Cup.
· Estadio Centenario, Montevideo, Uruguay · South America
The knockout stage of the first World Cup is played
Sport
The knockout stage of the 1930 World Cup ran from 26 to 30 July, with semi-finals on 26 and 27 July. After two rest days the final was played on 30 July at the Centenario.
Notes
Date range 26-30 July 1930 from the opening text; Wikidata gives the same.
· Zilan Valley, Van Province, Turkey · Middle East
Turkish forces kill Kurdish civilians in the Zilan massacre
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Turkish Land Forces killed thousands of Kurdish civilians in the Zilan Valley, north of Erciş near Lake Van, on 12 or 13 July 1930. IX Corps of the Third Army carried it out under Lieutenant General Salih Omurtak during the Ararat rebellion.
Notes
The data box gives 12-13 July 1930, and the opening text says 12/13 July. The main text says the date is generally taken as 13 July, but a Cumhuriyet correspondent reported on 12 July that the cleaning was finished. Death toll disputed: 4,500 women and elderly (Berliner Tageblatt) to 15,000 rebels (Cumhuriyet). Turkish date used as given.
Jacques Derrida was born in El Biar, French Algeria, on 15 July 1930. The French philosopher developed the philosophy of deconstruction and published over 40 books and hundreds of essays.
Robert Maillart's reinforced concrete arch bridge across an alpine ravine near Schiers was built between 1929 and 1930 and opened in August 1930. Carpenter Richard Coray erected the falsework in late summer 1929.
Notes
The data box gives opening on 13 August 1930; the main text says officially opened on 18 August 1930. Day unresolved, so month stored.
Pierre Bourdieu was born in Denguin on 1 August 1930. The French sociologist and public intellectual was chiefly linked with Paris's school for advanced social-science studies and the Collège de France.
The stadium, home of Legia Warsaw, officially opened on 9 August 1930, after Legia won a subsidy in 1929 that let it build a representative military stadium. It was officially named the Polish Army Stadium in 1933.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year only; data box, opening text and main text all say 9 August 1930.
George Soros was born in Budapest on 12 August 1930, to a Jewish family, and lived through the German occupation of Hungary in his teens. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1947 and studied at the London School of Economics.
Pope Pius XI established a diocese for Berlin on 13 August 1930, as provided by the 1929 concordat with Prussia. It replaced a Prince-Episcopal Delegation covering Brandenburg and Pomerania.
Notes
The data box and main text give 13 August 1930 for the establishment as a diocese. Wikidata also lists 27 June 1994 (not supported by the article), probably the later elevation to archdiocese.
Breslau's bishopric was raised to archdiocese rank on 13 August 1930 under the Prussian Concordat of 1929, with Adolf Bertram as its first archbishop. It headed a new Eastern German province.
Notes
The day, 13 August 1930, is given in the English data box and by German Wikipedia; the English text gives 1930. Part of the 1930 reorganisation of German Catholic dioceses.
The Diocese of Aachen is re-established by papal bull
Religion & philosophy
A papal bull titled Pastoralis officii nostri re-established the Diocese of Aachen on 13 August 1930. Joseph Vogt was installed as its bishop on 25 March 1931.
Notes
Part of the 1930 reorganisation of German Catholic dioceses. English Wikipedia spells the bull 'Pastorale officii nostri'; German Wikipedia gives 'Pastoralis officii nostri', which is used here.
Spanish republicans meet for the Pact of San Sebastián
Politics & diplomacy
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora and Miguel Maura led a meeting in San Sebastián on 17 August 1930 with representatives of nearly all Spanish republican movements. They aimed to form a revolutionary committee and bring down the government.
Notes
The opening text dates the failed coup to 12 December 1930; the main text says it was set for 15 December 1930. The meeting date 17 August 1930 is in the opening text and data box.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
Vasily Bartold dies
Lives
The Russian orientalist Vasily Bartold, a specialist in Islamic history and Turkology, died in Leningrad on 19 August 1930. He was born in Saint Petersburg.
Notes
The data box death place is Leningrad; Wikidata lists Saint Petersburg, which is the same city under its name at the time.
Princess Margaret was born at Glamis Castle in Angus, Scotland, on 21 August 1930, when her parents held the titles Duke and Duchess of York. She was the younger daughter of George VI and the only sister of Queen Elizabeth II.
The Jubilee Stadium opens on the Heysel plateau in Brussels
Architecture
Crown Prince Leopold attended the opening on 23 August 1930 of a stadium built to adorn the Heysel plateau ahead of the 1935 Brussels International Exposition. Joseph Van Neck designed it in a classical modernist style.
Notes
The English article gives the names Jubilee Stadium (Stade du Centenaire in French) from 1930 and Heysel Stadium from 1946; French Wikipedia lists Stade du Centenaire until 1945 and Heysel from 1945.
The first Festival Puccini performances are staged at Torre del Lago
Stage, music & film
On 24 August 1930 Giovacchino Forzano and Pietro Mascagni staged the first performances in front of Puccini's house beside Lake Massaciuccoli. The open-air festival now runs each summer in July and August.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1930; the day, 24 August 1930, is given in the history text and by German Wikipedia.
· West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, New York City, United States · North America
The 1930 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament begins
SportSome details uncertain
The 50th staging of the event now known as the US Open was played on outdoor grass at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, with the tournament ending on 13 September 1930.
Notes
The English opening text says the tournament ran from 28 August to 13 September 1930, but its own data box gives women's play 18-23 August and men's play 6-13 September. Wikidata gives a start of 18 August and French Wikipedia gives women's play 18-24 August and men's play 6-13 September. The sources agree only on August as the start month and 13 September as the end, so those are stored.
· Washington Township, near Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States · North America
Neil Armstrong is born
Lives
Neil Armstrong was born on 5 August 1930 in Washington Township, near Wapakoneta, Ohio. He became an astronaut and aeronautical engineer and commanded the Apollo 11 mission of 1969.
Notes
The data box birth place is Washington Township, Ohio; the opening text says he was born and raised near Wapakoneta, Ohio. Wikidata gives Wapakoneta.
Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith are lynched in Marion, Indiana
Politics & diplomacy
On 7 August 1930 a mob of thousands pulled African-American men Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith from jail, beat them and hanged them from a tree on the courthouse square. The two men had been arrested the same night over an attack on a white couple.
Notes
The song Meeropol wrote is not named in the source, so the hook speaks only of a protest song.
Betty Boop's precursor appears in the cartoon Dizzy Dishes
Stage, music & film
Dizzy Dishes, the seventh Talkartoons cartoon from Max Fleischer, came out on 9 August 1930. A precursor of Betty Boop, drawn by Grim Natwick, appeared in it as a poodle.
The first British Empire Games open in Hamilton, Ontario
Sport
The first British Empire Games were held in Hamilton from 16 to 23 August 1930 and were opened by Lord Willingdon. Melville Marks Robinson proposed and lobbied for the Hamilton Games.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Frank McCourt is born
Lives
Frank McCourt, an Irish-American teacher and writer, was born on 19 August 1930 in Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant. His parents were Irish Catholic immigrants and he was their oldest child.
Clarence Brown directed this American pre-Code film with Greta Garbo, Lewis Stone and Gavin Gordon in the lead roles. It is based on Edward Sheldon's 1913 play and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
The ocean liner SS Morro Castle begins her maiden voyage
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Morro Castle began her maiden voyage on 23 August 1930. Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company had started building her in January 1929, and she was christened in March 1930.
Notes
The article gives the maiden voyage as 23 August 1930; Wikidata's 15 August 1930 matches the date the article gives for her completion. The dates differ, so confidence is medium.
D. W. Griffith directed this biographical film, with Walter Huston as Lincoln and Una Merkel as Ann Rutledge. Stephen Vincent Benét co-wrote the script.
Notes
The day, 25 August 1930, is the New York premiere, given in the English data box and in German Wikipedia; the English text says only 1930.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Lon Chaney dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The American actor and makeup artist Lon Chaney, nicknamed The Man of a Thousand Faces, died of a throat hemorrhage in a Los Angeles hospital on 26 August 1930. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer in late 1929.
Notes
The data box, opening text and main text give 26 August 1930; Wikidata also lists 26 April 1930.
Ernst Lubitsch directed this American pre-Code musical comedy, with Jack Buchanan and Jeanette MacDonald in the leads. The script came from Booth Tarkington's novel Monsieur Beaucaire.
Notes
The day, 27 August 1930, appears in the English data box and is confirmed by German, French and Italian Wikipedia; the English text says only 1930.
The Marx Brothers film Animal Crackers premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
Victor Heerman's Marx Brothers comedy for Paramount premiered at New York's Rialto Theatre on 28 August 1930. Filming had started at Astoria Studios in Queens on 28 April 1930.
Warren Buffett was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on 30 August 1930, the son of the congressman and businessman Howard Buffett. He became an American investor and philanthropist.
Objects reportedly fall over the Curuçá River area in Brazil
DisastersSome details uncertain
A possible fall of objects over the Curuçá River area is dated to 13 August 1930. The account comes from a single investigator who spoke to witnesses.
Notes
Event is described as 'possible' and 'purported' and rests on one investigator's account. Wikidata gives 30 August 1930; the article gives 13 August 1930.
· Arctic Ocean, Soviet Union (now Russia) · The poles
A Soviet expedition finds Wiese Island in the Arctic Ocean
Exploration
A Soviet expedition led by Otto Schmidt found the island on 13 August 1930, travelling on the icebreaker Sedov, captained by Vladimir Voronin. The isolated island is named for the oceanographer Vladimir Wiese.
Tintin in the Land of the Soviets appears as a book
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Hergé's first Tintin adventure was published as a collected volume in Brussels in September 1930, after weekly serialisation from January 1929 to May 1930. It sends Tintin and his dog Snowy to the Soviet Union, where the secret police hunt him.
Notes
The opening text and data box date the book to 1930; the month (September) comes from the main text. Serialisation ran 10 January 1929 to 8 May 1930. Wikidata gives only 1930.
The painter and printmaker Otto Mueller of the German expressionist group Die Brücke died in Breslau in September 1930. After the war he had taken a professorship at the Breslau Academy of Arts and taught there until his death.
Notes
The opening text and main text give 24 September 1930; the data box gives 25 September 1930; Wikidata gives 24 September. Month stored because the days differ. The data box death place is Breslau.
· Letná Stadium, Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
The 1930 Women's World Games are held in Prague
Sport
The third regular international edition of the Women's World Games was held at the Letná Stadium in Prague from 6 to 8 September 1930. Halina Konopacka won the discus event.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1930 as the start; the article gives 6-8 September 1930.
· Château of Stuyvenberg, Brussels, Belgium · Europe
Baudouin, future King of the Belgians, is born
Lives
The future King Baudouin was born at the Château of Stuyvenberg in Brussels on 7 September 1930, the elder son of Leopold III and Princess Astrid of Sweden. He reigned from July 1951 to 1993.
· Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, Monza, Italy · Europe
Achille Varzi wins the 1930 Monza Grand Prix
Sport
The race took place at Monza's national autodrome on 7 September 1930. Achille Varzi won the final in a Maserati, with his teammates Luigi Arcangeli and Ernesto Maserati filling the other podium places.
Germany votes in the Reichstag election of 14 September 1930
Politics & diplomacy
Voters chose the fifth Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. The Nazi Party rose from 12 seats to 107, and the Social Democrats lost ten seats but stayed the largest party with 143 of 577.
Notes
At Brüning's request, Hindenburg had the Reichstag dissolved on 18 July 1930 (main text).
· Eastern Galicia, Second Polish Republic (now Ukraine) · Europe
Polish forces launch the pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia
Politics & diplomacy
From 16 September to 30 November 1930 Polish police and military ran a punitive campaign against Ukrainians across 16 counties in three southeastern voivodeships. It answered a surge of sabotage and terror acts blamed on Ukrainian nationalists.
Notes
The data box gives 16 September to 30 November 1930; the opening text says September to November 1930.
· Bilbao to Las Arenas, Basque Country, Spain · Europe
The 1930 Tour of the Basque Country begins
SportSome details uncertain
The 7th running of the Basque Country cycling tour ran from 18 to 21 September 1930, from Bilbao to Las Arenas. Mariano Cañardo won it.
Notes
English Wikipedia says 18 to 21 August 1930, but French and Spanish Wikipedia (each with a dated table of the four stages) and Wikidata give 18 to 21 September 1930, which is stored. Medium confidence because of the English dispute.
Philippe Étancelin wins the 1930 French Grand Prix at Pau
Sport
Pau hosted the 24th A.C.F. Grand Prix on 21 September 1930, run over 25 laps, and Philippe Étancelin won in a Bugatti. The date kept the Italian teams away, so it was mostly a French affair.
Ilya Repin, the Ukrainian-born Russian painter, died in Kuokkala, Finland, on 29 September 1930. His breakthrough came with Barge Haulers on the Volga, painted from the early 1870s.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 29 September 1930; Wikidata also lists 30 September 1930. The data box death place is Kuokkala, Finland (now in Russia); Wikidata gives Repino.
The first edition of The Hollywood Reporter appears
Art & literature
William R. Wilkerson launched The Hollywood Reporter as a daily trade paper, with its first edition on 3 September 1930. The front page carried his 'Tradeviews' column, which grew influential.
The dog later named Pluto first appears in The Chain Gang
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Walt Disney and animator Norm Ferguson are credited with creating Pluto, who first showed up as a bloodhound in The Chain Gang, a Mickey Mouse cartoon released on 5 September 1930.
Notes
Pluto as a friendly pet first appeared, as 'Rover', in The Picnic (1930) per a body caption; the name Pluto came in 1931.
· Harlem, New York City, United States · North America
Sonny Rollins is born
Lives
Sonny Rollins was born in Harlem on 7 September 1930. The American jazz tenor saxophonist's 1956 album Saxophone Colossus was later chosen for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.
Chic Young's Blondie began on 8 September 1930 in the New York American and other papers, distributed by King Features Syndicate. Blondie Boopadoop started as a carefree flapper whose boyfriend Dagwood Bumstead was an industrial heir.
· Weatherford, Oklahoma, United States · North America
Thomas P. Stafford is born
Lives
Thomas Stafford was born in Weatherford, Oklahoma, on 17 September 1930. He was one of 24 men to fly Apollo missions to the Moon and commanded Apollo 10 in 1969.
Edgar Mitchell was born in Hereford, Texas, on 17 September 1930. A Navy officer, test pilot and NASA astronaut, he served as Apollo 14's lunar module pilot in 1971.
· Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York City, United States · North America
The San Remo apartment building is completed in New York
Architecture
Emery Roth designed the co-op apartment block on Central Park West in the Renaissance Revival style. Its 27 stories include twin towers set on a 17-story base, and it was completed in September 1930.
Notes
The opening text says only that it opened in September 1930; the exact day, 21 September 1930, comes from the data box and a sentence in the history. It replaced an 11-story building of the same name from 1891.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
John Young is born
Lives
John Young was born in San Francisco on 24 September 1930. The American astronaut, naval officer, test pilot and engineer commanded Apollo 16 in 1972 and walked on the Moon.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Shel Silverstein is born
LivesSome details uncertain
Shel Silverstein was born in Chicago on 25 September 1930. He worked in the United States as a writer, cartoonist, songwriter and musician.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 25 September 1932 as an alternative birth date. English, German and French Wikipedia all say 25 September 1930, which is stored, with confidence lowered to medium because of the conflict.
Immanuel Wallerstein was born in New York City on 28 September 1930. The American sociologist and economic historian is best known for developing the world-systems approach.
General Uriburu overthrows Argentina's government in a coup
Politics & diplomacy
On 6 September 1930 General José Félix Uriburu marched a small body of soldiers into Buenos Aires and seized the Casa Rosada, overthrowing President Hipólito Yrigoyen. The coup met no substantial opposition.
Argentina's General Confederation of Labour (CGT) is founded
Economy & trade
Two union groups, USA and COA, merged to form the CGT on 27 September 1930. Socialists, communists and independents created it as a plural union centre, and Luis Cerruti of the railway union was its first secretary general.
British India votes in the 1930 Central Legislative Assembly election
Politics & diplomacy
Voters in British India went to the polls in September 1930. The Indian National Congress boycotted the election, and the campaign was marked by public apathy.
Notes
Wikidata date 10 June 1930 is not supported by the article; the opening text gives September 1930 and the data box gives only 1930.
Young army officers found the Sakurakai secret society in Japan
Politics & diplomacy
Young officers of the Imperial Japanese Army set up the ultranationalist secret society in September 1930, led by Lieutenant Colonel Kingoro Hashimoto and Captain Isamu Chō. It began with about ten members.
· Quilon, British India (now Kollam, Kerala, India) · Asia
Bishop Ivanios's reunion with Rome forms the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
On 20 September 1930 Geevarghese Ivanios, a Malankara Orthodox Syrian bishop, joined the Catholic Church with a second bishop, a priest, a deacon and a layman, in the chapel of the Quilon bishop. He became the church's first archbishop.
Notes
The data box founded_date lists 1930 and 1932; the opening text and main text give 20 September 1930 for the reception into the Catholic Church, and the hierarchy was established by Pius XI on 11 June 1932.
Finland voted for its parliament on 1 and 2 October 1930, with turnout of 65.9%. The Social Democratic Party became the largest party with 66 of the 200 seats.
Notes
Wikidata lists 1 October with 2 October as an alternative; the article gives both days.
· Limerick, Irish Free State (now Ireland) · Europe
Richard Harris is born
Lives
Richard Harris, the Irish actor and singer, was born in Limerick on 1 October 1930. He earned two Best Actor Oscar nominations, for This Sporting Life and The Field.
AEL Limassol began on 4 October 1930, with Stavros Pittas as its first president. It is best known for its football team and also runs basketball, volleyball, handball and cricket sections.
On 5 October 1930, during its first voyage abroad, the airship R101 crashed in France and 48 of the 54 aboard died. It had left Cardington on the evening of 4 October, bound for Karachi via Egypt.
Notes
It departed on the evening of 4 October 1930 and crashed on 5 October; the data box lists last flight 4 October and fate 5 October.
· Uzyn, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine) · Europe
Pavel Popovich is born
LivesSome details uncertain
Soviet cosmonaut Pavel Popovich was born in Uzyn on 5 October 1930. His birth record was restored after the war, when two witnesses said 1930 while his mother recalled 1929.
Notes
His mother said he was born in 1929, but two witnesses insisted on 1930, which became the official birth year. English and Russian Wikipedia both give 5 October. Confidence is lowered to medium because of the 1929 testimony.
The German botanist Adolf Engler, who worked on plant classification and plant geography, died in Berlin on 10 October 1930. He edited The Natural Plant Families with Karl A. E. von Prantl.
Harold Pinter was born in Hackney, east London, on 10 October 1930. The English playwright, director and actor won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005.
Notes
The data box says London; the opening text says Hackney, east London.
The Lapua Movement kidnaps former President Ståhlberg
Politics & diplomacy
Members of the far-right Lapua Movement, with Kurt Martti Wallenius leading the plot, abducted Finland's first president, Ståhlberg, and his wife Ester on 14 October 1930. The couple were driven to Joensuu and freed there.
Notes
The kidnapping took place near the couple's home in Helsinki; they were driven to Joensuu and freed there.
· Liisankatu, Kruununhaka, Helsinki, Finland · Europe
The Military Museum of Finland holds its opening ceremony in Helsinki
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The museum, founded on 25 November 1929, held its opening ceremony on 18 October 1930 at Liisankatu in Kruununhaka.
Notes
The data box gives an inauguration date of 1929, which matches the founding date in the history text, not the opening ceremony. The history dates the opening ceremony to 18 October 1930, so confidence is medium. The museum's exhibitions are now at Suomenlinna.
Agatha Christie's The Murder at the Vicarage is published
Art & literature
The Collins Crime Club first published Agatha Christie's mystery in the UK on 20 October 1930. Dodd, Mead and Company issued the US edition later that year.
Notes
Wikidata gives October 1930 only; data box and opening text give 20 October 1930 for the UK edition.
Olaf Stapledon's novel Last and First Men is published
Art & literature
Methuen first published Olaf Stapledon's future-history science fiction novel on 23 October 1930. It follows human history over two billion years, through eighteen human species.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year only; data box and opening text give 23 October 1930.
The Votive Church and Cathedral of Szeged is completed
Architecture
The twin-spired church, designed by Frederick Schulek, was finished on 24 October 1930. It is the cathedral for the Catholic diocese of Szeged–Csanád.
Notes
The opening text says construction began in 1913, while the data box gives a groundbreaking on 21 June 1914; this does not affect the completion date. Russian Wikipedia says the church was consecrated on 24 October 1930, the same day.
Lithuania institutes the Order of Vytautas the Great
Politics & diplomacy
The order was instituted in 1930 to mark the 500th anniversary of Grand Duke Vytautas's death. It is Lithuania's highest award and may be conferred on heads of state and citizens of Lithuania or other countries.
Notes
The day, 27 October 1930, appears only in the English data box; the text and the French, German and Russian articles say 1930.
Niki de Saint Phalle was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 29 October 1930. The French and American artist worked as a sculptor, painter, filmmaker and author, with no formal art training.
Michael Collins was born in Rome on 31 October 1930, where his father, a US military attaché, was serving. In 1969 he stayed in orbit in Apollo 11's command module Columbia while two crewmates landed.
Popular Fiction published Oriental Stories, edited by Farnsworth Wright, as a companion to Weird Tales carrying stories set in the Far East. Its first issue was dated October/November 1930.
Notes
The article's data box gives October 1930 and its text gives a cover date of October/November 1930; the actual on-sale date is not stated. Wikidata also gives 1 October 1930. Medium confidence.
William Faulkner's Southern Gothic novel, his fifth, came out in 1930 from Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith. It uses stream of consciousness and several narrators.
Notes
The place of publication is not named, so place is left empty.
· Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
The NHL's Pittsburgh Pirates move to Philadelphia as the Quakers
Sport
At the NHL Board of Governors' meeting on 18 October 1930, owner Benny Leonard moved the team from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, where it was renamed the Quakers for the 1930-31 season.
Notes
This was a relocation and rename, not a dissolution.
Fair Park Stadium, later the Cotton Bowl, opens in Dallas
Architecture
Dallas's open-air stadium opened in 1930 as Fair Park Stadium, built on the site of an earlier wooden stadium of the same name. Its first game, in October 1930, pitted Dallas high school teams against each other.
Notes
Wikidata gives the year only; the data box gives 26 October 1930, and the main text says the first game was in October 1930.
An armed insurrection began when Rio Grande do Sul rebelled on 3 October 1930 under Getúlio Vargas and Góis Monteiro. Officers deposed President Washington Luís on 24 October, and Vargas took power on 3 November.
Notes
The data box date is 3-24 October 1930; Vargas took over from the junta on 3 November 1930. Wikidata gives October 1930.
A military junta takes power in Rio de Janeiro after President Washington Luís is ousted
Politics & diplomacy
The Pacification Junta, led by Tasso Fragoso with Mena Barreto and Admiral Noronha, took control on 24 October 1930, deciding that President Washington Luís had to go to avoid a civil war. It held only Rio de Janeiro.
Notes
Junta ruled 24 October to 3 November 1930. The data box shows some ministers took office on 25 October.
· French Indochina (now Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) · Asia
The Vietnamese Communist Party is renamed the Indochinese Communist Party
Politics & diplomacy
In October 1930 the Vietnamese Communist Party, founded on 3 February 1930 by merging two groups, took the title Indochinese Communist Party. The new name followed Comintern directives and reflected a wider regional mission.
Notes
Month only. This is a renaming, not the founding: the Vietnamese Communist Party dates from 3 February 1930.
· Musha, Taichū Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan (now Ren'ai Township, Nantou County, Taiwan) · Asia
Seediq people rise against Japanese rule in the Musha Incident
War & conflictSome details uncertain
On 27 October 1930 Seediq people raided an elementary school in Musha where hundreds of Japanese had gathered for an athletics meet. They killed 134 Japanese and two Han Taiwanese mistaken for Japanese, and Japanese forces killed 354 Seediq in return.
Notes
Wikidata gives 26 October 1930 as the start; the English data box and main text, and the German, Chinese and Japanese Wikipedia articles, give 27 October. The opening text calls the two Han Taiwanese victims children, while the main text says they wore Japanese clothing and were killed by mistake. Remaining resistance was ended by about the third week of December 1930.
· Qardaha, Alawite State (now Syria) · Middle East
Hafez al-Assad is born
Lives
Hafez al-Assad was born in Qardaha on 6 October 1930. The Syrian politician and military officer took a leading part in the 1963 coup that brought the Ba'ath Party to power.
Notes
Birthplace given as Qardaha, Alawite State, Syria.
Mobutu was born in Lisala in the Belgian Congo on 14 October 1930. He took power in a coup in 1965 and served as Zaire's one and only president from 1971 to 1997.
· Niuafoʻou (Tonga), Chile and Santa Cruz Province (Argentina) · Oceania
A total solar eclipse crosses Tonga, Chile and Argentina
ScienceSome details uncertain
The total solar eclipse of 21 October 1930 had a magnitude of 1.023, with greatest eclipse at about 21:44 UTC. Its central track crossed Niuafoʻou in Tonga, then Chile, and touched a small corner of Santa Cruz Province in Argentina.
Notes
The opening text gives the eclipse as between 21 and 22 October 1930 (local dates); the article's UTC table puts greatest eclipse at 21:43:53 UTC on 21 October. 21 October stored.
Luis Buñuel's French surrealist satire, written with Salvador Dalí, premiered at Studio 28 in Paris in late November 1930, once censors granted a permit. It mocks bourgeois sexual hypocrisy and the values of the Catholic Church.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 29 November 1930 for the Studio 28 premiere, while French Wikipedia gives 28 November 1930 (and mentions a private showing in mid-July 1930). Month stored because the days differ.
The weekly Je suis partout first appears in France
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The French weekly newspaper Je suis partout began appearing in November 1930, with Pierre Gaxotte directing it until 1939. Robert Brasillach, Pierre-Antoine Cousteau and Lucien Rebatet were among its journalists.
Notes
The data box gives founded 20 November 1930; the opening text gives first published 29 November 1930. Month stored because the days differ. Publication ceased in 1944.
Bern Sports Club established its ice hockey section on 3 November 1930. The section officially began playing on 1 January 1931.
Notes
German Wikipedia agrees with the English text: club founded on 3 November 1930, play from 1 January 1931. French Wikipedia gives 30 November 1930 instead. The English data box lists 1931, when play began. Medium confidence.
The Dutch physician and physiology professor Christiaan Eijkman passed away after a long illness on 5 November 1930, at Utrecht. He shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir Frederick Hopkins.
The Moscow car plant that later made Moskvitch cars is founded
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Moscow Car Assembly Factory, whose construction began in 1929, was founded as a company on 6 November 1930. That December the plant was named KIM, after the Young Communist International.
Notes
The Moskvitch brand dates from 1946 (English opening text). The 6 November 1930 date comes from the English data box's founding field and refers to the predecessor KIM assembly plant; Russian Wikipedia likewise says the plant began work on 6 November 1930. The English main text gives 1929 for the start of construction and December 1930 for the KIM name.
Austrians voted for a new National Council on 9 November 1930, with 90% turnout. The Social Democrats became the largest group with 72 of 165 seats, while the Christian Social Party, on 66, formed a coalition government under Chancellor Otto Ender.
Clube Desportivo das Aves is founded in Vila das Aves
Sport
The Portuguese football side from Vila das Aves, in Santo Tirso, known simply as Aves, was founded on 12 November 1930. Its home ground, the Estádio do Clube Desportivo das Aves, has 6,230 seats.
Notes
The data box gives dissolved 8 October 2020; the main text says a new entity, Clube Desportivo das Aves 1930, was founded in October to get around a FIFA transfer ban.
Poland held parliamentary elections on 16 November 1930, with Senate voting a week later. The pro-Sanation Nonpartisan Bloc won 47% of the vote and 249 of 444 Sejm seats.
Notes
Sejm vote 16 November, Senate vote 23 November 1930.
· Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) · Europe
The Free City of Danzig holds its parliamentary election
Politics & diplomacy
Voters in the Free City of Danzig went to the polls on 16 November 1930. The Social Democrats came first with a quarter of the vote, winning 19 seats out of the 72 in the Volkstag.
Notes
The Nazi Party's second place (12 seats, 16.4 percent of the vote) comes from the article's results box, and French Wikipedia's results table gives the same figures.
The Industrial Party Trial opens in the Soviet Union
Politics & diplomacy
Several Soviet scientists and economists were charged with plotting to overthrow the government and were convicted. Nikolai Krylenko prosecuted and Andrey Vyshinsky was the presiding judge.
The United States votes in the 1930 House of Representatives elections
Politics & diplomacy
Voters chose members of the 72nd Congress, mostly on 4 November 1930, with Maine voting on 8 September. The Great Depression was entering its second year, and Democrats gained 52 seats.
Notes
Maine voted on 8 September 1930; most states on 4 November.
The United States holds its Senate elections of 1930
Politics & diplomacy
The 32 Class 2 seats were contested, plus special elections for vacancies, midway through Herbert Hoover's term. Democrats gained a net eight seats, but Republicans kept control of the chamber.
Notes
A few individual state contests were held earlier (12 August, 8 and 9 September 1930); 4 November was the main election day.
· Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, United States · North America
The 3rd Academy Awards ceremony is held at the Ambassador Hotel
Stage, music & film
The Academy honoured films released between August 1929 and July 1930 at the Ambassador Hotel. All Quiet on the Western Front won both Best Picture and Best Director.
The first Academy Award for Best Sound is presented
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Academy Award for sound honours outstanding work in mixing, recording, design and editing. For the 1929 to 1930 film season the list begins with The Big House, from MGM's sound department with Douglas Shearer.
Notes
This article does not say outright that the 1929-1930 award was the first, but the article on the 3rd Academy Awards says Best Sound Recording was introduced at that ceremony, held on 5 November 1930.
· San Antonio, Texas, United States · North America
Ed White is born
Lives
Born on 14 November 1930 in San Antonio, Texas, Ed White worked as an aeronautical engineer, Air Force officer and test pilot before joining NASA's astronauts. He flew on Gemini 4 and was a pilot on Apollo 1.
· Silver Spring, Maryland, United States · North America
Mother Jones dies
Lives
Mary Harris Jones, known as Mother Jones, the American labor organizer and activist, died in Silver Spring, Maryland, on 30 November 1930. She had co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World.
Notes
Born as Mary G. Harris; baptized 1 August 1837 (opening text). She claimed to be 100 in 1930.
Soka Kyoiku Gakkai, the forerunner of Soka Gakkai, is founded in Japan
Religion & philosophy
Educators Tsunesaburō Makiguchi and Jōsei Toda founded the Society for Value-Creating Education on 18 November 1930. It grew into Soka Gakkai, a Japanese new religion based on the teachings of the priest Nichiren.
Notes
The main text links the founding to Makiguchi and Toda publishing, that same November, the opening volume of Makiguchi's education-reform work. A first inaugural meeting took place in 1937 (opening text).
Alfred Wegener dies on his last Greenland expedition
Lives
The German climatologist and polar researcher Alfred Wegener died in Greenland in November 1930. His last expedition there had run six weeks behind schedule because of a late thaw.
Notes
Only the month and year of death (November 1930) are given in the data box and opening text.
The Oslo Agreements on economic rapprochement are signed
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Oslo Agreements of December 1930 linked the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Sweden with Belgium and Luxembourg. The signatories promised not to raise tariffs without first consulting the others.
Notes
English Wikipedia dates the convention to 22 December 1930, but French Wikipedia captions a photograph of the signing as 18 December 1930 and otherwise says only December 1930, and Wikidata gives December. Only the month is stored, with medium confidence. The place of signing is not stated in the English article. French Wikipedia also lists Finland among the parties, which English Wikipedia dates to 1933, so Finland is left out.
About thirty journalists started the Prix Interallié on 3 December 1930, an annual French award for a novel written by a journalist. André Malraux won the first prize.
Jean-Luc Godard was born in Paris on 3 December 1930. The French and Swiss director, screenwriter and film critic became a pioneer of the 1960s French New Wave.
The current building of the Adelphi Theatre on the Strand opened its doors on 3 December 1930, redesigned in Art Deco style by Ernest Schaufelberg. It is the fourth building on the site.
Notes
The data box gives the original opening as 1806; 1930 is the fourth, present building, which German Wikipedia also dates to 1930.
Agatha Christie's first stage play, Black Coffee, opens in London
Stage, music & film
The opening production of Black Coffee was at the Embassy Theatre in Swiss Cottage on 8 December 1930. It reopened at St Martin's Theatre on 9 April 1931.
Notes
Christie's foreword suggests an earlier staging, but the article says no record of one exists. Wikidata and the data box agree on 8 December 1930.
Maximilian Schell was born in Vienna on 8 December 1930. His family fled to Zurich after the Nazi annexation of Austria, and he became a Swiss actor and theatre director.
Jean-Louis Trintignant was born in Piolenc on 11 December 1930. The French actor made his stage debut in 1951 and broke through in the 1956 film And God Created Woman.
Officers launch the failed Jaca uprising against the Spanish monarchy
War & conflict
Officers staged a military revolt at Jaca, in Huesca province, on 12 December 1930, aiming to overthrow the monarchy. Fermín Galán and Ángel García Hernández organised it, and it was quickly put down.
Notes
The opening text gives 12-13 December 1930. The main text says the agreed date of 12 December had been postponed by the committee to 15 December; the revolt went ahead early. Rebels met government forces at dawn on 13 December.
The chemist and physician Fritz Pregl died in Graz on 13 December 1930. He won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for advances in quantitative organic microanalysis, including an improved combustion train for elemental analysis.
Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms premieres in Brussels
Stage, music & film
Ernest Ansermet conducted the world premiere in Brussels on 13 December 1930, played by the Société Philharmonique de Bruxelles. The American premiere followed on 19 December under Koussevitzky in Boston.
Notes
Wikidata holds year-only values of 1930 for the work's creation and publication, which give no day; the article's 13 December 1930 world premiere is stored.
· Tuamgraney, County Clare, Irish Free State (now Ireland) · Europe
Edna O'Brien is born
Lives
Edna O'Brien was born in Tuamgraney, County Clare, on 15 December 1930. She wrote novels, memoirs, plays, poems and short stories, and her first novel, The Country Girls, appeared in 1960.
Real Madrid Castilla is formed as Agrupación Deportiva Plus Ultra
Sport
The team that is now Real Madrid's reserve side was formed in 1930 as Agrupación Deportiva Plus Ultra. It plays at the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium, which seats 6,000.
Notes
The data box gives 16 December 1930; the main text says only 1930.
The section from Alexanderplatz to Friedrichsfelde opened on 21 December 1930, after cut-and-cover construction from 1927 to 1930.
Notes
Wikidata also holds a year-only value of 1930 for the line, which does not give a day; the article gives 21 December 1930 for the first section, and that is stored.
Lorca's play The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife is first performed
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Federico García Lorca wrote the play between 1926 and 1930, and it was first performed in 1930. It centres on a stormy marriage between a shoemaker of 53 and his wife, who is 18.
Notes
The English text gives only 1930. French Wikipedia and Wikidata give 24 December 1930 for the first performance, which is stored. French Wikipedia places it in Buenos Aires; Spanish Wikipedia gives the same day for a staging at the Teatro Español in Madrid and says it was first put on in Buenos Aires, so the place is left blank and confidence is medium.
The German orientalist Theodor Nöldeke, a student of Heinrich Ewald, died in Karlsruhe on 25 December 1930. His work Geschichte des Qorāns helped found the field of Quranic studies.
The German physicist Eugen Goldstein, an early student of discharge tubes, died in Berlin on 25 December 1930 and was buried in the Weissensee Cemetery. He received the Hughes Medal in 1908.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 25 December 1930; Wikidata also lists 26 December 1930, and the main text says only 1930. Day taken from the data box.
Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical Casti connubii on marriage
Religion & philosophy
Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical on 31 December 1930. It stressed the sanctity of marriage, barred Catholics from any artificial birth control and restated the ban on abortion.
Notes
The place of issue is not named, so place is left empty.
· Pottsville, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Gary Becker is born
Lives
Gary Becker was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, on 2 December 1930. A University of Chicago professor of both economics and sociology, he led the Chicago school of economics in its third generation.
George Cukor and Cyril Gardner directed the Paramount comedy, adapted from Edna Ferber and George S. Kaufman's 1927 play The Royal Family. Ina Claire and Fredric March star, and filming took place at Astoria Studios in New York.
Notes
The day, 22 December 1930, is the New York premiere; it is given in the English data box and by German Wikipedia, while the English text says only 1930.
Founders met at Cleveland's Statler Hotel, and the society dates from 29 December 1930. It brings together academic economists who apply statistical tools and sponsors the journal Econometrica.
The hotel opened on 30 December 1930 as The National Hotel of Cuba, designed by McKim, Mead and White. It stands on Taganana Hill in the Vedado district, overlooking the sea.
Notes
Wikidata also holds a year-only value of 1930, which gives no day; the article's data box and text give 30 December 1930.
· Chukotka, Far Eastern Krai, Soviet Union (now Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia) · Asia
The Chukotka National Okrug is created
Politics & diplomacy
The Chukotka National Okrug was created on 10 December 1930 and first placed under the Far Eastern Krai. Its population at the time was mainly Chukchi.
Notes
The data box gives the established date as 10 December 1930; the main text says 1930. The 10 December date is also given for the Yamalo-Nenets okrug.
· Ural Oblast, Soviet Union (now Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia) · Asia
The Yamal (Nenets) National Okrug is formed
Politics & diplomacy
The Yamal (Nenets) National Okrug was formed out of Ural Oblast on 10 December 1930. It is now the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, part of Tyumen Oblast, with Salekhard as its administrative centre.
Notes
Same date as the creation of the Chukotka National Okrug.
· Ostyak-Vogul National Okrug, Soviet Union (now Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia) · Asia
The Ostyak-Vogul National Okrug is created
Politics & diplomacy
The Ostyak-Vogul National Okrug was set up on 10 December 1930 for the Khanty and Mansi, the native peoples of the region. It is today the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, or Yugra, part of Tyumen Oblast.
Notes
Same date as the creation of the Chukotka and Yamal national okrugs.
· Ningbo, Zhejiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Tu Youyou is born
Lives
Tu Youyou, the Chinese pharmaceutical chemist, was born in Ningbo on 30 December 1930. She discovered artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin, which are used against malaria.
The Menemen Incident: an Islamist uprising in Turkey
War & conflict
On 23 December 1930 Islamists in the small town of Menemen, north of İzmir, rose against Atatürk's secularisation of Turkey. Dervish Mehmet of the Naqshbandi order rallied an armed crowd and called for Sharia and the Caliphate to return.
Notes
Turkey used the Gregorian calendar by 1930; no conversion needed.
Events we can place in 1930 but not in a particular month.
Europe 71
· Brno, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Villa Tugendhat is completed in Brno
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich designed the reinforced-concrete villa for Fritz Tugendhat and his wife Greta, and it was finished in 1930. It is considered a pioneering prototype of modern architecture in Europe.
Notes
The data box and opening text give construction from 1928 to 1930; the main text says construction began in summer 1929 and took 14 months.
Elías García Martínez paints the Ecce Homo fresco in Borja
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Around 1930 Elías García Martínez, who taught at Zaragoza's School of Art, painted a fresco of Jesus crowned with thorns directly on the wall of a church in Borja, the village where he holidayed.
Notes
The article says 'circa 1930' and 'around 1930', so the date is approximate; confidence is low. Year only.
The League of German Girls, the girls' organisation within the Nazi Party's Hitler Youth movement, was founded in 1930 and became the movement's women's section in 1931. The Allied Control Council outlawed it on 10 October 1945.
Notes
The English data box gives formation on 20 April 1930, but the text says only 1930, and German Wikipedia says the girls' groups were merged into the League only in June 1930. Only the year is stored.
· Red Square, Moscow, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
The stone Lenin's Mausoleum is completed in Red Square
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Alexey Shchusev designed the stone mausoleum of marble, porphyry, granite and labradorite, finished in 1930. It replaced a wooden version that had stood from 1924.
Notes
The data box gives completion on 10 November 1930; the main text says the stone mausoleum was completed in October 1930 after sixteen months of construction, so the month is in doubt. Wikidata gives 1930.
Wiesdorf, Schlebusch, Steinbüchel and Rheindorf were merged in 1930 to form Leverkusen, on the eastern bank of the Rhine between Cologne and Düsseldorf. Opladen and other places joined in 1975.
Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich's pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona exposition, where Germany's part of the exhibition formally opened, was demolished in early 1930, less than a year after it was completed.
Notes
The data box gives inauguration on 27 May 1929 and demolition in 1930; the main text says early 1930.
Hermann Hesse's novel Narcissus and Goldmund is published
Art & literature
Fischer Verlag published the German-Swiss author Hermann Hesse's novel Narcissus and Goldmund in 1930. The first English translation, by Geoffrey Dunlop, followed in 1932. In English the novel is also known as Death and the Lover.
Notes
Source gives the year only; no day or month stated.
Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents is published in German
Art & literature
Sigmund Freud wrote the book in 1929, and its first German edition, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur, came out in Vienna in 1930. It explores a clash Freud saw between the wish for individuality and the demands of society.
Notes
Year only; no day or month stated. Written in 1929, first published 1930.
Set up in 1930, the orchestra became London's first permanent orchestra to pay its players salaries. Adrian Boult, the BBC's music director, took on assembling and training the players, and conducted its first full concert at the Queen's Hall on 22 October 1930.
Notes
Year of founding only. First full concert given on 22 October 1930 (main text).
Nabokov's novel The Defense is published in Russian
Art & literature
The Russian original of Vladimir Nabokov's The Defense, also called The Luzhin Defense, appeared in 1930. It was his third novel written after he emigrated to Berlin, and an English edition followed in 1964.
Notes
Year only. The English article says the novel first appeared in the emigre quarterly Sovremennye zapiski and was then published as a book by the emigre house Slovo in Berlin; it does not say where the quarterly was printed, so place is left empty.
The gold franc becomes the Bank for International Settlements' unit of account
Economy & trade
From 1930 the gold franc served as the unit of account of the Bank for International Settlements. It lasted until 1 April 2003, when the special drawing right replaced it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1930 as the start and 1 April 2003 as the end.
The 2nd Women's World Chess Championship is played in Hamburg
SportSome details uncertain
The championship was held in Hamburg during the 3rd Chess Olympiad. The players met in a double round-robin, and Vera Menchik successfully defended her title.
Notes
Year taken from the article title and its place within the 1930 Olympiad; the same event is covered by the 3rd Chess Olympiad row.
Alfred Rosenberg's book The Myth of the Twentieth Century is published
Art & literature
Hoheneichen-Verlag published the book in Munich in 1930. Its author, Alfred Rosenberg, was a leading Nazi ideologue and party newspaper editor, and the work rests on racist claims about an Aryan race.
Notes
Year only; no day or month stated. English translation appeared in 1982.
Polyacrylonitrile is first made at IG Farben in Ludwigshafen
Science
Hans Fikentscher and Claus Heuck first produced polyacrylonitrile in 1930 at IG Farben's Ludwigshafen works. The synthetic polymer resin is used for textile fibres and filtration membranes.
The 1930 European Figure Skating Championships are held in Berlin
SportSome details uncertain
Skaters competed in men's singles, pairs and, for the first time, ladies' singles. Karl Schäfer won the men's title and Fritzi Burger the ladies' title.
Notes
Wikidata gives January 1930; only the year is confirmed.
Greece founds an Aviation Ministry and makes its Air Force a separate branch
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In 1930 Greece founded an Aviation Ministry, making its Air Force a branch alongside the army and navy. The Icarus School, the air force academy, followed in 1931.
Notes
The data box gives 1912 as the start date, tied to the first military flights; the main text dates the establishment of the Air Force as a separate branch to 1930. Year only.
Mondrian paints a small red, blue and yellow composition
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Piet Mondrian made this square oil painting, measuring 45 by 45 centimetres, in 1930. The Kunsthaus Zürich now holds it.
Notes
Easily confused with Mondrian's Composition II in Red, Blue and Yellow of the same year: English and Spanish Wikipedia call the two very similar, and Wikidata labels this item with the other title, so confidence is medium. Year only; the museum is known but not where the painting was made.
Aris Limassol, a professional football club based in Limassol, Cyprus, dates its founding to 1930. It was a founding member of the Cyprus Football Association.
Notes
The English data box gives 3 October 1930, but Greek Wikipedia says two Limassol teams appeared in October and November 1930 and merged into Aris only on 25 September 1932, with 1930 counted as the founding year. Only the year is stored.
The first Italian tennis championship is held in Milan
Sport
Milan's Tennis Club hosted the first Italian tennis championship in 1930, started by Count Alberto Bonacossa. Bill Tilden won the men's singles, beating Uberto de Morpurgo.
Notes
Year only. Wikidata place is Rome, but the first edition was held in Milan; the tournament is now played in Rome.
· Waterford, Irish Free State (now Ireland) · Europe
Waterford Football Club is founded and elected to the League of Ireland
Sport
Waterford, formerly Waterford United, was founded in 1930 and elected into the league in the same year. It first played in the league in 1930-31, finishing ninth, and began at Kilcohan Park, a greyhound stadium.
The Soviet Union adopts the 7.62×25mm pistol cartridge
TechnologySome details uncertain
After the Soviet Artillery Committee proposed a home-grown pistol for the Mauser cartridge in 1929, a lightly modified Mauser round became the Model 1930 standard for pistols and submachine guns.
Notes
Year only: no day or month is given for the adoption, only the 1929 proposal and the 1930 model name.
The main volumes of the Enciclopedia Espasa are completed
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The 72 main volumes of the Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, known as the Enciclopedia Espasa, appeared between 1908 and 1930. A ten-volume appendix followed from 1930 to 1933.
Notes
The article gives a publishing span (1908 to 1930), not a single publication date; 1930 marks the end of the main series and start of the appendix. Year only. The 1930 to 1933 span of the ten-volume appendix is stated in the opening of the English article, written there as 1930-33.
Iceland's state broadcaster RÚV begins with state radio
Technology
Ríkisútvarpið, Iceland's public-service broadcaster, was founded in 1930 and began by launching state radio, Útvarp Reykjavík. Broadcasting started on longwave from Vatnsendahæð, near Reykjavík.
The 1930 European Rowing Championships are held in Liège
SportSome details uncertain
The championships took place on the Meuse at Liège, Belgium, for men only. They followed the 1929 edition at Bydgoszcz, and the next were in Paris in 1931.
Notes
No month or day is given; Wikidata gives only the year 1930 for both the start and the end. Year only.
· Brno, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
The Masaryk Circuit road racing course is founded in Brno
Sport
Local figures, among them the doctor and racing driver Otakar Bittmann, set up the street circuit in 1930. It used public roads and was named after Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia.
Notes
Year only. The data box says opened 1930 for the road circuit and 18 July 1987 for the modern circuit.
An order of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy created the Higher Aero-mechanical College, VAMU, in 1930 to train staff for aviation. It took the name Moscow Aviation Institute on 29 August 1930.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 29 August 1930, while its text says the college was set up on 20 March 1930 as VAMU and renamed Moscow Aviation Institute on 29 August 1930. The accounts differ on which day counts as founding, so only the year is stored.
· Nymburk, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
The club now known as Basketball Nymburk is founded
Sport
The sports club behind the team from the town of Nymburk was founded in 1930. Its basketball side played in the top-tier Czech National Basketball League.
Notes
Year only: the Russian article also dates the club to 1930. The club history lists earlier names such as SK Železničáři.
Veluwezoom National Park, which covers about 50 square kilometres in Gelderland, was established in 1930. It is privately owned by the conservation body Natuurmonumenten.
Notes
The year 1930 comes from the English data box and is confirmed by Dutch Wikipedia; the text gives no day.
Ore exploitation at Trepča began in 1930 with a first tunnel at Stari Trg, and a flotation plant opened at Zvečan on 14 August 1930.
Notes
Other data in the article gives earlier years (an opening in 1920 and activity from 1925), but its history says ore exploitation began in 1930 and the flotation plant opened on 14 August 1930; Russian Wikipedia also says the Stari Trg mine was opened in 1930. The dates conflict, so only the year is stored, with medium confidence.
The Comintern school, which operated in Moscow from 1925 to 1930, closed in the summer of 1930. It had trained Chinese revolutionaries from the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party.
Notes
Year only; the main text says summer but gives no day.
Thessaloniki Airport, formerly Mikra Airport, serves Greece's second-largest city from Thermi. It is dated to 1930, though 1948 is given for its opening to the public.
Notes
The opening text says the airport opened in 1930; the data box says 1948 'for public' use. The two may describe different stages (airfield versus public airport) but the article does not explain, so confidence is medium and the year only is stored.
Lev Landau develops the theory of Landau quantization
Science
In 1930 the Soviet physicist Lev Landau worked out the theory of quantized cyclotron orbits in a magnetic field, whose discrete energy values are known as Landau levels. That year he also derived the magnetism of a Fermi gas.
Joseph Cuypers built the cathedral between 1895 and 1930, replacing the former St. Joseph church in the Jansstraat. It is the main cathedral of the Catholic Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam.
Notes
Year only. The cathedral was dedicated on 1 April 1898 according to the data box, before completion. Wikidata also holds a year-only value of 1930.
Berlin's Near Eastern collections open to the public
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Middle East Department of the royal museums, created in 1899, found temporary space for its holdings in the Bode and Pergamon museums in 1929. They have been open to visitors since 1930.
Notes
Year only. The 1930 date is public access to the department's collections, not a formal museum opening; the museum took its present name in 1953. Wikidata also gives 1930.
The Soviet comedy film St. Jorgen's Day is released
Stage, music & film
Yakov Protazanov directed this partly silent Soviet comedy starring Igor Ilyinsky, about a cunning thief posing as a saint during a rigged religious festival.
Hans Mögel describes the sudden ionospheric disturbance effect
ScienceSome details uncertain
German physicist Hans Mögel described the effect in 1930, and John Howard Dellinger discovered it around 1935. It follows a solar flare or solar particle event.
Notes
Body gives Mögel's description in 1930 and Dellinger's discovery around 1935; the effect is named after both.
· Dubrovitsy, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
The Znamenskaya Church at Dubrovitsy is closed to worship
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The Znamenskaya Church at Dubrovitsy stayed active for over ten years after 1917, with services stopping in 1929. It was closed to worship from 1930 until 1990.
Notes
English Wikipedia says services ceased in 1929 and that the church was closed to worship from 1930 to 1990; Russian Wikipedia gives 1929 in one passage and 1930 in others. 1930 is stored with medium confidence. The bell tower's destruction in September 1931 is a separate event.
In 1930 Debrecen saw the start of official scheduled flights carrying mail. From then the airport had domestic services to Budapest and other major Hungarian cities.
Notes
No opening date is stated for the airport itself, only the 1930 start of regular mail flights; year only.
The Organization of Contemporary Architects, active from 1925, ended in 1930, and its journal SA was wound up the same year. It briefly became SASS before merging into the state architecture union.
Notes
Year only; the article gives no day for the closure.
· Kola Peninsula, Soviet Union (now Murmansk Oblast, Russia) · Europe
The Lapland Nature Reserve is established on the Kola Peninsula
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The Lapland Nature Reserve, a strict nature reserve above the Arctic Circle, is recorded as established in 1930. It was abolished in 1951 and re-established in 1957.
Notes
The English opening text gives two accounts: 'officially established in 1957' (also the data box) and 'established in 1930' before being abolished in 1951. Russian Wikipedia and Wikidata give 17 January 1930, but the English article gives only the year, so year precision is kept.
In the 25th year of the competition, 24 teams entered the Europe Zone and four the America Zone. France beat the United States in the Challenge Round, played at Roland Garros from 25 to 27 July.
Notes
Wikidata gives a span of 19 April to 27 July 1930; only the final (25-27 July) is dated, so year precision is stored.
The Skra sports club is founded in Bełchatów as a Workers Sports Club
SportSome details uncertain
Skra was founded in Bełchatów in 1930 as a Workers Sports Club. Its volleyball team dates from 1957 and is now a professional men's side in the Polish Tauron Liga.
Notes
The 1930 date belongs to the multi-sport club; the volleyball team dates from 1957, which is why the opening text says founded 1957. German and Russian Wikipedia also give 1930 for the club and 1957 for the volleyball section. Medium confidence.
Bruno Rossi invents the electronic coincidence circuit
TechnologySome details uncertain
Bruno Rossi, then an assistant in Florence University's physics institute, described his electronic coincidence circuit in Nature in 1930. The circuit gives an output only when signals reach its inputs at nearly the same moment.
Notes
The article gives the year of Rossi's published description (1930), not the day or month he built the circuit. Year only.
Degtyaryov begins design work on the DS-39 machine gun
Technology
Vasily Degtyaryov began designing the DS-39, a Soviet medium machine gun, in 1930, with Georgy Shpagin developing the belt feed. The Red Army accepted it in September 1939.
Notes
Year only. The English text says design work began in 1930, and Russian Wikipedia agrees.
The ice hockey club ZSC Lions is founded in Zürich
Sport
The Zürich club dates from 1930. Home games were at the Dolder-Kunsteisbahn until 1950, then at the Hallenstadion until 2022. It now plays in the National League, Switzerland's top division.
Notes
Year only. The club was earlier named Zürcher SC; the ZSC Lions name dates from a 1997 merger with another local team.
Antonino Malaguti founds the motorcycle maker Malaguti
Economy & trade
Antonino Malaguti founded the firm in 1930 as a shop in Bologna selling and repairing bicycles. It made bicycles until 1958, then moved into motorcycles.
Notes
The data box names the founder as Antonio Malaguti, while the opening text and history say Antonino. The firm was later based in San Lazzaro di Savena.
The Czechoslovak ZB vz. 30 light machine gun is designed
TechnologySome details uncertain
The Czechoslovak light machine guns designated ZB-30 and ZB-30J date from 1930, which is given as both their design date and the start of service.
Notes
Year only, from the article's data box; the opening text gives no date. Italian Wikipedia says the improved vz. 30 version entered production in 1930. Medium confidence.
The ground was opened in 1930 after being built from 1925 to 1930. Its name means Stadium of Friendship, and its official name is now LEAG Energie Stadion.
Notes
Year only; Wikidata also holds a year-only value of 1930.
· Burzyansky District, Bashkir ASSR, Soviet Union (now Bashkortostan, Russia) · Europe
The Bashkir Nature Reserve is established in the southern Urals
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The Bashkirsky Nature Reserve, in the Burzyansky District of Bashkortostan in the central Bashkir Urals, is given an establishment date of 1930.
Notes
Only the English data box gives 1930; the opening text does not repeat it. Russian Wikipedia says the reserve was organised on 11 June 1930 while Wikidata says 11 July 1930, so the day is disputed and only the year is stored.
· Near the Sudost River, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Bryansk Oblast, Russia) · Europe
The Venus of Eliseevichi ivory figurine is discovered
Science
The figurine was unearthed by archaeologists in 1930, close to the Sudost River in Russia's Bryansk region. The statuette is carved from mammoth ivory and stands 15 cm high.
Notes
Year only. The figurine is now kept in Saint Petersburg, where it is shown at the Hermitage Museum.
· Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
The Kyiv Civil Engineering Institute is founded
Everyday life
The Kyiv Civil Engineering Institute was formed in 1930 from a construction branch of the Kyiv Polytechnic and from the Kyiv Art Institute's architecture faculty.
The park later called Planten un Blomen is begun in Hamburg
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Planten un Blomen, an urban park in inner-city Hamburg whose Low German name means Plants and Flowers, dates its origins to 1930. The Hamburg-Mitte District Office manages it.
Notes
The English data box gives 1930 as the opening. Italian Wikipedia says the former zoo area became a city park in 1930, and German Wikipedia says a people's park was built there from 1930 and that the garden show opened under the name Planten un Blomen in 1935. So only the year 1930 is given, with medium confidence.
Alfredo Consorti composes the Order of Malta's anthem Ave Crux Alba
Stage, music & film
In 1930 Alfredo Consorti wrote the music of Ave Crux Alba, known in English as Hail Thou White Cross. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta uses it as its national anthem.
Notes
Year only. The place of composition is not stated.
Widzew Łódź's own ground on ul. Rokicińska is opened in Łódź
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Widzew Łódź's first ground of its own, on Rokicińska Street in Łódź, was formally opened in 1930 with a football match against Skra Warsaw. After the Second World War the club moved to the Widzewska Manufaktura ground, where today's stadium stands.
Notes
Polish Wikipedia, the detailed account, says the club's ground at ul. Rokicińska 28B was opened by Łódź mayor Bronisław Ziemięcki on 30 March 1930 (its data box agrees, and it cites a Kurier Łódzki report of 31 March 1930), and that the club gave this ground up after the war and moved in 1949 to the Widzewska Manufaktura ground at what is now al. Piłsudskiego 138. English Wikipedia's data box, Wikidata (which cites English Wikipedia) and German Wikipedia give 30 May 1930, and the English text never describes the 1930 opening; its 10,500-seat stand description belongs to the later ground, which was demolished in 2015. The sources disagree on the day (30 March or 30 May) and possibly on which ground the opening concerns, so only the year is stored. The stadium seen today is the 2017 rebuild.
· Gudauta District, Abkhazia, Soviet Union (now Georgia) · Europe
The Soviet Union establishes the Ritsa Nature Reserve in Abkhazia
Everyday life
The Ritsinsky Reserve was established in 1930 in the Gudauta District of Abkhazia. Its main aim is to protect Lake Ritsa and the surrounding mountain ecosystems and species.
Notes
Year only. Georgian and Abkhaz control of the area is disputed; the article places it in Georgia.
· Tangendorf, Toppenstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany · Europe
The Tangendorf disc brooch is excavated from a Bronze Age burial mound
Science
A 3rd-century AD fibula from the Iron Age was excavated in 1930 from sand inside a Bronze Age burial mound near Tangendorf. Its face carries a four-legged animal, possibly a dog or a deer, looking backwards.
· Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) · Europe
The forerunner of Saint Petersburg's University of Economics is established
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
In 1930 a building was granted to the Leningrad Institute of Finance and Economics, forerunner of today's Saint Petersburg University of Economics. The university itself was formed in 2012 from three merged universities.
Notes
The data box gives 'established: 1930 (reorganized in 2012)'; the main text says the building was granted to the Leningrad Institute of Finance and Economics in 1930.
· Älvdalen Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden · Europe
Töfsingdalen National Park is established in Sweden
Everyday life
Töfsingdalen, whose name means the Töfsing Valley, was established as a Swedish national park in 1930. It lies in Älvdalen Municipality in Dalarna County and is governed by the environmental agency Naturvårdsverket.
Notes
Year only: French Wikipedia also says the park was created in 1930. Wikidata gives 26 April 1930, which none of the Wikipedia articles states, so only the year is stored.
· Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
The Kharkiv Engineering-Building Institute is founded
Everyday life
The institute was founded in 1930 by combining faculty from the Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute with the architecture faculty of the Kharkiv Art Institute.
Notes
The data box date 8/11/1930 is ambiguous (8 November or 11 August), so only the year is stored.
The Tour de France awards a team classification for the first time
Sport
Henri Desgrange moved the Tour to real teams in 1930, with a prize then called the Challenge international. That year it was worked out by summing the times of each team's three top riders.
Notes
Year only. Related to the introduction of national teams at the 1930 Tour de France.
The Tour de France is run with national teams for the first time
Sport
In 1930 Belgium, Italy, Spain, Germany and France each fielded a team of eight riders, and sixty others rode as independent touriste-routiers, mostly French. Victor Fontan captained the French team.
Notes
Year only; no stage dates are given. Related to the main 1930 Tour de France row.
A dry spell unusual for the region set in during summer 1930, and severe dust storms followed across American and Canadian prairie farmland. Drought and farming methods that left topsoil unprotected combined to cause them.
Notes
The opening text describes the Dust Bowl as a feature of the 1930s generally; the dry era is placed in summer 1930 and the first recorded storm on 14 September 1930 in the main text. Wikidata gives the start as 1930 and the end as 1936.
The American Regionalist painter Grant Wood painted American Gothic in oils on beaverboard in 1930. It shows a Midwestern farmer and his daughter in front of a Carpenter Gothic style house.
Notes
The data box and opening text give 1930; the main text places the visit to Eldon, Iowa in August 1930.
The first Nancy Drew mystery appears under the name Carolyn Keene
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Secret of the Old Clock, dated 1930, opened the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories, produced by the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Edward Stratemeyer hired writers to produce the manuscripts, beginning with Mildred Wirt.
Notes
The 1930 date for the first title comes from the ghostwriter table in the main text (entry 1, The Secret of the Old Clock, 1930), not from the opening text.
Hollywood adopts the Motion Picture Production Code
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The film industry association led by Will H. Hays adopted the Production Code in 1930, listing content such as drugs, profanity and sex as unacceptable in films. Variety printed the full text on 19 February 1930.
Notes
The opening text gives adoption in 1930; the main text dates Variety's publication of the full text to 19 February 1930. The code was applied to most major-studio films from 1934 to 1968.
Dashiell Hammett's novel The Maltese Falcon is published as a book
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Hammett's detective novel follows San Francisco private eye Sam Spade as he is drawn into lies, betrayal and murder while chasing criminals who want a jewel-encrusted falcon statuette. It ran first as a five-part serial in Black Mask.
Notes
Wikidata gives January 1930, which matches the end of the Black Mask serial in January 1930; the book was published in 1930 by Alfred A. Knopf (data box).
George and Ira Gershwin's song I Got Rhythm is published
Stage, music & film
George Gershwin composed the song, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin, and it was published in 1930. It was written for the musical Girl Crazy, first heard publicly on 29 September 1930 in Philadelphia.
Notes
Year only for publication. Girl Crazy, the show it was written for, had its first public hearing on 29 September 1930 at the Schubert Theater in Philadelphia. No place of publication is named.
· Seventh Avenue South, Greenwich Village, New York City, United States · North America
The original Stonewall Inn opens as a Prohibition speakeasy
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
In 1930 Vincent Bonavia opened a bar called Bonnie's Stone Wall at 91 Seventh Avenue South, which sold alcohol illegally and was raided in December that year. It later moved to Christopher Street and became a restaurant.
Notes
The opening text dates the original bar to 1930. The data box lists 1930 as the year the Christopher Street buildings were combined and refaced and 1934 as the restaurant's opening.
Josef von Sternberg directed this American romantic drama with Gary Cooper, Marlene Dietrich and Adolphe Menjou as its stars, released in the United States in 1930. Dietrich had come to Hollywood in February 1930 on a two-picture contract.
Notes
The data box gives release 14 November 1930 in the United States; the main text gives the New York premiere as 6 December 1930, which Wikidata also lists. Year stored because the days differ.
· Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, United States · North America
Construction of the Hawks Nest Tunnel begins a silicosis disaster in West Virginia
Disasters
Rinehart and Dennis began building the Hawks Nest Tunnel, part of a hydroelectric project near Gauley Bridge, on 31 March 1930. Mostly dry drilling and little concern for worker safety led to many cases of the lung disease silicosis.
Notes
The 1930 to 1935 span follows English Wikipedia's data box. The death toll is uncertain, with estimates from 476 up to 1,000 and a memorial text giving 764, so the summary gives no figure.
Geophysical Service Incorporated, forerunner of Texas Instruments, is founded
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Geophysical Service Incorporated, founded in 1930 by J. Clarence Karcher and Eugene McDermott, began as a seismic exploration firm working for oil companies. Texas Instruments emerged from its reorganization in 1951.
Notes
Wikidata gives 6 December 1930; only the year 1930 is confirmed.
The Western The Big Trail, John Wayne's first leading role, is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Raoul Walsh directed this epic Western, shot on location across the American West between 20 April and 20 August 1930, in the 70 mm Grandeur widescreen format. It gave 23-year-old John Wayne his first leading role.
Notes
The data box gives release on 1 November 1930; the main text says it was generally released in October 1930 after previews; Wikidata gives the year only. Year stored.
· Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States · North America
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is founded
Science
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, a privately run non-profit centre for marine science research and higher education, was established in 1930 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Its first research vessel was R/V Atlantis.
The Ransdell Act renames the Hygienic Laboratory the National Institute of Health
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1930 the Ransdell Act renamed the Hygienic Laboratory as the National Institute of Health. It also gave money to build two buildings on the Old Naval Observatory campus.
Notes
The agency itself was founded in 1887 (opening text; data box 'formed: August 1887'); the 1930 event is the renaming. Wikidata gives 1930.
After two years of development, Buckminster Fuller finished the Dymaxion house in 1930. He had designed it to fix perceived weaknesses in homebuilding, as a factory-made kit to be assembled on site.
A group of pediatricians founded the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1930 to raise standards of child healthcare. It is now the biggest US professional body for pediatricians, with headquarters in Itasca, Illinois.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Brooklyn College is founded in New York City
Everyday life
Brooklyn College, now part of the CUNY system, was formed in 1930 by merging the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College and City College. Classes began in September 1930.
A telephone company changes hands in 1930 and later becomes CenturyTel
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1930 Hogan sold the company to William Clarke and Marie Williams. It was later called CenturyTel and CenturyLink.
Notes
The data box says founded 1930, but the history shows the firm already existed and was sold in 1930, so 1930 marks the new owners; year only, medium confidence.
Emanuel Stolaroff founds the cosmetics company Natone
Economy & trade
Emanuel Stolaroff founded Natone in 1930 as a cosmetics company, first supplying department stores and salons serving the Hollywood film industry. Johnson & Johnson bought the independent company in 1994.
Notes
Year only. The article dates the Natone name to 1930 and the Neutrogena name to 1962.
· Midtown Manhattan, New York City, United States · North America
The Lincoln Building is completed in Manhattan
Architecture
Kenneth Norton of J.E.R. Carpenter's firm designed the 55-story neo-Gothic office tower at 60 East 42nd Street, completed in 1930 as the Lincoln Building. It has direct access to Grand Central Terminal.
Notes
Year only; Wikidata also holds a year-only value of 1930.
Ub Iwerks launches the Flip the Frog cartoon series
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Flip the Frog series ran from 1930 to 1933, made by Celebrity Pictures, with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer handling distribution. The first cartoon was Fiddlesticks, from 1930.
Notes
Fiddlesticks is listed as released August 16, 1930 by MGM and in early 1930 by Celebrity Productions, so only the year is stored.
The Forum absorbed The Century Magazine in 1930. The New York illustrated monthly, which began in 1881, had turned into a quarterly in 1929 because of competition from cheaper magazines and newspapers.
Notes
The data box gives final date 1930; only the year is given.
Ireland sends a single team to the first British Empire Games
Sport
At the first Games in 1930 one team stood for the whole island of Ireland, after the organising committee in Hamilton invited the National Athletic and Cycling Association and offered help with travel costs.
Notes
Year only. Part of the 1930 British Empire Games. The place is Hamilton, where the Games were held, taken from the account of the organising committee.
Canada hosts and competes at the 1930 British Empire Games
Sport
Canada hosted the 1930 British Empire Games at Hamilton, Ontario, and took 54 medals to England's 61. Newfoundland competed separately and won no medals.
Notes
Year only. Part of the 1930 British Empire Games at Hamilton, Ontario.
The Kitchener-Waterloo Municipal Airport is completed
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Work on the airfield began in 1929 on a farm owned by the Heinrich family along Lexington Road in Waterloo, and it was finished in 1930. It mostly served for flying lessons.
Notes
Year only. The 1930 airfield was the Kitchener-Waterloo Municipal (Lexington) Airport on a farm in Waterloo. Today's airport is on a different site near Breslau, opened in 1950; the old field was sold in 1951. Confidence is medium because the article gives only the year of completion.
The first World Cup took place in Uruguay in 1930, with teams from South America, Europe and North America. The opening matches were played simultaneously on 13 July, and Uruguay won the tournament.
Notes
The article is about the competition as a whole; the founding year 1930 is from the data box and opening text. The 13 July 1930 matches are from the main text.
The first World Cup trophy, originally called Victory, was gold-plated sterling silver and showed Nike, goddess of victory, on a lapis lazuli base. Uruguay, the 1930 winners, were the first team awarded it.
Notes
Year only. The trophy's making is not dated; 1930 is the first award. Same event family as the 1930 FIFA World Cup.
The Soviet Union begins forced population transfers
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From 1930 the Soviet government, on Stalin's orders, forcibly moved groups of people, mostly to underpopulated remote areas; roughly 1.8 million people labelled kulaks were sent into exile in 1930-31 alone. The deportations continued until 1952 and affected at least 6 million people inside the country.
Notes
The article covers the whole period 1930-1952 as one subject; only the start year is stored here. The data box gives date 1930-1952.
· Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan) · Asia
The Kazakh famine (Asharshylyq) begins
DisastersSome details uncertain
A famine caused by human policy began in late 1930 in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic and lasted through 1933. Collectivization seized herds, disrupted traditional migrations and forced nomadic communities onto collective farms.
Notes
The data box period is 1930-1933. Death toll differs between the opening text (1.3 to 2.3 million) and the data box (1.5-2.3 million), so no toll is used in the facts.
· Kham (Xikang) and Yushu (Qinghai), Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Sino-Tibetan War begins as Tibetan forces enter Kham and Yushu
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In May and June 1930 Tibet's army, serving the 13th Dalai Lama, moved into eastern Kham and Yushu in a dispute over control and corvée labor tied to Dajin Monastery. Chinese forces later defeated the Tibetan armies and recaptured the territory.
Notes
The data box gives 1930-1932; the opening text says it began in May and June 1930. Wikidata gives 1930 with an end of 1932.
The Ohara Museum in Kurashiki opened in 1930 with Japan's earliest permanently displayed collection of Western art, almost entirely 19th and 20th century French paintings and sculpture.
· Chaklala, Rawalpindi, British India (now Pakistan) · Asia
RAF Chaklala airfield opens near Rawalpindi
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The airfield at Chaklala, Rawalpindi, opened in 1930 as RAF Chaklala. It was later renamed for Benazir Bhutto, in June 2008, and the new Islamabad International Airport replaced it in May 2018.
Notes
Only the data box gives the 1930 date; the opening text does not repeat it. Year only.
· Gomantong Hill, British North Borneo (now Sabah, Malaysia) · Asia
The Gomantong Caves in Sabah are first mapped
ExplorationSome details uncertain
P. Orolfo made the first map of the Gomantong Caves in 1930. The cave system lies inside Gomantong Hill in the Sandakan Division of Sabah, and a guano survey there dates back to 1889.
Notes
The data box lists 1930 as the discovery year, but the history section says the guano deposits were first investigated in 1889 and the caves were first mapped in 1930. The date given is the mapping. The English article's history section dates the first guano survey, made for the China Borneo Company by J. H. Allard, to 1889.
· Hami (Kumul), Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Jin Shuren abolishes the Kumul Khanate
Politics & diplomacy
Xinjiang governor Jin Shuren abolished the semi-autonomous Turco-Mongol khanate in 1930. After the last khan, Maqsud Shah, died that year, Jin split it into three districts.
Notes
Year only. The English history section gives Maqsud Shah's death as 6 June 1930, after which Jin Shuren replaced the khanate with three districts, and the English list of khans repeats the death date in Republic of China style. Neither text gives a day for the abolition itself, and French Wikipedia likewise says only that it came in 1930 at the khan's death, so only the year is stored.
Niigata's airfield moves to its present site and becomes Niigata Airport
Architecture
The airfield, the first on Japan's Sea of Japan coast, had first opened in 1929, on an island in the course of the Shinano River. In 1930 it relocated to the village of Matsugazakahama and received the name Niigata Airport.
Notes
Year only. The original airfield opened in 1929; 1930 is the move and rename.
Construction of Sacred Heart Cathedral begins in New Delhi
Architecture
Building began in 1930, paid for by colonial officers of the British Empire, with Henry Medd as architect. It stands near Connaught Place, beside two schools.
Notes
Year only; no completion or consecration date is given.
· Merapi, Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
Merapi volcano erupts on Java
DisastersSome details uncertain
Merapi, a stratovolcano on Java, had one of its notable eruptions in 1930, when pyroclastic flows killed about 1,400 people and destroyed thirteen villages.
Notes
The NOAA record gives 18 December 1930, a rating of 3 on the volcanic explosivity index, 1,369 deaths and 1,109 houses destroyed, but NOAA marks that record as not for publication, so its day and figures are not used. English, Dutch and Indonesian Wikipedia agree that a 1930 eruption destroyed thirteen villages and killed about 1,400 people. Only the year is stored. Java was part of the Dutch East Indies. The figure of about 1,400 deaths comes from the English article on Mount Merapi (1,400), the Dutch article (almost 1400) and the Indonesian article (1400); the 1548 starting point for its regular eruptions is from the opening of the English article.
The Ankara building later used as the State Art and Sculpture Museum is completed
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu designed the building in 1927 for the Turkish Hearths cultural organisation, and it went up between 1927 and 1930. It now houses Ankara's State Art and Sculpture Museum.
Notes
The English opening text says the museum opened in 1930, but German Wikipedia says the building served as a people's house (Halkevi) until 1950 and became a museum in 1980, and Russian Wikipedia says the building was built from 1927 to 1930. The date given is the completion of the building, with medium confidence.
A first football stand is built on the site of Bursa Atatürk Stadium
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
A stadium site in Bursa existed from 1930, when a stand for 300 spectators was built for an amateur football club.
Notes
The data box gives the stadium as opened in 1950 and the opening text says the main stadium was built in 1979; only the 1930 stand is the event here. Medium confidence.
· French North Africa (now Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) · Africa
The North African Cup football competition begins
Sport
The Union of North-African Football Leagues organised the competition from 1930 until it was dissolved after the 1956 edition. CDJ Oran beat GS Alger 1-0 in the first final, in 1930-31.
Notes
Year only. Wikidata gives an end date of 1956 (the article says dissolved after the 1956 edition). The first final is listed for the 1930-31 season in the English article's table of finals.
The Ethiopian Catholic Church, an autonomous Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the Holy See, was established in 1930. A metropolitan bishop oversees its suffragan dioceses.
Notes
The English opening text says 'Established in 1930'; no day or month. Italian Wikipedia ties 1930 to the setting up of an ordinariate for Ethiopic-rite Catholics in Eritrea, while the exarchate of Addis Ababa followed in 1951 and the church province in 1961, so the year marks the first formal structure rather than the present organisation. The article does not say whether the year is Gregorian or Ethiopian; it is read as Gregorian.
· Casablanca, French protectorate of Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
Building of the Sacred Heart church in Casablanca begins
Architecture
Work began in 1930 on the Church of the Sacred Heart in Casablanca, also called the Casablanca Cathedral, designed by Paul Tournon in an Art Deco style. It was finished only in the early 1950s.
Notes
English Wikipedia says only that the church was 'constructed in 1930'. French Wikipedia says it was built from 1930 onward, Spanish Wikipedia says building began in 1930 and was finally finished in 1952-53, and Italian Wikipedia gives 1952 as the end of construction. Wikidata holds a year-only value of 1930, citing Italian Wikipedia. So 1930 is the start of construction, not the completion.
Haile Selassie makes the Order of Solomon an independent order
Politics & diplomacy
In 1930 Haile Selassie I made the Collar of the Order of Solomon independent of the Order of the Seal of Solomon, with one Collar grade. The order itself had been founded in 1874.
Notes
Ethiopia used its own calendar; the article and French Wikipedia give plain years, which are taken as Gregorian. Year only.
The League of Nations founds the Nansen International Office for Refugees
Politics & diplomacy
The League of Nations set up the Office in 1930 and named it after Fridtjof Nansen soon after his death. Until 1939 it handled the international care of refugees fleeing war zones.
Kuratowski publishes his theorem characterising planar graphs
Science
Kazimierz Kuratowski published in 1930 the theorem describing which graphs are planar, by forbidding two kinds of subgraph, subdivisions of K5 and K3,3.
Tychonoff gives a first proof of his compactness theorem for powers of the unit interval
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1930 Andrey Tikhonov, also written Tychonoff, proved a special case of a theorem about compact spaces, covering powers of the closed unit interval. He stated the full theorem in 1935.
Notes
The full theorem was stated in 1935; the 1930 date is for the special case.
In 1930 Stanisław Ulam introduced the measurable cardinal, a kind of large cardinal number in set theory. Its definition uses a two-valued measure that sorts subsets into large and small ones.
Thomas Lewis describes the hunting reaction in cold-exposed fingers
Science
In 1930 Thomas Lewis first described how, in the cold, blood vessels in the extremities tighten and then suddenly widen again, beginning roughly five to ten minutes after exposure starts.
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