In June 1924 George Mallory and Andrew Irvine were last seen high on Mount Everest, close to the summit, and people still argue over whether they reached the top before they died. The year saw famous deaths: Lenin in January, Woodrow Wilson in February, and in June Franz Kafka, whose name became a word for baffling bureaucracy. In France, a winter sports week at Chamonix was only later recognised as the first Winter Olympics, and that summer Paris hosted the Summer Games for a second time, which no city had done before. Turkey's assembly abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, and in the United States a new law barred immigrants from Asia and put quotas on arrivals from most other countries outside the Americas. Four days before a British election, the Daily Mail printed a forged letter in the name of the Comintern chief Grigory Zinoviev, used against Britain's first Labour government. In New York, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue had its premiere, and in Tijuana, Caesar Cardini is said to have invented the Caesar salad.
This page lists all 450 events in our records for 1924: 312 dated to the day, 101 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1924
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
SportWidely known
The Paris Summer Olympics begin
· Paris, France · Europe
Some details uncertain.
The Games of the VIII Olympiad were held in Paris, which beat Amsterdam, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Prague and Rome to host them. Some competitions began on 4 May, and the opening ceremony came on 5 July 1924.
Why it is interesting. No city had hosted the Olympics twice before Paris did.
Notes and dating details
The opening ceremony was on 5 July 1924, though some competitions began on 4 May; the Games closed on 27 July.
International Winter Sports Week opens at Chamonix
· Chamonix, France · Europe
Events ran from 25 January to 5 February 1924 around Chamonix in France, staged by the French Olympic Committee as an International Winter Sports Week. Only later did the IOC recognise them, in retrospect, as the first Winter Olympic Games.
Why it is interesting. The first Winter Olympics were not called that at the time; the IOC gave them the title only in retrospect.
Notes and dating details
English Wikipedia's lead dates the IOC's retrospective recognition to its session of 6 May 1926, while a later section links it to a 1925 decision. The competition dates are not in doubt.
Vladimir Lenin died on 21 January 1924 at Gorki. He had headed the government of Soviet Russia from 1917 and of the Soviet Union from 1922, and his body rests in Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow.
Why it is interesting. He was both the founding head of government of Soviet Russia and, later, of the Soviet Union.
Notes and dating details
The infobox gives the place of death as Gorki. Wikidata gives Bolshiye Gorki.
Franz Kafka, a German-language Jewish writer from Prague, died on 3 June 1924 in Klosterneuburg, Austria. His writing often shows isolated heroes caught in surreal situations and baffling bureaucracies.
Why it is interesting. His name became an adjective, Kafkaesque, for bewildering bureaucratic predicaments.
The Daily Mail publishes the forged Zinoviev letter
· London, United Kingdom · Europe
Some details uncertain.
Four days before the general election of 29 October 1924, the Daily Mail published a forged letter posing as Comintern chief Grigory Zinoviev's order to British Communists to stir up sedition. The right-wing press used it against Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government.
Why it is interesting. A forged letter, run by a newspaper days before voting, was used against Britain's first Labour government.
Notes and dating details
Date worked out from the lead: four days before the election held on 29 October 1924. Wikidata gives 1924.
The United States holds its 1924 presidential election
· United States · North America
Voters chose a president on 4 November 1924. The Republican ticket of Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes won, defeating the Democrats Davis and Bryan and the Progressives La Follette and Wheeler.
Why it is interesting. Coolidge, who had become president after Harding's unexpected death in 1923, was credited with a booming economy and faced little opposition inside his own party.
This was the second expedition seeking the first ascent of Mount Everest, after 1922. Edward Norton set a world altitude record in two summit attempts, and George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared on the third.
Why it is interesting. Norton set a world altitude record before Mallory and Irvine vanished on the final attempt, leaving speculation about whether they reached the summit.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 1924, with 1924-02-01 and 1924-06-01 as start and end.
The Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act) is signed
· Washington, D.C., United States · North America
Some details uncertain.
The Johnson-Reed Act shut out immigrants from Asia and set quotas for people from other nations, capping yearly quota immigration from outside the Western Hemisphere at 165,000. It also authorised the U.S. Border Patrol.
Why it is interesting. The same law that restricted immigration also paved the way for the U.S. Border Patrol.
Notes and dating details
English Wikipedia's text and infobox give 24 May 1924 as the signing day, but French and Spanish Wikipedia say the act was promulgated on 26 May 1924 (the English infobox lists 26 May as the effective date), so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1924. Congress passed it on 15 May 1924.
Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, died on 3 February 1924 in Washington, D.C. He served from 1913 to 1921, led the country through the First World War and was a leading architect of the League of Nations.
Why it is interesting. Before politics Wilson took a doctorate in history and political science and became president of Princeton University.
The airship USS Los Angeles is flown from Germany to the United States
· Friedrichshafen, Germany to Lakehurst, New Jersey
Some details uncertain.
The rigid airship ZR-3, built by the Zeppelin company as war reparations, was delivered to the US Navy in October 1924. The delivery flight to Lakehurst, New Jersey, ran from 12 to 15 October.
Why it is interesting. An airship built as war reparations was flown across to the United States, arriving at Lakehurst after about three days.
Notes and dating details
The infobox gives construction from July 1922 and launch in August 1924; the delivery dates come from an image caption in the article.
The Ottoman Caliphate is abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly
· Ankara, Turkey · Middle East
On 3 March 1924 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ended the Ottoman Caliphate by decree, as part of Ataturk's programme of reforms. Abdul Mejid II, the last Ottoman caliph, was deposed.
Why it is interesting. The abolished caliphate had been the Muslim world's last widely recognised caliphate.
Notes and dating details
The source gives 3 March 1924 alongside Rumi 1340 and A.H. 1342. Wikidata gives 1924.
Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire is first published
Art & literature
The Sherlock Holmes story first appeared in the January 1924 issues of two magazines, the Strand and Hearst's International. It is one of the 12 stories in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes.
· England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales · Europe
The 1924 Five Nations Championship begins
Sport
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played the tenth Five Nations Championship since France joined the Home Nations. The ten matches were spread from 1 January to 27 March 1924.
Notes
The ten matches were played in Paris, Swansea, Dublin, Edinburgh, Belfast, Twickenham, Cardiff and London.
The International Hockey Federation is founded in Paris
Sport
The FIH was founded in Paris on 7 January 1924 by Paul Leautey, its first president. It governs field hockey and indoor field hockey worldwide from Lausanne, Switzerland.
Allsvenskan, the Swedish football league, is founded
Sport
Football clubs met in Stockholm on 13 January 1924 to set up a nationwide league, and its first match of the 1924-25 season was played on 3 August 1924. Allsvenskan is now Sweden's top football league.
Notes
The meeting date of 13 January 1924 is from the body; the lead gives only the founding year.
Paul Feyerabend was born in Vienna on 13 January 1924 and died on 11 February 1994. An Austrian philosopher best known for work in philosophy of science, he lectured at the University of Bristol from 1955 to 1958.
The Norwegian writer Arne Garborg died on 14 January 1924. He championed Landsmal, now called Nynorsk, as a literary language, and his works include the poetry cycle Haugtussa, published in 1895.
Vladimir Lenin died on 21 January 1924 at Gorki. He had headed the government of Soviet Russia from 1917 and of the Soviet Union from 1922, and his body rests in Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow.
Notes
The infobox gives the place of death as Gorki. Wikidata gives Bolshiye Gorki.
Ramsay MacDonald forms the UK's first Labour government
Politics & diplomacy
Ramsay MacDonald formed the UK's first Labour government on 22 January 1924. It was a minority government that lasted until November 1924, when it lost a vote of no confidence and then the election.
Marie-Adelaide died of influenza on 24 January 1924, aged 29, at Schloss Hohenburg in Bavaria. She had reigned in Luxembourg from 1912 and abdicated in 1919.
International Winter Sports Week opens at Chamonix
Sport
Events ran from 25 January to 5 February 1924 around Chamonix in France, staged by the French Olympic Committee as an International Winter Sports Week. Only later did the IOC recognise them, in retrospect, as the first Winter Olympic Games.
Notes
English Wikipedia's lead dates the IOC's retrospective recognition to its session of 6 May 1926, while a later section links it to a 1925 decision. The competition dates are not in doubt.
The Office International des Epizooties is founded
Politics & diplomacy
The Office International des Epizooties was created by an agreement signed on 25 January 1924. It is now called the World Organisation for Animal Health and coordinates and promotes the control of animal diseases.
Notes
Place is the organisation's headquarters city; the source does not name where the agreement was signed.
Five speed skating events, all for men, were held in Chamonix on 26 and 27 January 1924. Charles Jewtraw took the first gold medal of the whole Games, and Clas Thunberg won three golds.
On 26 January 1924, as Petrograd became Leningrad, the Petrograd Soviet took the name Lensovet. The council had been set up in March 1917, after the February Revolution, to represent the city's workers and soldiers.
Notes
The English infobox says the soviet was disbanded on 26 January 1924 and succeeded by the Lensovet; Russian Wikipedia says it was renamed Lensovet when the city was renamed Leningrad by decision of the Second All-Union Congress of Soviets on 26 January 1924, and German Wikipedia agrees it was renamed. Soviet Russia had used the Gregorian calendar since February 1918.
Petrograd is renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death
Politics & diplomacy
Petrograd was renamed Leningrad, meaning 'Lenin City', on 26 January 1924; Lenin had died five days earlier. The city had been the capital of the Russian Empire until 1918 and was founded by Peter the Great in 1703.
Notes
The day comes from the history and naming sections of the full article and matches Wikidata (end 1991-09-06). Soviet Russia had used the Gregorian calendar since 1918.
The Second All-Union Congress of Soviets opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The congress met in Moscow from 26 January to 2 February 1924, with 2124 delegates attending and 1540 of them able to vote. It accepted the first Constitution of the Soviet Union.
Italy and Yugoslavia sign the Treaty of Rome over Fiume
Politics & diplomacy
On 27 January 1924 the Italian and Yugoslav (Serb-Croat-Slovene) governments agreed to give Fiume to Italy, while the neighbouring town of Susak went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The treaty took effect when ratified on 22 February.
Notes
Signed 27 January 1924; ratified and effective 22 February 1924.
Lenin receives a state funeral and is buried in Red Square
Politics & diplomacy
After Lenin died at Gorki on 21 January 1924, he was given a state funeral and buried in a specially built mausoleum on 27 January. The party's Central Committee appointed a commission to arrange it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-01-21, the date of Lenin's death; the funeral and burial were on 27 January 1924.
The men's tournament ran from 28 January to 3 February 1924 and counted as both the second Olympic championship and the second World Championships. The Toronto Granites, playing for Canada, kept the title won in 1920.
The Portuguese writer, playwright and politician Teofilo Braga died on 28 January 1924. He led the Republican Provisional Government after King Manuel II was overthrown, and was president of Portugal in 1915.
Figure skating was held at the Stade Olympique in Chamonix from 29 to 31 January 1924, with singles for men, singles for women, and pair skating. Gillis Grafstrom successfully defended his 1920 title in the men's event.
The Second Congress of Soviets ratified the Soviet Union's initial constitution on 31 January 1924. It gave legal force to the December 1922 treaty that created the USSR.
Notes
The English infobox lists Lenin as signatory, with no reference. He died on 21 January 1924, ten days before adoption, and Russian Wikipedia's account of the adoption does not mention him signing, so that clause was removed.
Richard L. Simon and M. Lincoln Schuster founded the publishing house in New York City on 2 January 1924. Today it counts among the 'Big Five' English-language publishers.
Katy Jurado was born on 16 January 1924, with the given name Maria Cristina Estela Marcela Jurado Garcia. She was a Mexican actress who worked in Hollywood and died on 5 July 2002.
Notes
The article text gives Mexico City as the birthplace; Wikidata lists Guadalajara.
Richard Connell's story The Most Dangerous Game is first published
Art & literature
Collier's magazine first printed Richard Connell's story on 19 January 1924, with illustrations by Wilmot Emerton Heitland. It is also known as The Hounds of Zaroff.
Kim Dae-jung, born on 6 January 1924, worked as a politician, statesman and activist. He became the eighth President of South Korea, in office from 1998 to 2003.
Sergei Parajanov was born to Armenian parents in Tiflis, today called Tbilisi, on 9 January 1924. He worked as a Soviet film director and screenwriter and died on 20 July 1990.
Basmachi insurgents attempted to wrest Khiva away from Red Army control, in an operation that ran from 19 January until 19 August 1924. Khiva lay in the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, the former Khanate of Khiva.
Notes
Wikidata gives an end date of 24 January 1924; the article gives 19 August 1924.
The first National Congress of the Kuomintang opens in Guangzhou
Politics & diplomacy
The Kuomintang held its first national congress at Guangzhou, in Guangdong, from 20 to 30 January 1924. The result renewed the party's Leninist origins, following its reorganisation in 1924.
The 1924 Australasian Championships tennis tournament
Sport
The 17th edition of the championships, now the Australian Open, was played on grass in Melbourne from 19 to 30 January 1924. James Anderson and Sylvia Lance won the singles titles.
Notes
The lead gives the days and month; the year comes from the article title.
The International Ski Federation (FIS) is founded in Chamonix
Sport
Delegates from 14 countries founded FIS in Chamonix on 2 February 1924, during the inaugural Winter Olympic Games, replacing the earlier CIS. It oversees Olympic skiing disciplines and sets international competition rules.
One individual ski jumping event was held on Monday 4 February 1924. Thorleif Haug of Norway was given the bronze, but in 1974 Jacob Vaage found a clerical mistake in his score that put Anders Haugen of the United States third.
Antonio Gramsci founded L'Unita on 12 February 1924 as the Italian Communist Party's official paper, billing it as the 'newspaper of workers and peasants'.
Christopher Robin's teddy bear debuts in Milne's poem 'Teddy Bear'
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
A bear named Edward, who later became Winnie-the-Pooh, first showed up in the poem 'Teddy Bear' by A. A. Milne, printed in Punch on 13 February 1924. Milne had bought a stuffed bear at Harrods for his son Christopher Robin, and that toy inspired the character.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924 for the character; its inception date there is 1924-11-06, the date of the book When We Were Very Young. The first poem is dated 13 February 1924 in the text.
Die Nibelungen is a two-part German silent fantasy by the Austrian-born director Fritz Lang, in two parts, Siegfried and Kriemhild's Revenge. Siegfried was released on 14 February 1924 and the second part on 26 April.
Notes
Part 1 (Siegfried) was released 14 February 1924 and part 2 (Kriemhild's Revenge) on 26 April 1924, per the infobox.
The Reichsbanner was founded on 22 February 1924 in Weimar Germany to defend parliamentary democracy against extremists on the left and right. Otto Horsing, a Social Democratic leader, was prominent in bringing the republican groups together.
Notes
The day 22 February 1924 is in the infobox and the body, and German Wikipedia agrees; French Wikipedia gives 24 February. The infobox's dissolution date of 18 February 1933 was the last general assembly; the lead says it was banned in March 1933.
Hitler and further leaders of the unsuccessful coup of 9 November 1923 stood trial from 26 February to 1 April 1924, at the Infantry School in Bavaria.
Emmerich Kalman's three-act operetta Countess Maritza first played at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna. Julius Brammer and Alfred Grunwald wrote the German libretto. Anton Paulik conducted the premiere cast.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1 January 1924 as a creation date.
Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, died on 3 February 1924 in Washington, D.C. He served from 1913 to 1921, led the country through the First World War and was a leading architect of the League of Nations.
George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
Rhapsody in Blue premiered at Aeolian Hall in New York City on 12 February 1924. Bandleader Paul Whiteman commissioned the work for piano and jazz band, with Gershwin at the piano.
Lee Marvin was born on 19 February 1924 and died on 29 August 1987. An American actor with a bass voice and white hair, he often played hardboiled tough guys.
D. W. Griffith directed and produced America, a silent historical war romance set during the American Revolutionary War. It is also known as Love and Sacrifice.
The early Soviet hyperinflation lasted seven years, from November 1917, and effectively ended in March 1924 when the 'gold ruble' became the standard currency. On 7 March 1924 new rubles replaced old ones at 50,000 to 1.
Agatha Christie's Poirot Investigates is published
Art & literature
The Bodley Head first published the collection in the UK in March 1924. It holds eleven stories in which Hercule Poirot solves mysteries involving greed, jealousy and revenge.
Mauritz Stiller's film The Saga of Gosta Berling is released
Stage, music & film
Mauritz Stiller co-wrote and directed the Swedish romantic drama The Saga of Gosta Berling, released by Svensk Filmindustri. Lars Hanson and Gerda Lundequist also star.
The French painter Fernand Cormon, born in Paris, died on 20 March 1924. He studied under Cabanel, Fromentin and Portaels and was one of France's leading historical painters of his time.
The French artillery general Robert Nivelle died in Paris on 22 March 1924. In May 1916 he took over the French Second Army at Verdun from Petain, and his counter-attacks drove the Germans back late that year.
A law of 24 March 1924 formally established the Order of the Three Stars, Latvia's highest civilian award for meritorious service. It recalls the founding of the Latvian state.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 March 1924; the article cites the Law on the Order of 24 March 1924.
Greece's parliament proclaimed the fall of the monarchy on 25 March 1924. The republic's first official name was Hellenic State, and parliament changed it to Hellenic Republic on 24 May.
On 26 March 1924 Saint Joan opened in the West End, at the New Theatre, with Sybil Thorndike playing Joan. The play had first been staged in New York on 28 December 1923.
Notes
The Wikidata date is the year 1924; the London opening is the 1924 happening, and the play first opened in New York in December 1923.
Compagnie Francaise des Petroles, today's TotalEnergies, is founded
Economy & trade
The company that became TotalEnergies was founded on 28 March 1924 as Compagnie Francaise des Petroles, at Poincare's urging. It arose after the First World War, as oil was judged essential for any fresh war with Germany.
The Anglo-Irish composer and conductor Sir Charles Villiers Stanford died at his London home on 29 March 1924, after a stroke on 17 March. Born in Dublin, he studied at Cambridge, then in Leipzig and Berlin.
Imperial Airways was founded on 31 March 1924 and headquartered at Croydon. It was an early long-distance British airline whose routes served the British Empire, reaching Africa, India, Australia and Asia's far east.
Lovecraft's story The Rats in the Walls is first published
Art & literature
H. P. Lovecraft's short story first appeared in Weird Tales in March 1924, after he wrote it in August and September 1923. Its narrator, Delapore, moves to his family's ancestral estate of Exham Priory in England.
· Nixon, New Jersey, United States · North America
An explosion and fire destroy the Nixon Nitration Works in New Jersey
Disasters
An explosion destroyed a building at Nixon, New Jersey, at about 11:15 a.m. on 1 March 1924, and fire spread to wreck several square miles of factories.
An elite tournament at the Alamac Hotel, organised by the Manhattan Chess Club, began on 16 March 1924. World champion Capablanca played, as did his predecessor Emanuel Lasker, along with nine other leading players.
Notes
The lead gives the dates as 16 March to 18 April 1924; Wikidata gives an end date of 19 April.
The Thief of Bagdad, an American silent fantasy adventure, was released on 18 March 1924. Raoul Walsh directed, and Douglas Fairbanks starred and also produced. It follows a thief in love with the Caliph's daughter.
In 1924 Ogden Mills Reid of the Tribune acquired the New York Herald, and the combined paper, the New York Herald Tribune, ran from 1924 to 1966. The Herald had been founded by James Gordon Bennett Sr.
Notes
The day-level date, 19 March 1924, comes from the infobox.
J. P. Morgan Jr. made the library a public institution in 1924, following his father's will. Completed in 1906, it began as banker J. P. Morgan's private library on Madison Avenue in Manhattan.
Kobo Abe was born in the Kita district of Tokyo on 7 March 1924 and spent his childhood in Mukden, today's Shenyang, in Manchuria. He wrote the 1962 novel The Woman in the Dunes.
The Ottoman Caliphate is abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly
Politics & diplomacy
On 3 March 1924 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ended the Ottoman Caliphate by decree, as part of Ataturk's programme of reforms. Abdul Mejid II, the last Ottoman caliph, was deposed.
Notes
The source gives 3 March 1924 alongside Rumi 1340 and A.H. 1342. Wikidata gives 1924.
Turkey's Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) is founded
Religion & philosophy
The Presidency of Religious Affairs, or Diyanet, a Turkish state institution, was established in 1924, with 3 March 1924 as its formation date. It is based in Cankaya, Ankara.
Notes
Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
Finance Minister Wladyslaw Grabski reintroduced the zloty in April 1924, replacing the Polish marka. The currency began circulating that year and started to stabilise in 1926, chiefly thanks to heavy coal exports.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-01-11 (inception 1924-01-01); the text gives April 1924 for the reintroduction.
Finland held parliamentary elections on 1 and 2 April 1924, after President Stahlberg dissolved Parliament in January and called early elections. The Social Democrats stayed largest with 60 of 200 seats.
The Danish botanist Eugen Warming died in Copenhagen on 2 April 1924. He was a pioneering figure in ecology, and his 1895 book Plantesamfund is often seen as the first plant ecology textbook.
Italy voted for the Chamber of Deputies on 6 April 1924, two years after Mussolini's March on Rome. Mussolini's National List used intimidation and won a landslide with a two-thirds majority.
A referendum on keeping Greece a republic was held on 13 April 1924, after the disastrous end of the Asia Minor Campaign. King Constantine I had been forced to abdicate on 27 September 1922 in favour of George II.
AEK Athens, whose full name means Athletic Union of Constantinople, was founded on 13 April 1924. Its colours are yellow and black, and its emblem is a double-headed eagle.
In 1924 the firm was set up in Madrid as Compania Telefonica Nacional de Espana, with ITT among its major shareholders. It grew into a major phone and mobile network operator.
The novelist Marie Corelli, pen name of Mary Mackay, died on 21 April 1924. She made her name with her 1886 debut novel A Romance of Two Worlds, and her books dealt with Christianity, reincarnation, astral projection and mysticism.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1924-04-24; the infobox and lead give 21 April 1924.
Newcastle United and Aston Villa meet in the 1924 FA Cup final
Sport
The final of the 1923-24 FA Cup was played on 26 April 1924, with Newcastle United and Aston Villa contesting it. It was only the second final held at Wembley's Empire Stadium.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Louis Sullivan dies
Lives
The American architect Louis Sullivan died in a Chicago hotel room on 14 April 1924. A member of the Chicago School who mentored Frank Lloyd Wright, he has been called a father of the skyscraper and of modernism.
· Culver City, California, United States · North America
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer is founded
Stage, music & film
Marcus Loew formed MGM on 17 April 1924 by merging three firms: Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures and the Louis B. Mayer company. Loew's Incorporated completed the merger of its theatre chain with the three studios that day.
· Cochise County, Arizona, United States · North America
Chiricahua National Monument is created
Earth & geology
President Calvin Coolidge established Chiricahua National Monument in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona on 18 April 1924, under the Antiquities Act. It was made to protect the area's hoodoos and balancing rocks.
Harold Lloyd and Jobyna Ralston star in Girl Shy, a 1924 silent romantic comedy directed by Fred C. Newmeyer and Sam Taylor. Lloyd plays a tailor's apprentice in Little Bend, California.
· Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Eleonora Duse dies
Lives
The Italian actress Eleonora Duse died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 21 April 1924. Many rated her the greatest actress of her time, and she starred in plays by Gabriele D'Annunzio and Henrik Ibsen.
Buster Keaton directed and starred in Sherlock Jr., an American silent comedy. Filming started in Los Angeles in January 1924, when it was called The Misfit.
Notes
The infobox gives 21 April 1924; Wikidata also lists 17 April and 11 May 1924.
· Worcester, Massachusetts, United States · North America
G. Stanley Hall dies
Lives
The American psychologist and educator G. Stanley Hall died in Worcester, Massachusetts, on 24 April 1924. He was the first president of both the American Psychological Association and Clark University.
The Turkish Constitution of 1924 replaces the Ottoman constitution of 1876
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 20 April 1924 a wholly new document took the place of both the 1876 and 1921 constitutions. The 1876 constitution, written by Young Ottomans such as Midhat Pasha, had operated in 1876-1878 and again from 1908 to 1922.
Notes
Wikidata gives 24 May 1924; the text gives 20 April 1924, the day the 1924 constitution was ratified and replaced the 1876 and 1921 constitutions. Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
Northern Rhodesia becomes a UK protectorate under a governor
Politics & diplomacy
On 1 April 1924 Herbert Stanley became governor of Northern Rhodesia, making it an official UK protectorate. Before that the British South Africa Company, a chartered company, ran it for the British government.
· Chinsali, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) · Africa
Kenneth Kaunda is born
Lives
Kenneth Kaunda arrived at Lubwa Mission on 28 April 1924, the youngest of eight children. He was prominent in the drive to free his country from British rule.
Morris Garages registers the MG Octagon as a trademark
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Morris Garages, a sales and service centre in Oxford, registered the MG Octagon as a trademark on 1 May 1924. MG cars grew out of a sales sideline there, in which manager Cecil Kimber reworked standard Morris Oxfords and badged them MG Super Sports.
Notes
An Oxford newspaper already mentioned MG with the octagon badge in November 1923, and the lead dates the marque only to the 1920s (another passage says the marque dates from 1924), so the stored day is the trademark registration, not the first use of the name. Wikidata gives 1924 for the marque.
The Games of the VIII Olympiad were held in Paris, which beat Amsterdam, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Prague and Rome to host them. Some competitions began on 4 May, and the opening ceremony came on 5 July 1924.
Notes
The opening ceremony was on 5 July 1924, though some competitions began on 4 May; the Games closed on 27 July.
On 4 May 1924 Germany elected the Weimar Republic's second Reichstag, after the crises of 1923, notably the occupation of the Ruhr and the hyperinflation. Radical parties at both ends of the spectrum gained.
Edith Nesbit, who wrote as E. Nesbit, died on 4 May 1924 aboard 'Long Boat', probably of lung cancer. She wrote or co-wrote more than 60 books for children and others.
Real Union beat Real Madrid in the 1924 Copa del Rey final
Sport
Real Union beat Real Madrid 1-0 in the 24th Copa del Rey final, played on 4 May 1924 at the Atotxa Stadium in San Sebastian. Jose Echeveste scored the only goal.
The Bulgarian political leader and philosopher Dimitar Blagoev died in Sofia on 7 May 1924. He founded socialism in Bulgaria and the Balkans' first social-democratic party, and led the Narrow Socialists after the 1903 split.
Lithuania and the powers of the Conference of Ambassadors signed the convention in Paris on 8 May 1924. It concerned the Memel territory, also called the Klaipeda Region.
The 12th Giro d'Italia began in Milan on 10 May 1924 and ended there on 1 June, with Giuseppe Enrici the winner. A strike shrank the start list, so independent riders without team support were allowed to enter.
France held legislative elections in two rounds, on 11 and 25 May 1924. The left-wing alliance of Radicals and Socialists, the Cartel des Gauches, won and governed until July 1926.
· Glumilino, near Ufa, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
The first aircraft hangar near Ufa is completed
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Builders completed the first aircraft shed by Glumilino village, near Ufa, on 11 May 1924. Ufa International Airport is now the main airport serving Ufa, Bashkortostan.
Notes
The article's history section opens with this hangar, so it is treated here as the start of the airport.
The French diplomat and politician Paul d'Estournelles de Constant died on 15 May 1924. He championed international arbitration and won the 1909 Nobel Peace Prize.
Estadio Chamartin was inaugurated on 17 May 1924, and Real Madrid won the opening match 3-2. It was Real Madrid's ground until the Santiago Bernabeu opened in 1947.
Charles Aznavour was born Shahnur Vaghinak Aznavourian on 22 May 1924 and died on 1 October 2018. He was a singer-songwriter, actor and diplomat of French and Armenian background.
The Thirteenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party opens in Moscow
Politics & diplomacy
The congress met in Moscow from 23 to 31 May 1924, with 748 voting delegates, and chose the party's 13th Central Committee. It was the party's first congress since Lenin's death on 21 January 1924.
The sixth Olympic football tournament was held in Paris, with 22 countries from four confederations taking part. Uruguay went undefeated to win gold on their first appearance, after Britain and Denmark withdrew over amateur status.
The Russian-Soviet avant-garde painter and designer Lyubov Popova died in Moscow on 25 May 1924, two days after her son, from whom she caught scarlet fever. From 1923 she designed fabrics for a state textile printing factory.
On 25 May 1924 the Tunavallen stadium was inaugurated in the presence of Gustaf VI Adolf and Louise Mountbatten. Work on building it was already underway by 1922.
Rayo Vallecano is founded as Agrupacion Deportiva El Rayo
Sport
The club, first named Agrupacion Deportiva El Rayo, was founded on 29 May 1924. Its home is Madrid's Puente de Vallecas district, and it is known for its working-class identity.
The Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act) is signed
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Johnson-Reed Act shut out immigrants from Asia and set quotas for people from other nations, capping yearly quota immigration from outside the Western Hemisphere at 165,000. It also authorised the U.S. Border Patrol.
Notes
English Wikipedia's text and infobox give 24 May 1924 as the signing day, but French and Spanish Wikipedia say the act was promulgated on 26 May 1924 (the English infobox lists 26 May as the effective date), so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1924. Congress passed it on 15 May 1924.
Craters of the Moon National Monument is established in Idaho
Exploration
The monument in central Idaho, in the Snake River Plain between Arco and Carey, was established on 2 May 1924. A 1924 National Geographic article by Stearns helped publicise the area.
Victor Raul Haya de la Torre founds APRA in Mexico City
Politics & diplomacy
Victor Raul Haya de la Torre founded APRA, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, in Mexico City on 7 May 1924. He hoped to create a network of anti-imperialist movements across Latin America.
Notes
The party is now called the Peruvian Aprista Party; the place is Mexico City, where it was founded.
The 12th 500-mile race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was held on Friday 30 May 1924. L. L. Corum started the #15 car and Joe Boyer relieved him, driving it to victory.
Japan voted on 10 May 1924 in a general election that gave no party a majority of seats. Kenseikai, Rikken Seiyukai and the Kakushin Club then formed a coalition government under Kato Takaaki.
Assyrian Levies carried out a massacre against Muslim people in Kirkuk on 4 May 1924. It followed a series of attacks on Assyrians after they settled in Iraq.
Notes
The infobox lists Iraqi Turkmen as the target group.
Cumhuriyet ('Republic'), founded on 7 May 1924, is Turkey's oldest quality daily newspaper.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1924. Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
The French mining engineer, geologist and archaeologist Jacques de Morgan died in June 1924. He directed antiquities for Egypt's government from 1892 to 1897 and excavated at Memphis and Dahshur.
Notes
English and Spanish Wikipedia give 14 June 1924, but Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia give 12 June 1924, so only the month is stored. The place of death, Marseille, is from the German and French articles.
Line 2 of the Madrid Metro opened its first section, from Sol to Ventas, in June 1924. Extended several times since, it now crosses the city centre between Las Rosas and Cuatro Caminos.
Notes
The English article says 11 June 1924, but Spanish Wikipedia, French Wikipedia and Wikidata (date of official opening) give 14 June 1924 for the first section, so only the month is stored. The English and Spanish articles also disagree on the date of the first extension from Sol (27 December v 21 October 1925).
Franz Kafka, a German-language Jewish writer from Prague, died on 3 June 1924 in Klosterneuburg, Austria. His writing often shows isolated heroes caught in surreal situations and baffling bureaucracies.
E. M. Forster's novel A Passage to India appeared in 1924, with a release date of 4 June. Its story unfolds amid British rule in India and the independence movement.
Schoenberg's monodrama Erwartung is first performed in Prague
Stage, music & film
Schoenberg's one-act monodrama Erwartung was first performed at the New German Theatre in Prague on 6 June 1924. Alexander Zemlinsky conducted, with Marie Gutheil-Schoder as the soprano.
The second Le Mans 24 Hours was run over 14 and 15 June 1924. Between tougher target distances and hot weather, just 12 of the 41 starters lasted the full 24 hours.
The 18th Tour de France ran from 22 June to 20 July 1924 over 5,425 km, and 60 of the original 157 riders finished. Ottavio Bottecchia won, becoming the first Italian to win the race.
The 44th Wimbledon Championships ran on outdoor grass courts from 23 June until 5 July 1924. This edition brought in a draw that used a seeding list, based on nationality.
The Hungarian National Bank, Hungary's central bank, was established in Budapest on 24 June 1924. It succeeded the Austro-Hungarian Bank and was set up under a League of Nations stabilisation loan.
The Aventine Secession begins in Italy's Chamber of Deputies
Politics & diplomacy
Most opposition deputies walked out of the Chamber of Deputies to protest against Mussolini's government after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti. From 27 June 1924 they refused to take part until constitutional legality and democratic freedoms returned.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-06-26; the English article's lead and body and Italian Wikipedia all give 27 June 1924.
The American Heart Association was founded on 10 June 1924, with a group of cardiologists including Paul Dudley White involved in setting it up. It is now a US nonprofit that funds cardiovascular research.
Harms, Inc. published Vincent Youmans's song Tea for Two, with lyrics by Irving Caesar, on 10 June 1924. Phyllis Cleveland and John Barker had introduced it in May.
Notes
Introduced on stage in May 1924 and published as sheet music on 10 June 1924.
· Milton, Massachusetts, United States · North America
George H. W. Bush is born
Lives
George Herbert Walker Bush was born on 12 June 1924 in Milton, Massachusetts, and grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. He served as vice president under Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989 and as the 41st US president from 1989 to 1993.
· Montclair, New Jersey, United States · North America
Frank Bunker Gilbreth dies
Lives
The American engineer and author Frank Bunker Gilbreth died of a heart attack on 14 June 1924 in Montclair, New Jersey. He promoted scientific management early on and pioneered time and motion study.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Sidney Lumet is born
Lives
Sidney Lumet was born on 25 June 1924 and died on 9 April 2011. He worked in theatre before turning to television in 1950, and directed films from 1957 onwards.
The L service began on 30 June 1924, when part of the later 14th Street-Canarsie Line opened as the 14th Street-Eastern District Line. It is a rapid transit service in the subway's B Division.
The British mountaineer Andrew 'Sandy' Irvine died on 8 or 9 June 1924, during the third British attempt on Everest. He and George Mallory vanished high on the Northeast Ridge, last seen below the summit.
Notes
Sources give 8 or 9 June 1924, so only the month is stored.
A joint Mongolian-Soviet bank, the Trade and Industry Bank of Mongolia, opened on 2 June 1924 with its head office in Urga and one branch in Altanbulag. It is the forerunner of the Bank of Mongolia.
The Church of All Nations in Jerusalem is consecrated
Religion & philosophy
The Church of All Nations on the Mount of Olives, next to the Garden of Gethsemane, was consecrated in June 1924. Work on the current basilica had run since 19 April 1922.
South Africa held general elections for the House of Assembly on 17 June 1924. Rising discontent with Jan Smuts's government led to its defeat, and the National Party and the Labour Party formed a coalition that took over.
Notes
Wikidata gives 19 June 1924; the article's infobox and lead give 17 June.
The Dassler brothers' shoe business begins in Herzogenaurach
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The business began in July 1924 in Herzogenaurach as Gebruder Dassler Schuhfabrik. That month Rudolf, an older brother, joined, and it became the Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory; it took the name Adidas on 18 August 1949.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1949-08-18, the date of the name Adidas; the July 1924 date is for the Dassler Brothers business.
The Red Front Fighters' League was a far-left paramilitary group allied with the Communist Party of Germany. The party's ninth national conference in April 1924 decided to create it, and it was active from July 1924 until it was banned in 1929.
The first unofficial Chess Olympiad is held in Paris
Sport
A team chess tournament was held alongside the Paris Olympics from 12 to 20 July 1924 at the Hotel Majestic, with fifty-four players from 18 countries. The French Chess Federation organised it.
Eleven swimming events, six for men and five for women, ran from 13 to 20 July 1924. The 169 swimmers came from 23 countries, and the American team under Bill Bachrach took 9 of the 11 gold medals.
The English economist Alfred Marshall died at Cambridge on 13 July 1924. His 1890 book Principles of Economics combined supply and demand, marginal utility and production costs into one coherent whole.
The Catalan playwright and poet Angel Guimera died in Barcelona on 18 July 1924. He is seen as a leading figure of the Renaixenca movement and was buried at Montjuic Cemetery.
FIDE, the International Chess Federation, is founded in Paris
Sport
FIDE was founded in Paris on 20 July 1924 by participants of a chess tournament staged during the Paris Olympic Games. It began as a kind of players' union.
On 27 July 1924 the Italian composer, pianist, conductor and teacher Ferruccio Busoni died, in Berlin. The official cause was heart failure, though inflamed kidneys and overwork contributed.
Notes
The English article places the 1925 Doktor Faust premiere in Berlin, but German Wikipedia gives Dresden.
Caesar Cardini is credited with creating the Caesar salad in Tijuana
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The Caesar salad is usually credited to the restaurateur Caesar Cardini, who is said to have made it at his restaurant Caesar's in Tijuana, Mexico, on 4 July 1924. Other accounts give the credit to his brother Alex, to members of his staff or to the cook Livio Santini.
Notes
Authorship is disputed: the article also names Alex Cardini, kitchen staff and Livio Santini (via his son Aldo); the lead gives 4 July 1924.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Isabella Stewart Gardner dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The American art collector and philanthropist Isabella Stewart Gardner died, aged 84, on 17 July 1924 in her rooms on the fourth floor of the Boston museum she had established. Her friends included John Singer Sargent and James McNeill Whistler.
Notes
Wikidata gives 14 July 1924; the article lead, infobox and body give 17 July.
On 5 July 1924 tenentist rebels rose up in Sao Paulo, aiming to topple President Artur Bernardes. From the city the revolt spread into the state's interior.
Notes
The infobox gives 5-28 July 1924 for fighting in the capital and July-September 1924 for the countryside.
· Napalpi, Chaco Province, Argentina · South America
The Napalpi massacre of Indigenous people in Argentina
War & conflict
Argentine police and ranchers massacred about 400 Indigenous Toba and Mocovi people at Napalpi, in Chaco Province, on 19 July 1924. A tax on the cotton crop that year had caused discontent and a strike.
Kawasaki became an independent city on 1 July 1924, created by merging the city of Daishi, formerly Daishigawara, with the village of Miyuki. Only Yokohama has more people in Kanagawa Prefecture today.
Prince Matsukata Masayoshi died in Mita, Tokyo, on 2 July 1924. He held Japan's premiership twice and was finance minister for most of the two decades from 1881 to 1901.
The Barzanji revolts were a series of Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi authorities under British control. British forces sent Assyrian Levies, who captured Sulaymaniyah in July 1924 and so defeated Barzanji.
Notes
The infobox lists the revolts as May-June 1919, November 1922 to July 1924, and 1930.
The fourth UCI Road World Championships were held in Versailles on Saturday 2 August 1924, in a single race for amateur cyclists. A track world championship ran in the same period at the Parc des Princes in Paris.
The Polish-British novelist Joseph Conrad died on 3 August 1924 at Bishopsbourne, Kent. He was born Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski in Berdychiv in 1857, and many of his stories have nautical settings.
Lyon hosted the race on 3 August 1924, which doubled as that season's European Grand Prix. Giuseppe Campari won for Alfa Romeo over 35 laps of a shortened circuit, 810.09 km in all.
The 1924 race launched the Tour of the Basque Country. It ran from 7 to 10 August 1924, starting and finishing in Bilbao, and Francis Pelissier won it.
A royal decree of 8 August 1924 turned Trieste's Superior School in Commerce into a university, following Trieste's annexation to Italy. It is now a public research university in Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
The jamboree ran from 9 to 17 August 1924 at Ermelunden, hosted by Denmark. Rear-Admiral Carl Carstensen opened it on 10 August as the personal envoy of King Christian X.
Jean-Francois Lyotard was born in Versailles on 10 August 1924. He worked as a philosopher, sociologist and literary theorist in France and died on 21 April 1998.
Roma Porta San Paolo station and the Rome-Lido railway are inaugurated
Architecture
The station and the Rome-Lido line were inaugurated on 10 August 1924. A special ride for the opening carried Prime Minister Mussolini, and Porta San Paolo is the line's terminal station in Rome.
The Magliana station, now EUR Magliana, opens in Rome
Architecture
Under the name Magliana, the station began service on the Roma-Lido line on 10 August 1924. It now serves Metro line B and the Roma-Lido railway in Rome's EUR district.
The German philosopher and educationalist Paul Natorp died in Marburg on 17 August 1924. He co-founded the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism and was an authority on Plato.
Agatha Christie's The Man in the Brown Suit is published
Art & literature
The Bodley Head first published Agatha Christie's mystery novel in the UK on 22 August 1924, with Dodd, Mead and Company bringing out the US edition later that year. The novel introduces Colonel Race.
The August Uprising against Soviet rule begins in Georgia
War & conflict
The August Uprising was a failed rebellion against Soviet rule in Georgia, aiming to restore the country's independence. A committee of anti-Soviet parties led it, with the Menshevik Social Democrats at its head.
Notes
Infobox dates 28 August to 5 September 1924; Wikidata gives the same.
On 30 August 1924 the Reichsmark became Germany's legal currency, at the same value as the Rentenmark. The Rentenmark had appeared on 15 November 1923 to end hyperinflation, after the Papiermark became almost worthless.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-08-29; the English and German articles give 30 August 1924 for the Reichsmark becoming legal tender. The English article says the Reichsmark replaced the Rentenmark in 1924, but German Wikipedia says it was introduced in addition to the Rentenmark and calls 'replaced' a common error, so the wording avoids 'replaces'.
The Lord Mayor of London formally opened Selhurst Park, in Selhurst, Croydon, on 30 August 1924. Archibald Leitch designed the ground, where Crystal Palace play their home games.
Harold Gray's daily comic strip Little Orphan Annie first ran in the New York Daily News on 5 August 1924. The title was borrowed from an 1885 poem by James Whitcomb Riley, 'Little Orphant Annie'.
· Forest Hills, New York City, United States · North America
The 1924 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament begins
Sport
The 44th staging of the championships, now the US Open, was played on outdoor grass courts at Forest Hills, New York. The women's event ran from 11 to 16 August and the men's from 25 August to 2 September.
John Ford directed The Iron Horse, an American silent epic Western made by Fox Film. Fox hastily planned it to answer Paramount's success with The Covered Wagon.
Notes
The infobox gives a release date of 28 August 1924; the body gives a Los Angeles opening at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on 24 August 1924. Wikidata also lists several 1925-26 dates.
Junior de Barranquilla is founded as Juventud Infantil
Sport
Younger members of Juventud and young men from San Roque created the club on 7 August 1924, under the name Juventud Infantil. It is now a professional football team in Barranquilla.
Students of San Marcos University in Lima founded the club on 7 August 1924, calling it Federacion Universitaria. Best known for football, it has played in Peru's top division since 1928.
The Canton Merchants' Volunteer Corps fought the National Revolutionary Army in Guangzhou, in what is also called the Burning of Canton. The government won decisively.
Notes
The infobox gives August to October 1924; the lead says late 1924.
A partial solar eclipse occurred on Saturday 30 August 1924, with a magnitude of 0.4245. It was seen in part from Greenland, the Russian SFSR and Northeast Asia.
Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, a son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, was born on 1 August 1924 by the usual account. He was Crown Prince from 1982 and ruled as king and prime minister from 2005 until he died in 2015.
Notes
The 1 August 1924 birth date is the usual account; the article adds that some sources say it is wrong and that he was about eight years older.
Isbank was founded on 26 August 1924 on Ataturk's orders, following a decision of the Izmir Economy Congress, to help rebuild Turkey's postwar economy.
Notes
The English article says the bank was founded at the First Economy Congress in Izmir, but German and Turkish Wikipedia say it was founded in line with that congress's decisions. Wikidata gives only the year 1924. Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
Hejaz's kingdom and the Third Saudi State fought a war that Hejaz lost. Hashemite rule collapsed and Hejaz was incorporated into the Third Saudi State.
Notes
The infobox gives 29 August 1924 to 23 December 1925; Wikidata gives 1924-09. The lead says August 1924 to December 1925.
Tonga beat Fiji in its first test, played in Nuku'alofa in August 1924. Tonga's rugby union had been formed late in 1923.
Notes
The English infobox gives 25 August 1924 for the first game, but Wikidata and French Wikipedia's infobox give 15 August 1924, so only the month is stored.
Fiji played its first international, against Western Samoa, in Apia on 18 August 1924. Fiji now represents the country in men's international rugby union.
Notes
Wikidata gives 15 August 1924; the article gives 18 August 1924.
· Sremski Karlovci, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes · Europe
General Wrangel founds the Russian All-Military Union
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
General Pyotr Wrangel founded the White movement organisation in 1924, first headquartered at Sremski Karlovci in Yugoslavia, then called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Notes
The lead gives 1 September 1924 and the infobox gives 21 September 1924; the month is certain from both, so it is recorded at month level.
The Reichstag approved the Dawes Plan on 29 August 1924 and it started on 1 September. It set a staggered timetable for German reparations, arranged a big loan to steady German money and ended the occupation of the Ruhr.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924; Reichstag passed the plan on 29 August 1924.
A peasant revolt broke out in and around Tatarbunary in Bessarabia from 15 to 18 September 1924. A pro-Soviet revolutionary committee led it, and Romanian authorities put it down.
The British idealist philosopher Francis Herbert Bradley died at Oxford on 18 September 1924. His chief work, Appearance and Reality, came out in 1893.
Sweden held general elections from 19 to 21 September 1924. The Social Democrats stayed the largest party with 104 of 230 Second Chamber seats, and Hjalmar Branting formed a new government.
King Victor Emmanuel III inaugurated the Autostrada dei Laghi on 21 September 1924. It now forms part of the Autostrada A8 and A9, and the A8 links Milan with Varese and Lake Maggiore.
Notes
The English article calls it the first motorway built in the world, but German Wikipedia says Berlin's AVUS was the first road in the world without level crossings and calls this the first completed motorway in Europe open to all against a toll. German Wikipedia confirms the opening on 21 September 1924.
The Soviet science fiction film Aelita is released
Stage, music & film
Yakov Protazanov directed Aelita: Queen of Mars, a Soviet silent science fiction film made by the Mezhrabpom-Rus studio from Alexei Tolstoy's 1923 novel. An engineer travels to Mars in a rocket ship.
· Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic · North America
The last US forces leave the Dominican Republic
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
US forces withdrew on 18 September 1924 and passed policing to the Dominican National Guard. Horacio Vasquez, an American ally, had won the March presidential election and took office as president on 12 July.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-12-27, the date of the customs treaty; the withdrawal of US forces was on 18 September 1924. The English infobox puts the return of Dominican self-government on 12 July 1924 and French Wikipedia ends the occupation in July 1924, so 18 September is stored as the day the last forces left.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
A pneumonic plague outbreak begins in Los Angeles
Medicine & epidemics
A pneumonic plague outbreak began in Los Angeles on 28 September 1924, with the first cases in the Macy Street District. It was declared fully contained on 13 November 1924.
The war ran from 3 September to 12 October 1924 in Warlord-era China, when the Zhili clique fought the remnants of the Anhui clique. The Anhui forces were defeated.
The first flight of Tajik civil aviation goes from Bukhara to Dushanbe
Technology
What became Tajik Air began on 3 September 1924, when a Junkers F.13 aircraft flew from Bukhara to Dushanbe. It began the development of civil aviation in Tajikistan.
The war pitted the Japanese-backed Fengtian clique of Manchuria against the Zhili clique that held Beijing. One large battle was fought near Tianjin in October 1924.
Gandhi performs the opening ceremony of the Hindustan Times
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Mahatma Gandhi performed the opening ceremony of the Hindustan Times on 26 September 1924. Sunder Singh Lyallpuri founded the English-language daily in Delhi.
Notes
The 26 September 1924 date is for the opening ceremony performed by Gandhi.
Goll and Breton publish rival Surrealist Manifestos
Art & literature
Yvan Goll and Andre Breton each published a Manifeste du surrealisme in October 1924. Goll's appeared on 1 October, in the first issue of his review Surrealisme.
Notes
Goll's manifesto is dated 1 October 1924; the day of Breton's is not used here.
In October 1924 a region named North Caucasus Krai was set up, with Rostov-on-Don as its first centre. Today's Stavropol Krai, a federal subject of Russia with Stavropol as its capital and largest city, grew out of it.
Notes
English Wikipedia's text and infobox give 17 October 1924, but Russian Wikipedia's article on the North Caucasus Krai gives 16 October 1924, so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1924-02-13. The first administrative centre, Rostov-on-Don, is from the Russian article.
The Autodrome de Montlhery was established on 4 October 1924, southwest of the small town of Montlhery, south of Paris. Its oval track was designed by Raymond Jamin, whom Alexandre Lamblin had hired for the job.
Notes
The designer is Raymond Jamin in the English infobox and in French and Italian Wikipedia; the body of the English article calls him Rene Jamin.
Paul Leni directed Waxworks, a German silent film made up of linked stories, in which a writer played by William Dieterle invents tales about a waxworks' exhibits. Emil Jannings plays the Caliph of Baghdad.
Notes
The infobox lists the Austrian release on 6 October 1924 and the Berlin release on 13 November 1924.
The Russian poet, translator, critic and historian Valery Bryusov died in Moscow on 9 October 1924. He was one of the principal figures of Russian Symbolism.
The French poet, journalist and novelist Anatole France died on 12 October 1924 at Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, near Tours. He belonged to the Academie Francaise and had won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1921.
Antonio Ascari of Italy won the motor race at Monza on 19 October 1924, with Alfa Romeos taking the first four places. The English driver Louis Zborowski died when his Mercedes rolled over twice after he lost control.
The Daily Mail publishes the forged Zinoviev letter
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Four days before the general election of 29 October 1924, the Daily Mail published a forged letter posing as Comintern chief Grigory Zinoviev's order to British Communists to stir up sedition. The right-wing press used it against Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government.
Notes
Date worked out from the lead: four days before the election held on 29 October 1924. Wikidata gives 1924.
Luigi Pelloux, an Italian general and politician from Savoy, died at Bordighera on 26 October 1924. He headed the Italian government from 29 June 1898 until 24 June 1900.
Burnt Oak station opened on 27 October 1924 as Burnt Oak (for Watling). Stanley Heaps designed it, and today it is a stop on the Northern line, along the Edgware branch.
The United Kingdom holds its 1924 general election
Politics & diplomacy
The election was held on Wednesday 29 October 1924, after Ramsay MacDonald's Labour minority government lost a no-confidence vote. Stanley Baldwin's Conservatives won a large majority, while Labour lost seats and the Liberals lost most of theirs.
James Earl Carter Jr. was born on 1 October 1924 in Plains, Georgia. He was governor of Georgia between 1971 and 1975, then the 39th US president, in office from 1977 to 1981.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Soldier Field stadium is dedicated in Chicago
Sport
Soldier Field, a multi-purpose stadium on Chicago's Near South Side, was officially dedicated on 9 October 1924. The Chicago Bears have played there since 1971, and Chicago Fire FC since 2020.
Buster Keaton directed and starred in The Navigator, an American comedy co-directed by Donald Crisp. In it a rich man, Rollo Treadway, books a honeymoon cruise to Honolulu after deciding to propose.
Notes
The infobox gives 13 October 1924; Wikidata also lists 28 September and 2 November 1924.
The storm formed on 14 October 1924 and dissipated on 23 October. It made landfall on Cuba at Category 5 strength, as Hurricane Irma later did in 2017.
Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Three Garridebs is first published
Art & literature
Collier's in the United States first published the Sherlock Holmes story on 25 October 1924. The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom printed it in January 1925.
· Plandome Manor, New York, United States · North America
Frances Hodgson Burnett dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The English-American novelist and playwright Frances Hodgson Burnett died on 29 October 1924. She is best known for Little Lord Fauntleroy, A Little Princess and The Secret Garden.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1924-10-20; the infobox and lead give 29 October 1924.
Colombian football's first governing body is founded in Barranquilla
SportSome details uncertain
On 12 October 1924 the first body to govern football in Colombia, the Liga de Football del Atlantico, was set up in Barranquilla. The national government formally recognised it by a resolution in 1927.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924 for the national team; the source dates the first governing body to 12 October 1924.
The oblast was set up on 14 October 1924 inside the Russian SFSR, carved from the mostly Kyrgyz part of the Turkestan ASSR. It was renamed on 15 May 1925.
Feng Yuxiang's troops seized key government buildings and roads in Beijing early on 23 October 1924, targeting Cao Kun, China's president and head of the Zhili warlord faction. The coup helped the Fengtian clique defeat the Zhili clique.
Daikin was founded on 25 October 1924, with Akira Yamada listed as its founder. It is a Japanese multinational based in Osaka whose core products are heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment.
The Uzbek SSR was created on 27 October 1924 when Central Asian borders were redrawn along ethnic lines. The Turkestan ASSR, Bukharan People's Soviet Republic and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic were abolished.
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is dissolved
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Turkestan ASSR, an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR with Tashkent as capital, existed from 1918 to 1924. It ended on 27 October as Central Asia's national delimitation process got under way.
Notes
The infobox gives the end as 27 October without a year in that field; the year 1924 comes from the lead and the infobox year fields.
The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic ends in the 1924 border redrawing
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
After regional borders were redrawn in 1924, the Bukharan republic's land was shared out: most of it went to the Uzbek SSR, the rest partly to the Turkmen SSR. It had governed the former Emirate of Bukhara after the Russian Revolution.
Notes
The infobox gives 27 October as the end date, with 1924 as the end year; Wikidata gives 19 September 1924.
The Iriomote submarine volcano, north of Iriomote Island, erupted on 31 October 1924, measuring 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Sailors aboard the Miyako Maru, a ship of the Osaka Shosen line (today part of Mitsui O.S.K. Lines), were the first to see it.
Notes
English Wikipedia names the Miyako Maru's owner as Mitsui O.S.K. Lines; Japanese Wikipedia names Osaka Shosen, which merged with Mitsui Senpaku in 1964 to form the modern company.
The Turkish sociologist, writer, poet and politician Ziya Gokalp died in Istanbul on 25 October 1924. He is considered the father of Turkish nationalism and Ataturk's chief ideologist.
Notes
Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
· Friedrichshafen, Germany to Lakehurst, New Jersey
The airship USS Los Angeles is flown from Germany to the United States
TechnologySome details uncertain
The rigid airship ZR-3, built by the Zeppelin company as war reparations, was delivered to the US Navy in October 1924. The delivery flight to Lakehurst, New Jersey, ran from 12 to 15 October.
Notes
The infobox gives construction from July 1922 and launch in August 1924; the delivery dates come from an image caption in the article.
Thomas Mann's novel was published in November 1924. Its hero, Hans Castorp, is a young engineer staying at a high-altitude sanatorium before 1914, where he meets figures who confront him with politics, philosophy, romance, illness and death.
The French composer, organist, pianist and teacher Gabriel Faure died on 4 November 1924. His best-known works include the Pavane, the Requiem and the song Clair de lune.
Richard Strauss's opera Intermezzo premieres in Dresden
Stage, music & film
Strauss's comic opera Intermezzo, with a German libretto he wrote himself, was first performed at the Semperoper in Dresden on 4 November 1924. Fritz Busch conducted and Lotte Lehmann sang Christine.
Janacek's opera The Cunning Little Vixen premieres in Brno
Stage, music & film
The first staging of Janacek's three-act Czech opera took place at the National Theatre Brno on 6 November 1924, with Frantisek Neumann conducting. He had finished it in 1923.
· Sahovici, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Tomasevo, Montenegro) · Europe
The Sahovici massacre of Muslim villagers in Montenegro
War & conflict
On 9 and 10 November 1924 a mob of some 2,000 Orthodox Christians from Kolasin and Bijelo Polje attacked the Muslims of Sahovici and neighbouring villages. They were seeking revenge for the killing of Bosko Boskovic, the area's governor.
Notes
Wikidata gives 10 November 1924, the second day of the attack.
Station EAJ-1 Radio Barcelona began regular broadcasts at 18:30 on 14 November 1924, under the government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera. Cadena SER, the Spanish broadcasting network, was established in 1924.
Benoit Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw on 20 November 1924. He was a mathematician and polymath who became French and American, and died on 14 October 2010.
Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Illustrious Client is first published
Art & literature
Collier's in the United States first published the Sherlock Holmes story in November 1924. The Strand Magazine ran it in the UK in February and March 1925.
Notes
Wikidata gives 8 November 1924; the article text says November 1924.
On 1 November 1924 Cuba voted in general elections. Gerardo Machado won the presidency for the Liberal-Popular Coalition, which also took 31 of the 53 seats in the House of Representatives.
The United States holds its 1924 presidential election
Politics & diplomacy
Voters chose a president on 4 November 1924. The Republican ticket of Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes won, defeating the Democrats Davis and Bryan and the Progressives La Follette and Wheeler.
The Senate elections were held on 4 November 1924, the same day Calvin Coolidge won a full presidential term. Voters filled the 32 seats of Class 2 in regular elections.
The first game is played at Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin
SportSome details uncertain
The first game at the stadium, first named War Memorial Stadium, was played on 8 November 1924 on the Austin campus of the University of Texas. It has been home to the Texas Longhorns football team since 1924.
Nippert Stadium was dedicated on 8 November 1924. The finished ground took the name James Gamble Nippert Memorial Stadium and held 12,000 people.
Notes
The English infobox gives a dedication on 27 September 1924, but the English timeline and German Wikipedia (text and infobox) give 8 November 1924, so 8 November is stored.
The film He Who Gets Slapped premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
Victor Sjostrom directed He Who Gets Slapped, an American silent psychological thriller based on a Russian play. Lon Chaney, Norma Shearer and John Gilbert star.
Notes
The date stored is the New York premiere, 9 November 1924 (English infobox; silentera.com; Wikidata's entry for New York City, referenced to IMDb). General release in the United States followed on 22 December 1924 (silentera.com; Wikidata), since the studio held the film back for the Christmas season. silentera.com gives the copyright date as 10 November 1924.
Eugene O'Neill's play Desire Under the Elms premieres
Stage, music & film
Eugene O'Neill's play Desire Under the Elms was first staged in New York by the Provincetown Players, with Walter Huston as Ephraim Cabot. It sets a Greek-tragedy plot in rural New England.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
The Legion of Honor museum opens in San Francisco
Art & literature
The museum in Lincoln Park, on the West Side of San Francisco, opened on Armistice Day, 11 November 1924, as a memorial to Californian soldiers who died in the war.
Florence Harding, America's First Lady from 1921 until President Warren G. Harding died in 1923, herself died on 21 November 1924. After their 1891 marriage she and Harding ran the newspaper The Marion Star.
The Puerto Rican diocese is renamed after the island and capital swap names
Religion & philosophy
The diocese took a new name on 21 November 1924, following a switch of names between the island and its capital. The archdiocese covers the northeast part of Puerto Rico.
Notes
The infobox gives 1511 as the first founding; this event is the 1924 renaming only.
Church law created the See of Ponce on 21 November 1924. Its territory is the southern portion of Puerto Rico, and it answers to the San Juan de Puerto Rico metropolitan province as a suffragan.
The see of Michoacan is renamed the Archdiocese of Morelia
Religion & philosophy
On 22 November 1924 the archdiocese was renamed for its see city, Morelia. It was first erected in 1536 as the Diocese of Michoacan, and its cathedra is the Cathedral of the Transfiguration.
Notes
The infobox gives 11 August 1536 as the original founding; this event is the 1924 renaming.
The Montreal Forum opened on 29 November 1924, an idea conceived in 1923 by Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Montreal Maroons of the NHL called it home until 1938, and the Montreal Canadiens arrived in 1926.
Ernst Lubitsch's film Forbidden Paradise is released in the US
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Ernst Lubitsch directed Forbidden Paradise, an American silent drama that Famous Players-Lasky made and Paramount Pictures distributed. It was based on Edward Sheldon's 1922 Broadway play The Czarina.
The party was founded on 19 November 1924, and Ivan Mezhlauk took office as first secretary that day. It ruled the Turkmen SSR as a republican branch of the Soviet Communist Party until it was dissolved on 16 December 1991.
The Mongolian People's Republic is proclaimed under a new constitution
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
A new constitution in 1924 created the Mongolian People's Republic, which lasted until 1992, and the capital became Ulaanbaatar. The Bogd Khan's death that year ended the search for any new incarnation, which was forbidden.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-11-26; the infobox lists 26 November as the start date, with the 1924 Constitution.
Sheikh Khaz'al of the Emirate of Muhammara led an Arab uprising from 1922 to 1924, resisting Reza Khan's centralising efforts. The rebellion was suppressed.
Notes
The infobox gives July 1922 to November 1924; the month recorded here is the end.
Suleyman Demirel, a Turkish politician, engineer and statesman, was born on 1 November 1924. He was president of Turkey from 1993 to 2000.
Notes
Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion. He was born in the village of Islamkoy in Atabey (Isparta Province); the infobox gives Atabey.
The Progressive Republican Party is founded in Turkey
Politics & diplomacy
Senior figures of the independence war, including Kazim Karabekir, Ali Fuat, Refet, Rauf and Adnan, set up the party on 17 November 1924. It was active only between 1924 and 1925.
Notes
Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so the date needs no conversion.
On 1 December 1924 the Comintern, using the Communist Party of Estonia, staged a coup attempt, with gunmen moving at 5:00 a.m. Government forces won; 125 of 279 actively participating rebels were killed and over 500 people were arrested.
Rene Clair's Dada short film Entr'acte premieres in Paris
Stage, music & film
Rene Clair's French silent Dada short Entr'acte premiered at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees on 4 December 1924. It was shown as prologue and interval piece for the Ballets Suedois production Relache.
On 7 December 1924 Germany elected the third Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. The far-left and far-right parties lost significantly, and the moderate Social Democratic Party gained most.
The Russian-born Marxist theorist and journalist Alexander Parvus died at his Schwanenwerder home on 12 December 1924, of a heart attack. Around 1905 he worked with Leon Trotsky on the theory of permanent revolution.
Respighi's Pines of Rome premiered in Rome on 14 December 1924. He had finished the tone poem that summer, after conceiving and restarting it over several years.
Spain's long era of confiscating Church and town property comes to an end
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Spain's state seizure and sale of property held by the Church, religious orders and towns, begun with the Confiscation of Godoy in 1798, came to an end on 16 December 1924. A Municipal Statute that year, promoted by Jose Calvo Sotelo, repealed the confiscation laws.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1924 as the end date; the English, Spanish and French articles all give 16 December 1924 as the day the process ended.
F. W. Murnau's silent film The Last Laugh is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Last Laugh, a German silent film directed by F. W. Murnau, follows a hotel doorman who loses his job. Carl Mayer wrote it, and Emil Jannings and Maly Delschaft star.
Notes
The infobox gives 23 December 1924 in Germany; Wikidata also lists 5 January 1925. One passage says the film uses no intertitles, but the article's fuller account says it has a single title card, introducing the epilogue.
The stadium was built in 1924 for 16,800 spectators and opened on 25 December 1924. It is now mostly a football ground that also stages concerts, with room for 16,500.
Notes
The English infobox gives 24 December 1924, but Spanish Wikipedia (twice) and German Wikipedia both give 25 December 1924, with the opening match against FC Martinenc, so 25 December is stored.
On 27 December 1924 the Russian painter and stage designer Leon Bakst died, in a clinic at Rueil-Malmaison, near Paris. He designed sets and costumes for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, including Carnaval and Spectre de la rose.
The Swiss poet Carl Spitteler died at Lucerne on 29 December 1924. He had won the 1919 Nobel Prize for Literature, with his epic Olympian Spring cited.
Line 3, the oldest line in the Barcelona metro network, opened in 1924 as the Gran Metro de Barcelona. It first joined Placa Lesseps with Placa Catalunya.
Notes
French Wikipedia gives 30 December 1924 for the inauguration of the first section, matching Wikidata and the station opening dates in the English article. The English text also ties the opening to a '1927 World Fair', a link that could not be confirmed.
The Bucharest club that became FC Petrolul Ploiesti is founded
SportSome details uncertain
A club named Juventus was formed in Bucharest in 1924 from a merger that included the club Triumf. It moved to Ploiesti and has been called Petrolul Ploiesti since 1957.
Notes
The infobox gives 31 December 1924, as FC Juventus Bucuresti.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
John Backus is born
Lives
John Backus was born on 3 December 1924 and died on 17 March 2007. He led the team that built FORTRAN and invented Backus-Naur form, a notation for describing syntax.
Greed is an American silent psychological drama that Erich von Stroheim wrote and directed from Frank Norris's 1899 novel McTeague. It was a critical and financial failure on release.
On 4 December 1924 the Venezuelan officer and politician Cipriano Castro died, in Santurce, Puerto Rico. He had been president from 1899 to 1908 and lived in exile after the coup of 19 December 1908.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 5 December 1924; the article gives 4 December.
Henry King directed the American silent drama Romola, shot on location in Italy and adapted from George Eliot's 1863 novel. Its cast includes Lillian and Dorothy Gish, William Powell and Ronald Colman.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
The Cecil Hotel opens in Los Angeles
Architecture
The Cecil Hotel opened on 20 December 1924, built that year by three hoteliers including William Banks Hanner. It later declined through the Great Depression and the decades after, and was renamed Stay On Main in 2011.
Paramount released the American silent fantasy Peter Pan in 1924, the first film version of J. M. Barrie's 1904 play. In it Wendy loves Peter romantically, but he thinks of her only as a mother.
· Bombay, British India (now Mumbai, India) · Asia
The Gateway of India in Mumbai opens to the public
Architecture
The Viceroy, the Marquess of Reading, opened the Gateway of India to the public on 4 December 1924. The arch monument on the Mumbai waterfront marks the landing of George V, the first British monarch to visit India.
Raj Kapoor, born Shrishti Nath Kapoor, entered the world on 14 December 1924 at Kapoor Haveli in Peshawar. He became an Indian actor and filmmaker in Hindi cinema.
· Phnom Penh, French Indochina (now Cambodia) · Asia
The National Library of Cambodia is inaugurated in Phnom Penh
Art & literature
The French colonial administration inaugurated the library in Phnom Penh on 24 December 1924. It was the first project built by the French architect Louis Chauchon.
Forces of Ibn Saud of Nejd captured Mecca on 5 December 1924. The city belonged to the Kingdom of Hejaz under King Hussein bin Ali, whose lands Saudi forces were conquering.
Events we can place in 1924 but not in a particular month.
Europe 58
· Landsberg, Germany · Europe
Adolf Hitler begins writing Mein Kampf in Landsberg Prison
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Hitler began the book while jailed in Landsberg Prison after his failed Munich coup of November 1923. A trial for high treason in February 1924 had ended in a five-year sentence of fortress confinement.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924. The book was published in 1925 (infobox release 18 July 1925).
Melville's Billy Budd is first published in London
Art & literature
Herman Melville's novella Billy Budd was first published in 1924 in London, as Billy Budd, Foretopman, Volume XIII of his collected works. Melville left it unfinished when he died in 1891.
The first Deaflympics, then called the International Games for the Deaf or International Silent Games, were held in Paris in 1924. 148 athletes from nine European nations took part.
Friedrich Waismann and Herbert Feigl, both pupils of Moritz Schlick, proposed regular evening gatherings in 1924, and sessions at Vienna's Institute of Mathematics began with the winter term. The Circle of logical empiricism met until 1936.
The Irish Free State football team makes its international debut at the Olympics
SportSome details uncertain
The Irish Free State team made its international debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and reached the quarter-finals. Until 1924 one Belfast-run association had represented all of Ireland.
Alexander Oparin proposes a theory of the origin of life
Science
In 1924 the Soviet biochemist Alexander Oparin set out, in a small Russian-language pamphlet titled The Origin of Life, how carbon, hydrogen, water vapour and ammonia on the young Earth could have reacted to form the first organic compounds.
Gerrit Rietveld builds the Rietveld Schroder House in Utrecht
Architecture
Gerrit Rietveld built this De Stijl house in Utrecht in 1924 for Truus Schroder-Schrader, who lived there with her three children. She had asked for a home that, if possible, had no walls.
Hugo Boss started a workwear factory in 1924, with Albert and Theodor Braeuchle joining as shareholders. The firm is now a German designer fashion company based in Metzingen.
The IRB, a secret oath-bound organisation seeking an independent democratic republic in Ireland, was active between 1858 and 1924. It lay low through the Civil War and re-emerged in late 1923 as a faction in the National Army backing Richard Mulcahy.
Notes
Recorded at year level, from the infobox and lead.
The Einstein Tower observatory in Potsdam begins operating
ScienceSome details uncertain
The Einstein Tower, an astrophysics observatory in Potsdam designed by Erich Mendelsohn, became operational in 1924. It houses a solar telescope designed by Erwin Finlay-Freundlich.
Notes
The lead says the tower was built in 1924; the history section says it was built from 1919 to 1921 and became operational in 1924.
The Unione Radiofonica Italiana, predecessor of RAI, is formed
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI) was formed in 1924 with backing from the Marconi Company. A royal decree of 14 October 1924 commissioned it to provide broadcasting for at least six years.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924; the infobox gives RAI itself as founded in 1949 in Turin.
Canoeing is shown as a demonstration sport at the Paris Olympics
Sport
Canoeing featured only as a demonstration at the 1924 Paris Games, after the host French committee asked the Canadian Olympic Committee to stage it. Races pitted the Canadian Canoe Association against the Washington Canoe Club of the United States.
Fritz Hoger designed the Chilehaus, a ten-storey office building in Hamburg's Kontorhaus District, finished in 1924. It is an example of 1920s Brick Expressionism.
Notes
The infobox gives construction from 1921 to 1924; the body says 1922 to 1924.
Geola Beverages of Dietenhofen first made the drink in 1924 under the name Sekt-Bronte. Club-Mate is a fizzy, caffeinated drink made from mate extract.
The IFA, formerly the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin, began in 1924 and was an annual event until 1939. It is one of Germany's oldest industrial exhibitions.
The Scandinavian Monetary Union is formally dissolved
Economy & trade
Denmark and Sweden created the union on 5 May 1873 and Norway joined in 1875. It set up a common gold-based currency unit, the krone or krona. It broke up gradually from the start of World War One and was formally dissolved in 1924.
Arnold Schweitzer takes over a company and renames it Caran d'Ache
Economy & trade
In 1924 the company passed to Arnold Schweitzer, who gave it the name of Caran d'Ache, the pseudonym of the satirical cartoonist Emmanuel Poire. The Swiss firm makes art materials and writing instruments.
Notes
The company itself was established in 1915; Wikidata's 1924 refers to the takeover and renaming.
The first 24 Hours of Francorchamps race is held at Spa-Francorchamps
SportSome details uncertain
The first running of the 24 Hours of Francorchamps took place in 1924, near Spa in Wallonia, Belgium. The first car race on the circuit had been held in 1922.
Notes
The infobox says the circuit opened in August 1921; the 1924 event is the first 24 Hours of Francorchamps.
· Krasnodar Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
The Caucasian Bison Reserve is created
Earth & geology
The Caucasian Bison Reserve was created in 1924 in the mountainous Northwest Caucasus. It is now the Caucasus Nature Reserve, a strict ecological reserve.
Notes
Wikidata gives 12 May 1924; the article's infobox and lead give the year only.
Eugen Beyer founds the audio company Beyerdynamic in Berlin
Economy & trade
Eugen Beyer started the firm in Berlin in 1924, trading first as Elektrotechnische Fabrik Eugen Beyer. Its first products were loudspeakers for film palaces.
The logician Jan Lukasiewicz invented Polish notation in 1924. Operators are placed before or after their operands, so no parentheses are needed.
Notes
The article is about reverse Polish (postfix) notation; it dates only Lukasiewicz's Polish notation to 1924, and the reverse scheme was proposed again in 1954.
The Arditi del Popolo anti-fascist group is dismantled
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Arditi del Popolo, an Italian anti-fascist militant group founded in June 1921, was completely dismantled by 1924. Fascists killed or detained most of its leaders.
Notes
The infobox gives the active period as 17 June 1921 to 1924; the end is recorded at year level.
The Kukryniksy caricaturists begin working under a joint signature
Art & literature
In 1924 three Soviet caricaturists, M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov and N. Sokolov, began drawing together under the joint signature Kukryniksy. They had met in the early 1920s at VKhUTEMAS, an art school in Moscow.
Josef Fischer Sr., a cartwright, founded the company in 1924 in Ried im Innkreis, northeast of Salzburg. It makes winter sports equipment such as skis, boots and bindings.
Albrecht Schnizler produced his first hand drill in 1923, working at the family bakery. He sold 50,000 copies, and a year later Schnizler GmbH was founded; it is now Metabowerke GmbH of Nurtingen.
Notes
The infobox gives 1924; the article text places the company one year after 1923.
Hemingway's story Indian Camp is first published in Paris
Art & literature
Ernest Hemingway's short story first appeared in 1924 in Ford Madox Ford's magazine The Transatlantic Review in Paris. Boni and Liveright republished it in the collection In Our Time in 1925.
Sicily's first airport, at Catania, dates from 1924. It lies southwest of Catania, Sicily's second largest city, and is named after the Catania-born opera composer Vincenzo Bellini.
Notes
Wikidata gives May 1924; the source text supports the year only.
Demolition of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Warsaw begins
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral stood in Saxon Square in Warsaw, finished in 1912 when the city was part of the Russian Empire. It was demolished between 1924 and 1926, alongside nearly all of the city's other Orthodox churches.
The first Coppa Acerbo motor race is held at Pescara
Sport
The inaugural Coppa Acerbo took place in 1924, and Enzo Ferrari won it in an Alfa Romeo. It was named after Tito Acerbo, brother of the fascist politician Giacomo Acerbo.
In 1924 the engineer Pietro Loro Piana set up Loro Piana & C. Beginning as a dealer in fine fabrics such as cashmere, vicuna, linen and merino, it has grown into an Italian luxury brand based in Milan.
Basque pelota is shown as a demonstration sport at the Paris Olympics
Sport
At the Paris Games of 1924, Basque pelota was shown as a demonstration sport, the second time the sport had appeared at the Olympics. It had been an official Olympic sport in Paris in 1900.
Vaasan Palloseura, known as VPS, is a Finnish football club based in Vaasa, founded in 1924. It plays in Veikkausliiga, the top tier of Finnish football.
The championships were held in Davos, Switzerland, with elite senior skaters from European ISU member nations competing in men's singles. Fritz Kachler won the men's title.
· Taganrog, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
The Birthplace of Anton Chekhov museum is established in Taganrog
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The house in Taganrog where Anton Chekhov was born now operates as a museum devoted to the writer, established in 1924. The Taganrog City Council had acquired the house and grounds in 1916.
Production of the Czechoslovak vz. 24 rifle begins
TechnologySome details uncertain
Czechoslovakia designed and built the vz. 24, a bolt-action carbine, with production running from 1924 to 1942. Brno began developing it in 1923, based on the German Karabiner 98AZ.
The Ukrainska Besida Theatre in Lviv comes to an end
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The Ukrainska Besida Theatre in Lviv ran from 1864 to 1924. Its first show was staged in the Narodnyi dim building, and until 1916 it went by the name Ruska Besida Theatre.
Notes
The lead gives the operating years 1864 to 1924; the end is recorded at year level.
The Northern Ireland government is granted a coat of arms
Politics & diplomacy
In 1924 the executive committee of the Northern Ireland Privy Council received the arms by grant. Ulster King of Arms Nevile Wilkinson had drawn up the design at Dublin Castle in 1923.
The Nordic Football Championship was a competition between the men's national teams of the Nordic countries. Its first tournament ran from 1924 to 1928, with only Denmark, Norway and Sweden taking part.
The ground that became Wladyslaw Krol Municipal Stadium opens in Lodz
SportSome details uncertain
The ground in Lodz has staged football matches since 1924. It is now a football stadium with 18,029 seats, also known as the LKS Lodz Municipal Stadium.
Notes
The infobox lists opening as 1924 and 2022 (rebuilt stadium); only the 1924 ground is recorded.
Drammen's Marienlyst pitch dates from 1924. Drafn, Skiold and Drammens BK used it as their home, and Stromsgodset Toppfotball has played there since 1967.
· Skopje, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now North Macedonia) · Europe
The national museum in Skopje is established
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The national museum in Skopje, one of North Macedonia's oldest museums, was established in 1924. It stands in the Old Bazaar of Skopje, near the Skopje Fortress.
Notes
The 1924 date is that of the archaeological museum, the oldest of the three museums merged into the national museum, and is treated as its establishing date.
The Lithuanian National Olympic Committee is founded
Sport
The Lithuanian National Olympic Committee was set up and gained recognition in 1924. Its first team of athletes went to the Paris Games that same year.
The first Circuit Franco-Belge cycling race is held
SportSome details uncertain
The Circuit Franco-Belge is a yearly single-day cycling race run across Belgium and France, usually in early October. The first edition dates from 1924.
The UK monthly Motor Sport, which covers motor racing, dates from 1924, when Radclyffe's, Technical Publishers, of London published it. It began as the Brooklands Gazette.
The French Canon de 130 mm Modele 1924 naval gun is designed
TechnologySome details uncertain
Designed in 1924, France's Canon de 130 mm Modele 1924 naval gun was of medium calibre. It used a Welin breech block, and its barrel was built up and autofretted.
Marlboro cigarettes were launched in 1924, although the name had been registered in the US in 1908. They were first marketed towards women, with the brand shifting towards men in the 1950s.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924. No cigarette was sold under the name until 1923.
The NHL decided in 1924 to expand into the United States. Promoter Thomas Duggan had obtained options on three US franchises, selling one to the Boston grocer Charles Adams.
Yevgeny Zamyatin's dystopian novel We, written in 1920-1921, first appeared in English in 1924, in Gregory Zilboorg's translation published in New York by E. P. Dutton. Its hero, D-503, rebels against a totalitarian state of conformity.
This was the nineteenth year of the competition now called the Davis Cup, with teams again split into America and Europe Zones. The United States again beat Australia in the challenge round, played at Philadelphia on 11-13 September.
Notes
The final took place at Philadelphia's Germantown Cricket Club on 11-13 September. Wikidata gives 12 May to 13 September for the whole event.
The Curtis Institute, a private conservatory in Philadelphia, was founded in 1924. The city's orchestra dated from 1900 and its opera company from 1908.
· Watertown, Massachusetts, United States · North America
The Stanley Motor Carriage Company ends
Economy & trade
The Stanley Motor Carriage Company of Watertown, Massachusetts, made steam cars, commonly called Stanley Steamers, from 1902 to 1924. It went defunct after failing to keep up with improving petrol engine cars.
The Milky Way chocolate bar goes on sale across the United States
Economy & trade
Frank Mars created the Milky Way in 1923, and the bar went on sale across the United States in 1924. Mars Inc. makes the original American bar from nougat and caramel.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924; the article says it was created in 1923 and introduced nationally in 1924.
The Immigration Act of 1924 ends the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
Politics & diplomacy
The Gentlemen's Agreement was an informal 1907 deal under which Japan would stop more labourers from emigrating to the US. The Immigration Act of 1924 nullified it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 26 May 1924; the article text names the Immigration Act of 1924 without a day.
The Montreal Maroons competed in the National Hockey League between 1924 and 1938. In July 1924 construction began on the Montreal Forum, home rink for the Maroons and the Canadiens.
The American Radiator Building is completed in New York
Architecture
The American Radiator Building, built as headquarters of the American Radiator Company, was completed in 1924. Raymond Hood and Andre Fouilhoux designed the early skyscraper, and construction had begun in 1923.
Communists, socialists, union members and other activists started the Daily Worker in 1924. The leftist paper was printed in Chicago at first, then in New York.
· Murfreesboro, Arkansas, United States · North America
The Uncle Sam diamond is found in Arkansas
Earth & geology
Wesley Oley Basham found the Uncle Sam diamond in 1924 at the Prairie Creek pipe mine near Murfreesboro, Arkansas. The mine later became Crater of Diamonds State Park.
· Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States · North America
The Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation is formed
Economy & trade
Siebert bought the remaining company assets in 1924 and formed the Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation. The firm now makes power tools, hand tools and safety equipment.
D. W. Griffith's film Isn't Life Wonderful is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
D. W. Griffith directed the American silent romantic drama Isn't Life Wonderful, distributed by United Artists. It was adapted from a short story in Geoffrey Moss's 1923 book Defeat.
Notes
The release day is disputed, so only the year is stored. The English infobox gives 23 November 1924 (silentera.com says Balio's United Artists history also gives 23 November); French Wikipedia gives 24 November; silentera.com says the film's trade-press references (Film Year Book 1926) and the AFI Catalog give 1 December 1924. silentera.com also records a premiere at New York's Town Hall on 4 December 1924, followed by a general New York opening at the Rivoli on 5 December. Wikidata gives 1924.
The International Auxiliary Language Association is founded
Everyday life
The American organisation IALA dates from 1924. It aimed to promote study and discussion of an international auxiliary language, and supported research and experiment to hasten the creation of such a language.
Columbia Records launched the label in 1924 as Columbia Masterworks Records. It became CBS Masterworks in 1980, and Sony acquired the CBS Records Group in 1988.
William Albert Noyes launches the journal Chemical Reviews
Science
William Albert Noyes established Chemical Reviews in 1924. The American Chemical Society publishes it twice a month, with review articles covering all aspects of chemistry.
The Coluna Prestes was a Brazilian political-military movement of the Tenentism current, operating between 1924 and 1927. It came out of discontent with President Artur Bernardes and the oligarchic First Republic.
Notes
The lead says 1924 to 1927; the infobox gives 1925 to 1927 for the column's date range.
The Copa Premier Honor Uruguayo reaches its final edition
SportSome details uncertain
The Copa Premier Honor Uruguayo was a friendly football competition between Uruguay and Argentina. Thirteen editions took place from 1911 to 1924, every one in Montevideo.
This was the second expedition seeking the first ascent of Mount Everest, after 1922. Edward Norton set a world altitude record in two summit attempts, and George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared on the third.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924, with 1924-02-01 and 1924-06-01 as start and end.
Sun Yat-sen gives his lectures on the Three Principles of the People
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
In 1924 Sun Yat-sen delivered lectures that were then issued in book form as The Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy and people's welfare. They were his last major work; he died in March 1925.
The Kuomintang set up the academy in 1924 on Dane's Island at Huangpu, Guangzhou, under superintendent Chiang Kai-shek, to build a modern, politically reliable armed force.
Notes
The English infobox gives 1 May 1924 and its text says May 1924, but Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia date the official opening and founding ceremony to 16 June 1924, so only the year is stored.
The Kuomintang forms the National Revolutionary Army
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Kuomintang formed the National Revolutionary Army in 1924 as its military arm, growing out of the Cantonese forces that backed Sun Yat-sen and the KMT. Soviet help turned it into a tool to unify China during the Warlord Era.
Notes
The infobox starts the army on 16 June 1924, but the body links that day only to the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy and says just that the army was formed in 1924, so the date is stored at year level.
The Soviet ruble replaces the Transcaucasian ruble
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Transcaucasian ruble had served as money for two Transcaucasian states, one democratic and one Soviet. From 1924 the Soviet ruble became the official currency of the Transcaucasian SFSR.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-01-01 as end date; the infobox gives withdrawal in 1924.
Sun Yat-sen sets up National Kwangtung University in Canton
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In 1924 Sun Yat-sen set up National Kwangtung University in Canton. It is now a public university in Guangzhou named after him.
Notes
The English infobox gives 5 June 1924, but the article text says only 1924 and Chinese Wikipedia gives other 1924 dates (an order on 6 February, a ceremony on 21 June, formal founding on 12 November) and no 5 June, so only the year is stored.
PL Kyodan, a Japanese new religious movement, dates from 1924. Its founder, who lived from 1871 to 1938, was a priest of the Obaku Zen sect, and it is headquartered in Tondabayashi, Osaka Prefecture.
The Tjililitan airfield, now Halim Perdanakusuma airport, was built around 1924 in what was then the Dutch East Indies. It serves Jakarta from East Jakarta near the Bekasi border.
Notes
The infobox gives 1924 as the opening year; the body says the airfield was built around 1924.
Eiichiro Tomiyama established the Tomiyama Toy Manufacturing Company in 1924. It grew known for toys such as a B-29 friction toy and the game Pop-up Pirate, and merged with Takara in 2006.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924; its inception date there is 1924-02-02.
The Choson Folk Art Museum, predecessor of the National Folk Museum of Korea, opened in 1924, while Japan was occupying Korea. The National Folk Museum now stands on the grounds of Gyeongbokgung in Seoul.
The Fourth Aliyah brought Jewish immigrants, mainly from Europe, to Mandatory Palestine between 1924 and 1928. The character and make-up of the immigration changed from about 1924.
The Assyrians of Hakkari rebelled against the new Turkish Republic in 1924, and the revolt was over by the end of September.
Notes
Sources disagree on the dates: English Wikipedia gives July to 28 September 1924, French Wikipedia 12 to 28 September 1924 (after an earlier clash on 3-4 September), and Turkish Wikipedia 7 August to 26 September 1924, so only the year is stored. Turkey numbered days and months by the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1917 (only the Rumi year count continued, until 1926), so no conversion is needed.
In 1924 Herzliya started out as a moshava, a semi-cooperative agricultural village, mixing new Jewish immigrants to Palestine with long-time residents. Its name honours Theodor Herzl, who founded modern Zionism.
Bnei Brak lists 1924 as its year of founding. It lies on the central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, and is a centre of Haredi Judaism.
Studies at the Technion began in 1924, twelve years after its cornerstone was laid in 1912. A technical institute had first been proposed at the Fifth Zionist Congress in 1901.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924; the Technion itself was established in 1912, so this event is the start of studies.
From 1922 to 1924 irregular Najdi tribesmen, the Ikhwan, attacked the Emirate of Transjordan. They posed the gravest danger to Emir Abdullah I's hold on Transjordan.
Notes
Recorded at year level, from the infobox date range 1922-1924.
Father Alexis Mallon briefly investigates Shuqba Cave
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1924 Father Alexis Mallon briefly investigated Shuqba Cave in Wadi Natuf, near Shuqba in the West Bank. He recommended that the Jerusalem-based British School of Archaeology take over the excavation.
· Sultanate of Nejd (now Saudi Arabia) · Middle East
A National Council, forerunner of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council, is set up
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Saudi Arabia's Consultative Assembly, or Shura Council, is the country's formal advisory body. Its origins are traced to a National Council set up in 1924 in the Sultanate of Nejd, though accounts differ on when the first assembly was founded.
Notes
The English lead says it began in 1924 as the National Council and its infobox says 20 December 1924, but the body and French Wikipedia say the first Majlis ash-Shura was founded on 13 January 1926, and Wikidata gives 7 July 1927. Stored at year level.
The Taung Child fossil skull is found in South Africa
ScienceSome details uncertain
Quarry workers at the Buxton Limeworks at Taung showed a fossil skull of a young Australopithecus africanus to a visiting company director in 1924. Raymond Dart described it as a new species in Nature in 1925.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1924-11-28; the text dates the find only to 1924. Dart's paper appeared on 7 February 1925.
Algiers airport is created as Maison Blanche Airport
Architecture
The airport serving Algiers was created in 1924 and called Maison Blanche Airport. It is now Houari Boumediene International Airport, named after a former president of Algeria.
XXXX Bitter beer and Mr Fourex are launched in Brisbane
Economy & trade
Castlemaine Perkins launched XXXX Bitter in 1924, together with a cartoon character called Mr Fourex. The brewery is in Milton, Brisbane, and the beer is especially popular in Queensland.
The Commonwealth Solar Observatory at Mount Stromlo is established
Science
The Commonwealth Solar Observatory was set up in 1924 in the west of Canberra. It belongs to the Australian National University, which it joined in a formal amalgamation in 1957.
Banach and Tarski publish their paradoxical decomposition paper
Science
A 1924 paper by Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski constructed the paradoxical decomposition. The theorem says a solid ball can be cut into finitely many pieces and rebuilt as two identical balls.
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