At 11:58 on 1 September 1923 a great earthquake struck the Kanto Plain, and fires fanned by a typhoon's winds destroyed much of Tokyo and Yokohama, leaving an estimated 105,000 to 140,000 dead. In the weeks after, soldiers, police and vigilantes killed thousands of people, most of them Koreans. Germany's money collapsed: by November one US dollar was worth about 4.2 trillion marks, and the new Rentenmark was brought in to stop the slide. That same month Adolf Hitler's attempt to seize power in Munich failed. Turkey made peace at Lausanne in July and became a republic in October, after Greece and Turkey had agreed to swap their Orthodox and Muslim populations. In Florida a mob destroyed the Black town of Rosewood, and nobody was arrested. And in October two brothers, Walt and Roy Disney, set up a cartoon studio in Los Angeles.
This page lists all 499 events in our records for 1923: 321 dated to the day, 121 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1923
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
DisastersWidely known
Great Kanto earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama
· Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan · Asia
A megathrust earthquake of magnitude about 8 struck the Kanto Plain at 11:58 on Saturday, 1 September 1923. Fires fanned by a nearby typhoon caused most of the destruction, an estimated 105,000 to 140,000 deaths and about 2.5 million homeless.
Why it is interesting. Fires fanned by a typhoon's winds caused most of the destruction in Tokyo and Yokohama.
Notes and dating details
NOAA UTC date 1923-09-01 02:58; local date 1 September (11:58 JST). The lead gives an approximate magnitude of 8.0; NOAA gives 7.9 and the infobox 7.9-8.2. NOAA lists 105,385 deaths.
On 8 and 9 November 1923 Adolf Hitler and General Erich Ludendorff tried to seize power in Munich. A march of about 2,000 Nazis met a police cordon, and Nazi marchers, four police officers and a bystander were killed.
Why it is interesting. The failed coup put Hitler in front-page news around the world and brought him national attention for the first time.
Notes and dating details
The article gives 15 Nazi dead in its lead but 16 in its body, so the Nazi death toll is left out of the summary. Wikidata gives 9 November; the article describes events from the evening of 8 November.
Turkey and the Allied powers signed a peace treaty at Lausanne on 24 July 1923, replacing the Treaty of Sevres that Turkish nationalists had refused to accept. Talks there had opened in November 1922.
Why it is interesting. A declaration attached to the treaty gave legal immunity for acts committed between 1914 and 1922.
Notes and dating details
Treaty took effect 6 August 1924; Turkey ratified 23 August 1923.
Briton Hadden and Henry Luce launched Time in New York City, with the first issue dated 3 March 1923. The cover pictured Joseph G. Cannon, a former House Speaker who had by then retired.
Why it is interesting. The magazine came out every week for almost a century, switching to every two weeks only in 2020.
From 11 January 1923, French and Belgian troops held Germany's Ruhr region after Germany defaulted on reparations. Civilians answered with passive resistance that largely shut down the local economy, and about 137 of them died.
Why it is interesting. Paying idle workers meant printing money, which fed hyperinflation across Germany.
Notes and dating details
Troops entered between 11 and 16 January 1923; occupation lasted until 25 August 1925.
Weimar Germany issued the Rentenmark on 15 November 1923 to halt hyperinflation. The old Papiermark had lost almost all its value, and the government balanced its budget by January 1924.
Why it is interesting. The Rentenmark replaced a Papiermark that had become almost worthless.
Notes and dating details
Lead gives issue on 15 November 1923. The body gives 15 October 1923 for the founding of the Rentenbank and dates the first banknotes 1 November 1923.
Greece and Turkey sign a population exchange convention
· Lausanne, Switzerland · Europe
On 30 January 1923 Greece and Turkey signed a convention at Lausanne to exchange their Greek Orthodox and Muslim populations. Hundreds of thousands of people on both sides were uprooted.
Why it is interesting. The Greek village of Kayakoy (Livisi) in south-western Anatolia was emptied during the exchange and stands today as a ghost town.
Notes and dating details
Greece and Turkey put their names to the convention in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923; German and Greek Wikipedia give the same day, and a signing in Switzerland needs no calendar conversion. The lead puts the displaced Greek Orthodox Christians at about 1,221,489 and the Muslims leaving Greece at 355,000 to 400,000, but the body gives other counts (about 190,000 Greeks under the formal exchange; 1,221,849 refugees in the Greek census), so no figures are stored. Wikidata gives only 1923.
· Rosewood, Levy County, Florida, United States · North America
In the first week of January 1923 a racially motivated mob destroyed Rosewood, a Black town in Florida. The violence started after white men from neighbouring towns lynched a Black resident of Rosewood, following claims that a white woman had been assaulted. Survivors hid in swamps for days, and the town was abandoned.
Why it is interesting. A whole town was destroyed in about a week of mob violence, and no arrests were made.
Notes and dating details
Infobox gives January 1-7, 1923; Wikidata gives only 1923. Official death toll and eyewitness estimates differ.
The Irish Civil War, between the Provisional Government and IRA forces opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, ended on 24 May 1923. The IRA leadership ordered units to dump their arms, and the fighting stopped.
Why it is interesting. The three largest Irish political parties of today, Fine Gael, Fianna Fail and Sinn Fein, descend from the two opposing sides.
The first Turkish lira entered circulation in 1923 and stayed in use until 2005. It took over from the Ottoman lira, in use since 1844, and one kurus was worth 40 para.
Why it is interesting. The first banknotes bore the currency name in both a French form and an Ottoman Turkish form.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 1923-10-29; the source supports only the year 1923.
Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, later Ataturk, resisted the occupation and partition of the defeated Ottoman Empire. Their victory ended the sultanate and caliphate and produced the Republic of Turkey.
Why it is interesting. The war that ended the Ottoman sultanate and caliphate also brought the Republic of Turkey into being.
Notes and dating details
Lead gives 15 May 1919 - 24 July 1923; the infobox gives 15 May 1919 - 11 October 1922. Wikidata gives 24 July 1923. Two end dates in the source.
On 29 October 1923 the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, modelled on the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who became its first president. The Ottoman sultanate had been abolished a year earlier.
Why it is interesting. The republic was proclaimed only three months after the Treaty of Lausanne was signed on 24 July.
In January 1923 Juan de la Cierva's autogiro, a Spanish design, flew at Cuatro Vientos, Madrid, with Alejandro Gomez Spencer at the controls. Its rotor is unpowered and spins from airflow, while a separate engine drives a propeller.
Notes
The body gives 17 January 1923 for the first documented flight at Cuatro Vientos, with 9 January according to Cierva, and also describes a successful test on 9 January at Getafe. Month stored. Wikidata gives 9 January.
The Railways Act 1921 created the LNER as one of Britain's Big Four railway companies, and it began running on 1 January 1923. William Whitelaw chaired it from 1923 to 1938.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-01; the infobox start year is also 1 January 1923. The infobox lists the end as 31 December 1947.
The Railways Act 1921 required more than 120 railways to be grouped into four companies, and the LMS came into being on 1 January 1923. It combined railways such as the London and North Western, Midland and Caledonian.
The Railways Act 1921 created four large companies through the Grouping, effective 1 January 1923: the Great Western, the LMS, the LNER and the Southern Railway. The Railway Magazine coined the name Big Four that February.
The Czech humorist and satirist Jaroslav Hasek, at one time a Red Army commissar, died of heart disease in Lipnice nad Sazavou. He left unfinished his novel about the soldier Svejk in the First World War.
The New Zealand writer and critic Katherine Mansfield, a figure of modernism, died in France on 9 January 1923 aged 34. Tuberculosis had been diagnosed in 1917, and she had known D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf in England.
Notes
Infobox gives Fontainebleau; Wikidata proposes Avon, France.
Lithuania seizes the Klaipeda Region in an uprising
War & conflict
In January 1923 Lithuania staged an uprising in the Klaipeda Region, also called Memel Territory, which was under provisional French administration. German police and French troops resisted little, and Lithuania gained the region's port.
Elche Foot-ball Club was founded in 1923 by merging all of the town's football clubs. It entered the league system in 1929 and reached La Liga in 1959.
From 11 January 1923, French and Belgian troops held Germany's Ruhr region after Germany defaulted on reparations. Civilians answered with passive resistance that largely shut down the local economy, and about 137 of them died.
Notes
Troops entered between 11 and 16 January 1923; occupation lasted until 25 August 1925.
Constantine I, King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and again from 1920 to 1922, died in Palermo on 11 January 1923. He was buried in Naples on 14 January.
Notes
Died in Italy; the source gives 11 January 1923 without naming a calendar. Burial took place on 14 January 1923 in Naples.
Alexandre Ribot, a French politician who served four times as Prime Minister of France, died in Paris on 13 January 1923 at the age of 80. He had left politics before his death.
England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales played ten matches between 20 January and 14 April 1923. It was the ninth Five Nations series since France joined the old Home Nations tournament.
The men's and ladies' events took place in Vienna on 27 and 28 January 1923, while the pairs skated on 21 January in Kristiania, Norway. Fritz Kachler and Herma Plank-Szabo won the singles titles.
Notes
Pairs skated in Kristiania (Oslo) on 21 January; singles in Vienna on 27-28 January.
Arvid Carlsson was born in Uppsala on 25 January 1923 and became a Swedish neuropharmacologist known for his work on dopamine. His research linked dopamine to Parkinson's disease.
Greece and Turkey sign a population exchange convention
Politics & diplomacy
On 30 January 1923 Greece and Turkey signed a convention at Lausanne to exchange their Greek Orthodox and Muslim populations. Hundreds of thousands of people on both sides were uprooted.
Notes
Greece and Turkey put their names to the convention in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923; German and Greek Wikipedia give the same day, and a signing in Switzerland needs no calendar conversion. The lead puts the displaced Greek Orthodox Christians at about 1,221,489 and the Muslims leaving Greece at 355,000 to 400,000, but the body gives other counts (about 190,000 Greeks under the formal exchange; 1,221,849 refugees in the Greek census), so no figures are stored. Wikidata gives only 1923.
The first tunnel section of today's U6 opened between Hallesches Tor and Stettiner Bahnhof on 30 January 1923. A northwest extension to Seestrasse followed on 8 March.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-30; the infobox open date is also 30 January 1923.
· Rosewood, Levy County, Florida, United States · North America
Mob destroys the Black town of Rosewood, Florida
War & conflict
In the first week of January 1923 a racially motivated mob destroyed Rosewood, a Black town in Florida. The violence started after white men from neighbouring towns lynched a Black resident of Rosewood, following claims that a white woman had been assaulted. Survivors hid in swamps for days, and the town was abandoned.
Notes
Infobox gives January 1-7, 1923; Wikidata gives only 1923. Official death toll and eyewitness estimates differ.
· Pasadena, California, United States · North America
First Rose Bowl Game is played in the new Rose Bowl stadium
SportSome details uncertain
The Pasadena stadium was built between February and October 1922, and USC played Cal there on 28 October 1922. The annual Rose Bowl Game had been held at nearby Tournament Park until January 1922 and moved to the stadium on 1 January 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-01 for a founding; the stadium itself opened October 1922 and the infobox lists the first Rose Bowl Game there as 1 January 1923.
Universal Pictures put out this American silent serial of 1923, with William Desmond and Laura La Plante in the leads and B. Reeves Eason and Robert F. Hill behind the camera. It ran to twelve episodes and is now considered lost.
Notes
The infobox gives release on 1 January 1923; Wikidata gives 1923-01-01 to 1923-03-19, which fits a serial released in episodes.
On 14 January 1923 Vice President Alfonso Quinonez Molina won El Salvador's presidential election unanimously, after his cousin and rival Miguel Tomas Molina left the country and urged a boycott.
Notes
The English text says Quinonez faced his cousin Molina, who fled and called a boycott, and won unanimously with 178,000 votes. Spanish and Russian Wikipedia say Quinonez was the only candidate and won all the votes. Wikidata gives 1923-01-14.
The silent drama, directed by Stuart Paton and produced by Carl Laemmle, was released by Universal Pictures on 15 January 1923. It stars Herbert Rawlinson, Claire Adams and Edward Cecil.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923 with a release value of 1923-01-15.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Silent-film actor Wallace Reid dies at 31
Lives
Wallace Reid, an American silent-film actor billed as 'the screen's most perfect lover', died of influenza in a sanatorium on 18 January 1923 while trying to recover from an addiction. He had also briefly raced cars.
· Long Branch, New Jersey, United States · North America
Norman Mailer is born in Long Branch, New Jersey
Lives
Norman Mailer was born Nachem Malech Mailer on 31 January 1923. He became an American writer, journalist and filmmaker, and his 1948 novel The Naked and the Dead brought him early renown.
The Swaraj Party came into being on 1 January 1923 after the Gaya conference, founded by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru. Its members were Congress politicians who opposed Gandhi's suspension of civil resistance after Chauri Chaura.
Notes
The lead, infobox and history section give 1 January 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-01-09. The article also says Das, Kelkar and Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party in December 1922.
· Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union (now Azerbaijan) · Asia
Monetary reform begins retiring the Azerbaijani ruble
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
On 10 January 1923 a reform was launched to unify money circulation across Transcaucasia, bringing to an end the separate Azerbaijani currency used since 1918. Old notes could be exchanged first until 10 March 1923, a window later stretched to 10 April 1924.
Notes
10 January 1923 is the day the Transcaucasian monetary reform was launched; the article says issue of the Azerbaijani SSR's paper money ran until January 1923 and the exchange window, first set to close on 10 March 1923, was later extended to 10 April 1924, so there is no single end day for the currency. Soviet territory used the Gregorian calendar from 1918. Wikidata gives only 1923.
· Sanshi, Taihoku, Empire of Japan (now Taiwan) · Asia
Lee Teng-hui is born under Japanese rule in Taiwan
Lives
Lee Teng-hui was born on 15 January 1923 in Sanshi, Taihoku, then under Japanese rule. A Taiwanese politician, economist and agronomist, he held the presidency of the Republic of China between 1988 and 2000.
Sun Yat-sen and Adolph Joffe sign the Sun-Joffe Manifesto
Politics & diplomacy
The manifesto of 26 January 1923 set up cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Soviet Union. It said the Soviet system did not suit China, but that the Soviets would help the Kuomintang's drive to unify the country.
· Ziguinchor, Casamance, French West Africa (now Senegal) · Africa
Ousmane Sembene is born in Ziguinchor
LivesSome details uncertain
Ousmane Sembene was born in January 1923 in Ziguinchor, in what is now Senegal. He became a Senegalese film director, producer and writer.
Notes
The lead gives the birth date as either 1 January 1923 or 8 January 1923; the infobox and Wikidata give 1 January. Because the day is uncertain, only the month is stored.
From 1923 Italian forces, mostly colonial troops, fought rebels linked to the Senussi Order, with the fiercest fighting in the Jebel Akhdar mountains of Cyrenaica. The war lasted until 1932 and ended with the capture and execution of Omar al-Mukhtar.
Notes
The English infobox gives 26 January 1923 to 24 January 1932, which matches Wikidata's start, but the body of the article dates the war only by year, and German Wikipedia says the general offensive began on 29 January 1923.
Ernst Troeltsch, a liberal Protestant theologian, wrote on religion and on history from a philosophical angle, and also worked as a classical liberal politician. He died in Berlin on 1 February 1923.
Brendan Francis Aidan Behan was born on 9 February 1923 and became an Irish poet, short story writer, novelist and playwright. His first play, The Quare Fellow, was staged in Dublin in 1954.
The German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, who produced and detected X-rays in his experiments, died in Munich at 77 of colorectal cancer. The element roentgenium is named after him.
Clas Thunberg wins his first World Allround Speed Skating title
Sport
The 1923 championships were held on 10 and 11 February at Ostermalms Idrottsplats in Stockholm. Clas Thunberg of Finland became world champion for the first time.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923 with a span of 10-11 February.
Gian Franco Corsi Zeffirelli was born in Florence on 12 February 1923. He became an Italian stage and film director whose films include The Taming of the Shrew and Romeo and Juliet.
Estonia votes on religious education in state schools
Politics & diplomacy
Between 17 and 19 February 1923, Estonian voters were asked to restore voluntary religious education in state schools, and 71.9 percent approved on a turnout of 66.2 percent.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-02-19, the last day of voting.
Sibelius conducts the premiere of his Sixth Symphony
Stage, music & film
Jean Sibelius conducted the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra in the first performance of his Symphony No. 6 on 19 February 1923. The four-movement work was composed between 1914 and 1923.
Notes
Lead and infobox agree on 19 February 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-02-19, with a creation date of 1923.
French foreign minister Theophile Delcasse dies in Nice
LivesSome details uncertain
Theophile Delcasse, a member of the Radical Party and protege of Leon Gambetta, held the French foreign ministry between 1898 and 1905. He sought alliances with Russia and Britain that developed into the Entente Cordiale.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives 22 February 1923 and, in its infobox, Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) as the place; Wikidata also gives 22 February 1923. French Wikipedia's infobox and lead give 21 February but its body says he died in Nice on 22 February 1923, so it contradicts itself. 22 February is stored with medium confidence.
The Treasure, a German silent drama released on 26 February 1923, was G. W. Pabst's first film as a director. It adapts a novel by Rudolf Hans Bartsch.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives 26 February 1923.
Conrad Stafford Bain was born on 4 February 1923 and became a Canadian-American actor. He played Phillip Drummond on Diff'rent Strokes from 1978 to 1986.
Governor Neff signed the law creating Texas Technological College on 10 February 1923. Lawmakers chose a new university over a branch campus as better suited to the region, and Paul Whitfield Horn was named first president that November.
· Myra, West Virginia, United States · North America
Chuck Yeager is born in Myra, West Virginia
Lives
Charles Elwood Yeager was born on 13 February 1923 and grew up in Hamlin, West Virginia. He went on to serve as an Air Force officer, a flying ace and a record-setting test pilot.
J. C. Henneberger and J. M. Lansinger started the fantasy and horror pulp Weird Tales, which reached newsstands on 18 February 1923 with a March cover date. Seabury Quinn, Clark Ashton Smith and H. P. Lovecraft appeared early on.
Notes
The cover date of the first issue was March 1923; the on-sale date was 18 February (year taken as 1923). Wikidata gives only 1923.
· West Hartford, Connecticut, United States · North America
Chemist Edward W. Morley dies
Lives
The American scientist Edward Williams Morley died at Hartford Hospital after an operation, a few months after his wife. He was known for precisely measuring the atomic weight of oxygen.
Chaplin made the silent film The Pilgrim for First National, starring himself and Edna Purviance, and its official US release date is given as 25 February 1923. It ended his run of films for First National and his co-starring roles with Purviance.
Notes
The English infobox gives the US release as 25 February 1923. Wikidata gives 26 February 1923, the date of the New York Times review, with alternates 22 and 25 February. The French article's infobox lists earlier showings, 19 February 1923 in Janesville, Wisconsin and 22 February in Canada, before 25 February.
Damdin Sukhbaatar, founder of the Mongolian People's Party, led the partisan army that took Khuree in the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. He died on 20 February 1923.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 22 February 1923; infobox gives 20 February.
Palestinian Legislative Council election is annulled after a boycott
Politics & diplomacy
Mandatory Palestine held Legislative Council elections in February and March 1923. The fifth Palestine Arab Congress called for an Arab boycott, and the results were annulled.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923 only; the lead gives February and March 1923. The election was held in Mandatory Palestine.
James Joyce writes the first pages of what became Finnegans Wake
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
On 10 March 1923 Joyce wrote to his patron Harriet Shaw Weaver that he had written two pages the day before, his first since finishing Ulysses. They formed a sketch called 'Roderick O'Conor'.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923. A caption says 1922 was when Joyce started on the 17-year task; the letter of 10 March 1923 describes his first pages after Ulysses.
Agatha Christie's The Murder on the Links is published
Art & literature
The mystery appeared first in the US from Dodd, Mead in March 1923, with the UK edition from The Bodley Head in May. It is the second novel to feature Hercule Poirot and Arthur Hastings, set in northern France.
Notes
US edition March 1923, UK edition May 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
Italian Nationalist Association merges into the Fascist Party
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The association, founded in 1910 under Enrico Corradini, merged into the National Fascist Party in March 1923. It had strongly influenced the early fascist movement and took part in the 1922 March on Rome.
Notes
The English infobox gives 4 March 1923 and the English text says March 1923. Italian Wikipedia says the merger agreement was signed on 26 February 1923, approved by the ANI central committee on 4 March and by the Fascist Grand Council on 12 March; French Wikipedia says the merger came in October 1923. Only the month is stored.
Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Creeping Man appears in magazines
Art & literature
Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story first appeared in March 1923 in The Strand Magazine in the UK and Hearst's International in the US. Doyle gathered it in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes in 1927.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923. The infobox gives March 1923.
San Marino's election opens the era of fascist government
Politics & diplomacy
San Marino held a snap general election on 4 March 1923. Left-wing parties were barred, and the Sammarinese Fascist Party won 29 of the 60 council seats.
Notes
The body says the sitting Council was dissolved by force in late January 1923, which triggered the snap election. Wikidata gives 1923-03-04.
The Dutch theoretical physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals died in Amsterdam on 8 March 1923. He won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on gases and liquids.
Walter Kohn was born in Vienna on 9 March 1923. He became an Austrian-American theoretical physicist and chemist who played the leading role in developing density functional theory.
Club Deportivo Villarreal came into being in the Spanish town of Villarreal on 10 March 1923, aiming to promote all sports, especially football. It rented its first stadium for 60 pesetas a month.
Poland occupied most of the West Ukrainian People's Republic by July 1919 and forced its government into exile. After a decision of 14 March 1923 placed eastern Galicia within Poland, the exiled government disbanded on 15 March.
Notes
Wikidata and French Wikipedia give 14 March 1923, the date of the Council of Ambassadors' decision on Galicia; the English infobox and body put the government's disbanding on 15 March 1923, the day after.
KuPS football club is formally established in Kuopio
Sport
Kuopion Palloseura was formally established on 16 March 1923 at Kuopion Seurahuone. It plays in Veikkausliiga, Finland's top division, and has won eight Finnish championship titles.
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes elects a parliament
Politics & diplomacy
Voters elected a parliament on 18 March 1923, with seats allotted by pre-unification political borders using 1910 population statistics. TIME magazine said the poll was marred by voter intimidation and suppression of the opposition.
Marcel Marceau is born Marcel Mangel in Strasbourg
Lives
Marcel Marceau was born Marcel Mangel on 22 March 1923 to a Jewish family. He became a French mime artist and actor, best known for his stage character Bip the Clown.
· Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Poet Hovhannes Tumanyan dies in Moscow
Lives
Hovhannes Tumanyan, regarded as Armenia's national poet, died in a Moscow hospital in March 1923 after recovering at first from surgery in 1922. He wrote poems, ballads, fables and novels about everyday life.
· Nis, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes · Europe
Bulgaria and Yugoslavia sign the Treaty of Nis
Politics & diplomacy
On 23 March 1923 Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Nis. Bulgaria had to stop the Macedonian revolutionary organisation IMRO from operating from its territory.
The court was established on 24 March 1923. It is Italy's highest court of appeal, sitting in the Palace of Justice in Rome, and ensures lower courts apply the law correctly.
Notes
Only the infobox gives the 24 March 1923 date; Wikidata also gives 1923-03-24.
The French stage actress Sarah Bernhardt died in Paris on 26 March 1923. She played male roles including Hamlet, toured the world, and was also a painter and sculptor.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 26 March 1923. Wikidata also gives 23 March 1923.
The Scottish chemist and physicist Sir James Dewar died at the Royal Institution in London aged eighty. He invented the vacuum flask, which he used in his research on liquefying gases.
King Victor Emmanuel III founded the Italian Air Force as an independent service on 28 March 1923. It was called Regia Aeronautica until the end of the Second World War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-03-28 with an alternate of 1946-06-18, matching the later republic-era name.
Regia Aeronautica becomes independent of the Italian army
War & conflict
The Regia Aeronautica became independent on 28 March 1923 and existed as a separate force until 1946. When the monarchy ended that year it was renamed Aeronautica Militare.
Notes
This is the same founding as that of the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare).
The Bulgarian Olympic Committee was set up on 30 March 1923, with Eftim Kitanchev as its first president. Bulgaria had taken part in the Olympics since the first modern Games in 1896.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the day comes from the history section.
Briton Hadden and Henry Luce launched Time in New York City, with the first issue dated 3 March 1923. The cover pictured Joseph G. Cannon, a former House Speaker who had by then retired.
The 68th Congress began its term in Washington on 4 March 1923 and ran to 4 March 1925, with Harding as president at first and Coolidge from August 1923. Republicans kept control of both chambers but lost their House supermajority.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-03-04; the infobox term start is the same.
· near Roosevelt Field, New York, United States · North America
Igor Sikorsky founds his aircraft company near Roosevelt Field
Economy & trade
Igor Sikorsky, a Russian-American aviation pioneer born in Kiev, started the Sikorsky Aero Engineering Corporation near Roosevelt Field, New York, in 1923. It later became one of the first firms to build helicopters.
Washington's legislature officially adopted the state flag on 5 March 1923, after the Senate passed the bill unanimously. On a dark green field, the flag carries the state seal, which bears a portrait of George Washington.
· Merriman, Nebraska, United States · North America
Val Fitch is born on a Nebraska cattle ranch
Lives
Val Logsdon Fitch was born on 10 March 1923 near Merriman, Nebraska. He became a nuclear physicist, and a 1964 experiment at Brookhaven on K-meson decay revealed CP violation, earning him and James Cronin the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics.
· Hackensack, New Jersey, United States · North America
Astronaut Wally Schirra is born in Hackensack, New Jersey
Lives
Walter Marty Schirra Jr. was born on 12 March 1923 and was chosen in 1959 as one of the first seven Project Mercury astronauts. In 1965 his Gemini 6A made the first space rendezvous, near Gemini 7.
Diane Arbus, born Diane Nemerov on 14 March 1923, became an American photographer of unconventional subjects, from carnival performers to ordinary families. She won a Guggenheim fellowship in 1963, renewed in 1966.
Paramount's silent epic Western, directed by James Cruze from Emerson Hough's 1922 novel about pioneers travelling from Kansas to Oregon, premiered in New York on 16 March 1923. J. Warren Kerrigan and Lois Wilson led the cast.
Ruy Barbosa, a Brazilian politician, writer, jurist and diplomat, defended civil liberties and called for abolishing slavery. He helped found the Brazilian Academy of Letters and presided over it from 1908 to 1919.
Rio de Janeiro's Independence Centenary Exposition closes
Economy & trade
The Independence Centenary International Exposition ran from 7 September 1922 until 23 March 1923, celebrating the 100th anniversary of Brazilian independence. Fourteen countries from three continents took part.
Sampaio Correa Futebol Clube is founded in Sao Luis
Sport
A group of young workers who played amateur football on Sao Pantaleao Street started the club on 25 March 1923 in Sao Luis, Maranhao. It took its name from the seaplane Sampaio Correa II, which visited the city on 12 December 1922.
Shusaku Endo was born on 27 March 1923 and wrote from the standpoint of a Japanese Catholic. Among his awards were the Akutagawa Prize and, later, the Order of Culture.
Notes
Wikidata gives Nishisugamo as the place; the infobox and body say Tokyo.
Nizar Tawfiq Qabbani was born in Damascus in March 1923 and became a Syrian poet, diplomat and publisher. His verse covers love, eroticism, feminism, religion and Arab nationalism.
Notes
The English lead and infobox give 22 March 1923, but Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia give 21 March 1923, so the day is disputed and only the month is stored.
Egyptian Feminist Union is founded at Huda Sha'arawi's home
Politics & diplomacy
The activist Huda Sha'arawi hosted a meeting at her home on 6 March 1923 that launched the Egyptian Feminist Union, Egypt's first nationwide feminist movement. She presided over it until she died in 1947.
Schoolboys found the Genclerbirligi sports club in Ankara
Sport
Pupils at an Ankara school who had been dropped from the school team founded the club on 14 March 1923. Nicknamed Gencler, 'The Youth', it plays in red and black.
Notes
Turkey used the Rumi calendar until 1926; the date is stored as written in the article. The lead names the school Ankara Erkek Lisesi, while the history section calls it Ankara Sultanisi.
South Africa's Electricity Supply Commission, now Eskom, begins
Economy & trade
On 1 March 1923 South Africa's state electricity utility began life as ESCOM, the Electricity Supply Commission. The Electricity Act of 1922 let the Electricity Control Board appoint Hendrik van der Bijl as chairman.
· Southern South America, South Atlantic and southern Africa
Annular solar eclipse crosses southern South America and Africa
Cosmos
On 17 March 1923 the Moon, about 1.7 days before apogee, looked too small to cover the Sun fully, leaving a ring visible from Chile, Argentina, the Falkland Islands and parts of southern Africa.
John Venn, the English mathematician and logician who gave his name to Venn diagrams, died in Cambridge on 4 April 1923. His 1866 book The Logic of Chance argued that probability rests on how often events occur.
Julius Martov, born Yuliy Tsederbaum, was a Russian Marxist theorist who co-founded a revolutionary league with Lenin in 1895. After the October Revolution he led the legal opposition to the Bolshevik government and died in Germany in 1923.
· Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Dynamo Moscow sports society is founded
SportSome details uncertain
The Dynamo Moscow sports society was set up on 18 April 1923; Felix Dzerzhinsky, head of the GPU, is named either as its founder or as its first honorary chairman. Its football, basketball, water polo, bandy, fencing and shooting teams all formed that year.
Notes
The English lead names Felix Dzerzhinsky as founder and gives 18 April 1923 as the date. Russian Wikipedia confirms a founding meeting on that day but calls Dzerzhinsky, then head of the GPU, honorary chairman in the early years rather than founder. Wikidata gives 1923.
First issue of the antisemitic newspaper Der Sturmer appears
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Der Sturmer first appeared in Nuremberg on 20 April 1923. Julius Streicher published the weekly tabloid until the end of the Second World War, and it became a significant part of Nazi propaganda.
Notes
The English article says the first copy was published on 20 April 1923; German Wikipedia says the paper was founded on 20 April and the first issue appeared on 21 April 1923. French Wikipedia says only April 1923.
· Westminster Abbey, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Prince Albert, Duke of York, marries Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Everyday life
Albert, second son of King George V, married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon at Westminster Abbey on 26 April 1923. He later became King George VI and she Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.
Pro-Treaty TDs saw the need for a party organisation, and on 27 April 1923 Cumann na nGaedheal came into being. It governed the Irish Free State from 1923 to 1932.
Notes
The party won the general election of 27 August 1923.
Eighteen players competed at the Helenenhof Imperial Hotel in Carlsbad from 27 April to 22 May 1923. Alexander Alekhine played aggressively and took the lead before Rudolf Spielmann beat him in the penultimate round.
Notes
Wikidata gives 28 April to 20 May 1923; the lead gives 27 April to 22 May 1923.
· Wembley Stadium, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Bolton beat West Ham in the White Horse FA Cup Final
Sport
Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2-0 in the 1923 FA Cup final, the first match played at Wembley. Perhaps 300,000 people crowded in, and mounted police cleared the pitch so play could start 45 minutes late.
The Empire Stadium at Wembley opened on 28 April 1923, hosting the FA Cup final between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United as its first event. King George V had cut the first turf.
Spain holds its last election under the Restoration system
Politics & diplomacy
Spain voted for the Congress of Deputies on 29 April 1923 and the Senate on 13 May. The Liberal Union won an overall majority, and on 13 to 15 September Primo de Rivera's coup ended the parliamentary system.
Harold Lloyd's silent comedy Safety Last is released
Stage, music & film
The American silent romantic comedy Safety Last starring Harold Lloyd contains a lasting image of Lloyd dangling from a giant clock on a skyscraper above traffic. It was highly successful and made Lloyd a major figure in early film.
Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc., the earliest predecessor of today's Warner Bros., was founded in 1923 and is based in Burbank, California. It ranks as the third oldest film studio still operating in the United States.
Notes
Infobox gives 4 April 1923 for the earliest predecessor and 3 December 2002 for the current incorporated entity; the body text says only 'founded in 1923'.
· The Bronx, New York City, United States · North America
The original Yankee Stadium opens in the Bronx
Architecture
The Yankees played their first home game there, against the Boston Red Sox, on 18 April 1923. Owner Jacob Ruppert paid the whole cost, wanting his own park after sharing the Polo Grounds with the Giants.
· Phan Rang, French Indochina (now Vietnam) · Asia
Nguyen Van Thieu is born in Phan Rang
LivesSome details uncertain
Nguyen Van Thieu is recorded as born on 5 April 1923 on Vietnam's south central coast. He became a general in the South Vietnamese armed forces, led a military junta from 1965 and was president from 1967 to 1975.
Notes
The English article says some reports place his birth in November 1924 and that he adopted 5 April 1923 as his birthday for being more auspicious. French Wikipedia and Wikidata give 5 April 1923, so that date is stored with medium confidence.
Lord Carnarvon, backer of the Tutankhamun dig, dies in Cairo
Lives
George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who paid for the search for Tutankhamun's tomb, died in Cairo on 5 April 1923. A mosquito bite had become infected after he cut himself shaving.
The Turkish Football Federation was formed on 23 April 1923, with Yusuf Ziya Onis as its first president. FIFA admitted it on 21 May 1923, and UEFA followed on 16 April 1962.
Notes
Turkey used the Rumi calendar until 1926; dates are stored as written in the article. The presidents table lists Onis from 1922.
Hitler ordered a separate small bodyguard unit in early 1923, renamed Stosstrupp-Hitler in May. It was short-lived, and on 9 November 1923 it took part in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich.
Notes
The infobox dates the unit May-November 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-05.
The Czechoslovak Bolshevik Rudolf Marecek started Interhelpo on 1 May 1923, bringing workers and farmers, many of them Esperantists and Idists, into a shared industrial cooperative. Its purpose was to help build socialism in Soviet Kyrgyzstan.
The multi-use stadium in Uddevalla opened on 5 May 1923. It was rebuilt before the 1958 World Cup and staged two matches there, including a 3-0 Brazil win over Austria.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-05-05; the infobox opening date is the same, and Swedish Wikipedia confirms the formal inauguration on 5 May 1923. Swedish Wikipedia also says the old stadium was demolished in 2021-22 and a rebuilt arena was inaugurated in autumn 2023.
The 1923 Gothenburg Exhibition marked the city's 300th anniversary and included a Leisure Park. That area opened on 8 May with slides and the wooden Kanneworffska Funicular, and became Liseberg.
Lord Curzon sends an ultimatum to the Soviet government
Politics & diplomacy
On 8 May 1923 British Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon demanded an end to Soviet agitation in Afghanistan, Persia and India, including withdrawal of Comintern envoys. Britain warned it would break off diplomatic and trade relations if the Soviets refused.
Notes
The infobox gives the draft date as 8 May 1923 and the signing as 9 June 1923; the lead says the Soviet Union agreed on 4 June 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-05-08.
Pacifico station in the Retiro district opened to the public on 8 May 1923 on line 1, with line 6 added later. A former power station that fed the Metro stands nearby.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-05-08. Wikidata also lists 1979-10-11 for the later addition of line 6, while the lead gives 10 November 1979.
Athletic Bilbao beat Europa in the 1923 Copa del Rey final
Sport
Barcelona's Les Corts ground hosted the final on 13 May 1923, the twenty-third of Spain's cup competition. Athletic Bilbao won 1-0 for their ninth cup title.
The stadium opened on 13 May 1923 as the ground of Atletico Madrid, replacing Campo de O'Donnell. After the Spanish Civil War damaged it, Atletico returned in 1943 and stayed until the Vicente Calderon Stadium took over in 1966.
Notes
The English text says only that the stadium was built in 1923; the day 13 May comes from the infobox and Wikidata and is confirmed by French Wikipedia, which also describes Civil War damage and Atletico's return on 21 February 1943. The infobox tenancy years 1923-36 and 1943-66 are otherwise uncorroborated, so the summary no longer states 1936.
On 14 May 1923 an Air Union Farman F.60 Goliath, registered F-AEBY, crashed at Monsures in the Somme after a wing failed structurally in flight. All six people aboard died.
Charles de Freycinet, a French statesman of the Moderate Republican faction, was prime minister four times under the Third Republic and Minister of War from 1888 to 1893. He died in Paris on 14 May 1923.
The stadium in Skien opened on 17 May 1923 as the home ground of the club Odd, and was first called Odd Stadion. People often call it Falkum, after its district of Skien.
Notes
The English lead says the stadium was built in 1923 as Odd's home ground. The day 17 May 1923 comes only from the infobox in English Wikipedia; French Wikipedia's infobox also gives 17 May 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
Valencia's Mestalla stadium opened on 20 May 1923 with a friendly between Valencia and Levante. It is home to Valencia CF and counts among the world's steepest grounds.
Ferdinand Esterhazy, the real traitor in the Dreyfus affair, dies in England
Lives
Esterhazy, a French Army officer from 1870 to 1898, spied for Germany and was the real traitor in the case that wrongly convicted Captain Dreyfus in 1894. A closed military trial in 1898 found him not guilty, and he fled to England.
Labour and Socialist International is founded at Hamburg
Politics & diplomacy
Its first congress met in Hamburg from 21 to 25 May 1923, merging the rival Vienna and Berne Internationals. Arthur Henderson of the British Labour Party became first chairman of its executive committee.
Notes
The International Working Union of Socialist Parties dissolved into the Labour and Socialist International in the same merger. The first congress ran 21-25 May 1923.
Belgium's national airline Sabena started operating on 23 May 1923 and kept that role until 2001.
Notes
French Wikipedia says the company was officially created on 23 May 1923 and that its first flight, a cargo run from Brussels to Lympne in England, took place that same day; English Wikipedia dates the first commercial flight to 1 July 1923. The date stored, 23 May 1923, is the creation date.
The 11th Giro d'Italia started in Milan on 23 May 1923 and ended there on 10 June. Costante Girardengo won, ahead of Giovanni Brunero and Bartolomeo Aymo.
The Irish Civil War, between the Provisional Government and IRA forces opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, ended on 24 May 1923. The IRA leadership ordered units to dump their arms, and the fighting stopped.
The first Le Mans 24-hour race ran on 26 and 27 May 1923. Twenty manufacturers entered, nearly all French, and Chenard-Walcker cars took first and second in the rain.
Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born in Furth, Bavaria, on 27 May 1923. A Jewish refugee from Nazi persecution, he moved to the United States in 1938 and became national security advisor and then secretary of state under Nixon and Ford.
Miromesnil station in Paris's 8th arrondissement opened on 27 May 1923, when line 9 was extended from Trocadero to Saint-Augustin.
Notes
The infobox gives 17 May 1923 for the line 9 opening, while the history section gives 27 May 1923; the 27 May date matches the neighbouring stations opened on the same extension. Wikidata gives 1923-05-27.
· Diciosanmartin (now Tarnaveni), Romania · Europe
Composer Gyorgy Ligeti is born in Transylvania
Lives
Gyorgy Ligeti was born on 28 May 1923 in Diciosanmartin, Transylvania, in Romania. He became a Hungarian composer of contemporary classical music and emigrated to Austria in 1956.
Notes
The body says the birthplace was renamed Târnăveni in 1941; Wikidata gives Târnăveni.
Football clubs merge to create the forerunner of Spartak Trnava
Sport
On 30 May 1923 two local clubs, Cechie and CsSK, joined to create TSS Trnava, the origin of today's club. It has played at Anton Malatinsky Stadium from the start.
Notes
The previous-names list gives SK Rapid Trnava for 1923-39 while the history text and infobox say TSS Trnava.
Rainier III, later Prince of Monaco, is born in the palace
Lives
Rainier III was born in the Prince's Palace of Monaco on 31 May 1923; his parents were Hereditary Princess Charlotte and Prince Pierre, and he was their sole son. He reigned from 1949 to 2005 and married the American film star Grace Kelly in 1956.
· Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Joseph Heller is born on Coney Island
Lives
Joseph Heller was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, on 1 May 1923. He wrote novels, short stories, plays and screenplays, and his debut novel Catch-22 in 1961 satirised war and bureaucracy.
Notes
Infobox birthplace: New York City; the history section specifies Coney Island in Brooklyn.
· Michigan City, Indiana, United States · North America
Anne Baxter is born in Michigan City, Indiana
Lives
Anne Baxter was born on 7 May 1923, granddaughter of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Razor's Edge and played the title role in All About Eve in 1950.
The Freer Gallery of Art opened to the public on 9 May 1923 as a Smithsonian museum focused on Asian art. Together with the Sackler Gallery it now forms the National Museum of Asian Art.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the day comes from the article's history section.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Merton Miller is born in Boston
Lives
Merton Howard Miller was born on 16 May 1923 and became an American economist who co-wrote the Modigliani-Miller theorem of 1958 on debt and equity. He spent most of his career at the University of Chicago.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
Tommy Milton wins the 1923 Indianapolis 500
Sport
The 11th Indianapolis 500 was run on Wednesday, 30 May 1923, and Tommy Milton won. A crash on the backstretch killed a 16-year-old spectator, Bert Shoup, and injured others.
· Mohave County, Arizona, United States · North America
Pipe Spring National Monument is created in Arizona
Architecture
Pipe Spring National Monument in Arizona was created on 31 May 1923, setting the ranch aside as a memorial to western pioneer life. It preserves Native American, explorer and Mormon settler history and is run by the National Park Service.
Notes
The English infobox and Wikidata give 31 May 1923. The English text says the ranch was purchased and set aside in 1923, but German Wikipedia says Stephen Mather had the founding document put to President Harding in May 1923 and that the site passed into federal ownership in 1924.
· Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union (now Azerbaijan) · Asia
Heydar Aliyev is born in Nakhchivan
Lives
Heydar Aliyev was born in Nakhchivan on 10 May 1923. He spent 28 years in Soviet state security, led Soviet Azerbaijan's Communist Party from 1969 to 1982, and was Azerbaijan's third president from 1993 until 2003.
Earthquake levels the village of Quzan near Torbat-e Heydarieh, Persia
DisastersSome details uncertain
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Razavi Khorasan province in the early hours of 26 May 1923 local time (late on 25 May in UTC), with peak shaking rated VIII, severe, on the Mercalli scale. Estimates of the dead range from about 900 to around 2,200.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1923-05-25 22:21; the English article also gives 25 May, from its UTC timestamp. Local solar time from the longitude is about 02:00 on 26 May (at either NOAA's 56.1E or the article's 59.1E), so 26 May is stored as approximate local date. NOAA lists 2,200 deaths and magnitude 6.0 (Mw). The article reports 2,219 counted by officials, but an American doctor in Mashhad put the toll under 1,000 and Ambraseys and Moinfar recorded about 900. NOAA places the epicentre near 31.3N 56.1E, while the article's macroseismic epicentre is near Kaj Darakht west of Torbat-e Heydarieh; the article says catalogue locations vary widely.
On 9 June 1923 armed forces under General Ivan Valkov seized power in Sofia, overthrowing the elected agrarian government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski. Aleksandar Tsankov's government took over, approved by Tsar Boris III.
Notes
The lead places the coup on the evening of 9 June 1923, while the body describes orders being given before dawn that day; the date is the same.
Princess Helena, daughter of Queen Victoria, dies in London
Lives
Princess Helena, fifth child and third daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, died at Schomberg House in London and was buried on 15 June 1923. She had married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein on 5 July 1866.
Pierre Loti, pen name of the French naval officer Louis Marie-Julien Viaud, wrote exotic novels and short stories. He died in Hendaye and was given a state funeral and burial on the island of Oleron.
The Ballets Russes danced the premiere at the Theatre de la Gaite on 13 June 1923, conducted by Ernest Ansermet, with choreography by Bronislava Nijinska. Stravinsky had completed the score in 1917 but settled its final instrumentation only in 1923.
Bulgarian prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski is killed
Lives
Stamboliyski, leader of the Agrarian Union and prime minister from 1919 to 1923, was toppled by army officers in June 1923, and was afterwards captured, tortured and killed.
Stadium that became Estadio de la Ceramica opens in Villarreal
Architecture
A match between Castellon and Cervantes inaugurated the ground on 17 June 1923. It opened as Campo del Villarreal and was renamed two years later after the rural lands it stands on.
The stadium on Hamburger Strasse in northern Braunschweig opened on 17 June 1923, after a need for more spectator room led to its construction in 1922 and 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox and history section both give 17 June 1923.
Poland established the Cross of Merit on 23 June 1923 as a civil state decoration for outstanding service, awarded in gold, silver and bronze grades.
Notes
The establishment on 23 June 1923 is in the English lead and infobox and in French, German and Polish Wikipedia, which say it was instituted by President Wojciechowski; Wikidata gives 1923. The infobox gives 11 November 1923 as the first award date, but no other source checked repeats it, so it is not used. French Wikipedia and the English body both say each grade can be awarded to the same person twice.
The 17th Tour de France ran over 15 stages and 5,386 km, with 139 riders starting. Henri Pelissier won about half an hour ahead of Italy's Ottavio Bottecchia.
Notes
The English article says 48 of the 139 starters finished, but French Wikipedia lists 29 finishers, so the finisher count is left out.
Edith Sodergran, a Swedish-speaking Finnish poet and early modernist in Swedish-language literature, died at her home in Raivola on 24 June 1923, aged 31. She had caught tuberculosis as a teenager.
Notes
Infobox gives 24 June 1923; the body says she died on Midsummer Day 1923. Wikidata also gives 23 June.
The 43rd Wimbledon Championships ran on grass at the All England Club from 25 June to 7 July 1923. Bill Johnston won the men's singles and Suzanne Lenglen the women's.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1923 with start 25 June and end 7 July.
Fritz Mauthner, an Austrian philosopher and writer, died in Meersburg aged 74. His sceptical philosophy rested on a critique of knowledge and language, set out in a three-volume work published across 1901 and 1902.
· Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Lloyd Shapley is born in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lives
Lloyd Stowell Shapley was born on 2 June 1923, son of the astronomers Harlow and Martha Betz Shapley. He became a mathematician and economist noted for work in game theory.
Merida, Venezuela, is raised to a metropolitan archdiocese
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The Merida diocese became a Metropolitan Archdiocese on 11 June 1923, having lost territory on 12 October 1922 to form the Diocese of San Cristobal. Antonio Ramon Silva was its first archbishop, from 1923 to 1927.
Notes
The infobox gives 16 February 1778 for the diocese itself. The history section names Pope Pius IX for the 1923 elevation, which does not fit the date, so the pope is not recorded here. Wikidata lists 1923-06-11 and 1778-02-16.
Yakut revolt ends the Russian Civil War's last fighting
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Yakut revolt, centred on a district of the Russian Far East, ran from September 1921 to June 1923. The Whites set up a provisional government at Churapcha in 1922 but were driven out of Yakutsk and back to the Pacific coast.
Notes
Sources disagree on the day the fighting ended. English Wikipedia (infobox and body) gives the defeat near Ayan on 16 June 1923; Russian Wikipedia says Red troops surrounded the White barracks at Ayan on 18 June and gives 19 June 1923 for Pepelyayev's capture, and a source it lists is titled '6 September 1922 - 17 June 1923'. Wikidata gives only June 1923. So only the month is stored.
Takeo Arishima wrote novels, short stories and essays in Japan during the late Meiji and Taisho eras, and died in Karuizawa on 9 June 1923. In 1922 he had given up a large tenant farm in Hokkaido inherited from his father.
Chinese Communist Party holds its Third National Congress in Guangzhou
Politics & diplomacy
The congress ran from 12 to 20 June 1923 in Guangzhou, hosted by Chen Duxiu, with Henk Sneevliet attending for the Comintern. Delegates discussed cooperation with the Kuomintang.
On 12 June 1923 Pope Pius XI created the Diocese of Tuticorin, separating it from the Diocese of Tiruchirapalli, by the Apostolic Brief Quae Catholico Nomini. It belongs to the ecclesiastical province of Madurai.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives established 12 June 1923.
· Calicut, British India (now Kozhikode, India) · Asia
Diocese of Calicut is established
Religion & philosophy
The Diocese of Calicut was established on 12 June 1923, with territory split off from the dioceses of Coimbatore, Mangalore and Mysore. Paul Carlo Perini was its bishop from 1923 to 1932.
From May 1918 revolts along the Trans-Siberian Railway spread the civil war east. The Red Army defeated the White commander Kolchak from summer 1919, and smaller clashes in the region continued until 1923, when the Bolsheviks had won.
Notes
Infobox gives the conflict as 14 May 1918 to 16 June 1923; the lead says smaller-scale fighting lasted until as late as 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-06-16.
The newspaper that became Azat Artsakh is established
Art & literature
On 16 June 1923 a newspaper first appeared under the name Geghtchouk, meaning Villager. It later became Khorherdayin Karabakh, Soviet Karabakh, and eventually Azat Artsakh.
Turkey voted on 28 June 1923, with only one party in existence, the Association for Defence of National Rights, which became the Republican People's Party. A law of 3 April 1923 lowered the voting age and removed the tax-paying requirement.
Notes
Turkey used the Rumi calendar until 1926; the article gives the date in Gregorian form and Wikidata agrees.
Fenerbahce beat General Harington's team at Taksim Stadium
Sport
Fenerbahce played a one-off friendly at Taksim Stadium on 29 June 1923 against a side picked by General Charles Harington, mixing soldiers with professional players. The Turkish club won 2-1.
Notes
English, Turkish and Russian Wikipedia give 29 June 1923, and Turkish Wikipedia shows a Vatan newspaper photo report of the match dated 30 June 1923. Turkish dates already used Gregorian days and months from 1917, so no conversion is needed. Wikidata gives only the year.
· Bir Bilal, south-west of Ajdabiya, Italian Cyrenaica (now Libya) · Africa
Senussi fighters defeat an Italian force at Bir Bilal
War & conflict
On 10 June 1923 Senussi fighters beat an Italian force at Bir Bilal, about 42 kilometres south-west of Ajdabiya, in the Second Italo-Senussi War. The Italians were led by Major Melli and Captain Telger.
Notes
Lead and infobox both give 10 June 1923; Wikidata agrees. The body passage dates the Italian capture of Ajdabiya to Ramadan 1341 AH (April 1923).
Apostolic Prefecture of Nilo Equatoriale is established
Religion & philosophy
The Apostolic Prefecture of Nilo Equatoriale was set up on 12 June 1923, carved out of the Bahr el-Ghazal apostolic vicariate in Sudan. It was promoted to a vicariate in 1934 and took the name Gulu in 1950.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives established 12 June 1923.
Apostolic Prefecture of Gariep is created in South Africa
Religion & philosophy
The Apostolic Prefecture of Gariep was established on 12 June 1923, taken from the Apostolic Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope, Eastern District. It became a vicariate in 1936.
The New Zealand Permanent Air Force began in 1923 as part of the New Zealand Army and was gazetted on 14 June. It is the forerunner of today's Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Wislawa Szymborska entered the world in Prowent, now part of Kornik, on 2 July 1923. She became a Polish poet, essayist and translator, and lived in Krakow until her death in 2012.
The Soviet Union adopted its state emblem in 1923, and it stayed in use until 1991. A commission to develop the emblem and flag was set up on 10 January 1923.
Notes
Infobox gives 6 July 1923 for the original version; later versions followed (1931, 1936, 1946, 1956).
The Soviet Union's first dedicated cabinet, Sovnarkom, was formed on 6 July 1923. Until then the Russian republic's own council had acted as the union government after the founding treaty of 29 December 1922.
Wojciech Jaruzelski was born into Polish nobility in Kurow on 6 July 1923. He became a general who led the Polish People's Republic from 1981 to 1989, serving as prime minister and briefly as president.
· Petrograd, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Peter Romanovsky wins the 1923 USSR Chess Championship
Sport
The second USSR Chess Championship was played in Petrograd from 8 to 24 July 1923, following the first edition of 1920. Peter Romanovsky won the tournament.
Hilversum radio station goes on air, forerunner of AVRO
TechnologySome details uncertain
The Hilversumsche Draadlooze Omroep, started by the Dutch Transmitter Factory, went on air on 8 July 1923 under Willem Vogt's supervision. On 21 July it gave the Netherlands its first regular radio broadcast.
Notes
The English infobox gives 8 July 1923 for the Hilversumsche Draadlooze Omroep, which dewiki confirms, and lists AVRO itself as dating from 1927; Dutch Wikipedia says AVRO was officially founded at the end of 1927 with roots in the early 1920s and that the first radio broadcast from the Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek in Hilversum took place on 21 July 1923. The English 'first public broadcaster' claim is not used. Wikidata gives 1923.
Louis Couperus, a leading Dutch novelist and poet, died in De Steeg on 16 July 1923, two days after falling into a coma. He had moved there that year and received the Tollens Prize.
Turkey and the Allied powers signed a peace treaty at Lausanne on 24 July 1923, replacing the Treaty of Sevres that Turkish nationalists had refused to accept. Talks there had opened in November 1922.
Notes
Treaty took effect 6 August 1924; Turkey ratified 23 August 1923.
Passed under Prime Minister Mackenzie King, the Chinese Immigration Act banned most Chinese immigration to Canada from 1 July 1923. It replaced the 1885 Act, which had imposed a heavy head tax.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox and history section give 1 July 1923 as the date it came into effect.
US Naval Research Laboratory begins work in Washington
Science
The laboratory, which serves as the corporate research lab of the US Navy and Marine Corps, began work on 2 July 1923 in Washington, D.C. Its research spans plasma and space physics, materials and tactical electronic warfare.
· Mackinac Island, Michigan, United States · North America
Former Supreme Court justice William R. Day dies
Lives
William R. Day, an American diplomat and jurist, died on Mackinac Island, Michigan, on 9 July 1923. He sat as an associate justice of the US Supreme Court from 1903 to 1922.
Jelly Roll Morton records with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
On 17 and 18 July 1923 the pianist and composer Jelly Roll Morton joined the New Orleans Rhythm Kings for sessions made for Gennett Records. The band helped shape Chicago jazz and recorded standards such as Tin Roof Blues.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1923 as the band's end; English Wikipedia mentions the band's breakup without a date, so the dated 1923 happening stored is the July recording session.
The Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa died from gunshot wounds in an assassination in Parral, Chihuahua, on 20 July 1923. He had fought with the Constitutionalist Army against Huerta.
Rudolph Arthur Marcus was born in Montreal on 21 July 1923 and became a Canadian-born American chemist. His theory of electron transfer reactions, known as Marcus theory, earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1992.
· New Kensington, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Stephanie Kwolek, inventor of Kevlar, is born near Pittsburgh
Lives
Stephanie Louise Kwolek was born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, on 31 July 1923. A Polish-American chemist, she spent over 40 years at DuPont and invented Kevlar.
The office building on Avenida de Mayo was finished in 1923, with the opening date given as 7 July, after construction began in 1919. Its architect also built its twin, Palacio Salvo, in Montevideo.
Notes
Spanish Wikipedia also gives 7 July 1923 as the inauguration day. English Wikipedia says the building stayed the tallest in Buenos Aires until the Kavanagh Building in 1936, while Spanish Wikipedia says until 1935.
The war began on 27 May 1922 when supporters of Colonel Adolfo Chirife tried to force presidential elections that Ayala had cancelled. It ended on 10 July 1923, when Gondrist troops counterattacked and routed the Schaererist rebels who had reached Asuncion.
Notes
Infobox gives 27 May 1922 - 10 July 1923; Wikidata gives 10 July 1923 as the end.
Colombia charters the Banco de la Republica as its central bank
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Colombia's Congress chartered the Banco de la Republica by Law 25 on 25 July 1923, after President Pedro Nel Ospina asked experts to study the country's economic conditions following years of financial crisis.
Notes
The history section gives 25 July 1923 for the charter; Wikidata gives 1923-07-23. The lead describes an earlier bank established in 1880.
Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, later Ataturk, resisted the occupation and partition of the defeated Ottoman Empire. Their victory ended the sultanate and caliphate and produced the Republic of Turkey.
Notes
Lead gives 15 May 1919 - 24 July 1923; the infobox gives 15 May 1919 - 11 October 1922. Wikidata gives 24 July 1923. Two end dates in the source.
Manchester City play their first match at Maine Road
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Maine Road in Moss Side served as Manchester City's ground from 1923 to 2003, and City beat Sheffield United in the first match there in August 1923. The club had left Hyde Road, which had no space to grow and whose main stand was badly hit by fire in 1920.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia give 25 August 1923 for the first match, a 2-1 win over Sheffield United; German Wikipedia gives 23 August 1923 for both the opening and that match, so the month is stored. Wikidata gives only 1923.
Strikes bring down Chancellor Cuno's German government
Politics & diplomacy
Strikes began on 10 August 1923 with a dispute among Berlin's printing workers and spread against Wilhelm Cuno's policy of passive resistance to the Ruhr occupation. His government resigned on 12 August, after the Social Democrats called for a no-confidence vote in the Reichstag.
Notes
Cuno's government resigned on 12 August 1923. The article says the Social Democrats called a vote of no confidence; it does not say a vote was held. Wikidata gives 1923-08.
Real Vigo Sporting and Real Fortuna merged in August 1923 to form Club Celta, now RC Celta de Vigo. The merger was proposed in Madrid on 22 June and approved by both clubs on 12 July.
Notes
The English infobox gives 23 August 1923, but German Wikipedia says 28 August 1923 and the English lead says only August, so the month is stored. The merger was proposed on 22 June and approved by both clubs on 12 July 1923.
Third UCI Road World Championships are held in Zurich
SportSome details uncertain
The third UCI Road World Championships took place in Zurich in August 1923 as a single race for amateur cyclists. The Track Cycling World Championships were held at the Oerlikon Velodrome in Zurich at about the same time.
Notes
The lead says Saturday 23 August 1923 while the infobox and Wikidata give 25 August 1923, so the month is stored.
Born Szymon Perski in Wiszniew, then part of Poland, on 2 August 1923, Shimon Peres became an Israeli statesman. He led the government in 1984-1986 and 1995-1996 and was president from 2007 to 2014.
Notes
The infobox birthplace is Wiszniew in what was then Poland; Wikidata gives Višnieva, Belarus.
The Spanish painter Joaquin Sorolla died at Cercedilla on 10 August 1923 after paralysis had affected him for several years. His portraits, landscapes and large social and historical works show people and scenery in bright sunlight.
Notes
Infobox gives Cercedilla as the place of death; Wikidata proposes Madrid.
The Italian polymath Vilfredo Pareto, who worked across sociology, economics and philosophy, died on 19 August 1923, not long after marrying Jeanne Regis. Pareto efficiency is named after him.
Notes
Infobox gives Celigny; the body text says he died in Geneva. Wikidata also gives 20 August 1923.
Edgar Frank Codd, known as Ted, was born in Fortuneswell, Dorset, on 19 August 1923. While at IBM he devised the relational model for managing databases and received the ACM Turing Award for 1981.
Notes
Wikidata gives the Isle of Portland as the place; the infobox gives Fortuneswell, Dorset.
Voting on Monday, 27 August 1923 chose the 4th Dail, soon after the Irish Civil War ended. Cumann na nGaedheal, which grew from the pro-Treaty side, won and formed the government.
Air Union airliner comes down at East Malling, Kent
Disasters
On 27 August 1923 a Farman Goliath of Air Union, flying from Le Bourget Airport in Paris, came down at East Malling after its engine failed. One person died and nine were hurt.
Notes
Lead and infobox both give 27 August 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-08-27.
Mussolini occupies Corfu after the murder of an Italian general
War & conflict
After General Enrico Tellini and two officers were murdered on Greek soil, Mussolini sent Greece an ultimatum and then bombarded and occupied Corfu. He threatened to leave the League of Nations if it arbitrated.
Notes
Infobox gives 29 August - 27 September 1923; the ultimatum was sent on 29 August 1923 and Tellini was killed on 27 August 1923.
Richard Attenborough was born in Cambridge on 29 August 1923. He became an English actor, film director and producer, and won Oscars for Best Picture and Best Director for Gandhi in 1983.
Lovecraft wrote the short story in August and September 1923, and it first appeared in Weird Tales in March 1924. Its hero, an American named Delapore, moves into his ancestral estate in England in 1923.
Notes
The story was published in March 1924; the 1923 happening is its writing. Wikidata gives 1923.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
President Warren G. Harding dies in San Francisco
Lives
Warren G. Harding, the 29th US president, died in San Francisco on 2 August 1923, two years into his term. Scandals exposed after his death badly damaged his reputation.
· Plymouth Notch, Vermont, United States · North America
Calvin Coolidge is sworn in as president at his family home
Politics & diplomacy
Calvin Coolidge became the 30th US president on 3 August 1923 at the family Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, the day after Harding died. His father, a notary and local justice of the peace, swore him in.
Notes
A second oath was taken on 21 August 1923 in Washington, D.C.
· Forest Hills, New York, United States · North America
First Wightman Cup match is played between the US and Great Britain
Sport
The first contest of the yearly women's team tennis event was staged in August 1923 (11th and 13th) at the West Side Tennis Club's new stadium in Forest Hills, New York.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923. The day-level dates come from the history section.
Mexico and the United States sign the Bucareli Treaty
Politics & diplomacy
The Special Convention of Claims, signed on 13 August 1923, settled US companies' losses in the Mexican Revolution and covered compensation if Mexico expropriated US-owned land or subsoil. President Alvaro Obregon signed it chiefly to win US diplomatic recognition.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
1923 U.S. National Championships tennis is played in Philadelphia
Sport
The 43rd staging of the championships, now called the US Open, was played on grass at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia. The women's event ran from 13 to 18 August and the men's from 10 to 15 September.
Paramount released the 1923 silent comedy Hollywood, directed by James Cruze and adapted by Thomas J. Geraghty from a Frank Condon story. It stretches Paramount's 1922 short A Trip to Paramountown into a feature.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-08-19; the infobox release date is the same.
The Scottish engineer William H. Fraser founded Club Necaxa in Mexico City in 1923, and the founding date is given as 21 August. That year the club decided to field players regardless of race and nationality.
· Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil · South America
Copacabana Palace hotel opens in Rio de Janeiro
Architecture
The Copacabana Palace opened on 13 August 1923. The French architect Joseph Gire designed it, and it was built between 1919 and 1923 at President Epitacio Pessoa's urging.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body agree on 13 August 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
The military pact between Britain and Japan, first agreed in London in January 1902, formally ended on 17 August 1923, once every party had ratified the Four-Power Treaty.
Fuji Electric is established as a Furukawa Electric and Siemens tie-up
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Fuji Electric dates its founding to 29 August 1923, as a capital and technology partnership between Furukawa Electric and Siemens AG. It makes inverters, pumps, generators and other electrical equipment.
Notes
The English infobox gives 29 August 1923 and the English body says 1923. Japanese Wikipedia's infobox also gives 29 August 1923 (as Fuji Denki Seizo, Fuji Electric Manufacturing), and its body says the predecessor was set up in August 1923 as a joint venture of Furukawa Electric and Siemens. Wikidata gives 1923 only.
Shenouda III, later Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church, is born
LivesSome details uncertain
Shenouda III was born Nazir Gayed Roufail on 3 August 1923 in Asyut Governorate, Egypt. He became the 117th Pope of Alexandria, consecrated on 14 November 1971, and served until his death in 2012.
Notes
The English infobox and French Wikipedia give the birthplace as Abnub, while German Wikipedia and Wikidata give Manfalut, both in Asyut Governorate, so only the governorate is named. The birth date 3 August 1923 is the same in English, French, German and Arabic Wikipedia.
1923 Australasian Championships are played in Brisbane
SportSome details uncertain
The 16th Australian Championships were played on outdoor grass at the Milton Courts in Brisbane from 11 to 18 August 1923. Pat O'Hara Wood and Margaret Molesworth won the singles titles.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1923; the lead gives 11 to 18 August.
Solar cycle 16, the sixteenth since extensive sunspot recording began in 1755, ran from August 1923 to September 1933. Its peak smoothed sunspot number was 130.2, in April 1928.
Porte de Saint-Cloud station opens on Paris Metro line 9
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The station opened in September 1923 and marked the western end of line 9 until an extension in 1934. It is the westernmost Metro station inside the city of Paris.
Notes
The English station article says 28 September 1923, German Wikipedia says 26 September, and Wikidata and the English article on line 9 both give 29 September 1923 for the extension from Exelmans to Porte de Saint-Cloud, so only the month is stored. French Wikipedia gives only 1923.
Latvia holds its first referendum, on church property
Politics & diplomacy
On 1 and 2 September 1923 Latvians voted on whether Riga's Lutheran St James's Church should be kept from passing to the Catholics. Most voters backed the proposal, but turnout fell far short of the required level, so it failed and the church was given to the Catholic Church.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-09-02 with an alternate of 1923-09-01.
On 1 and 2 September 1923 nationalist fighting societies joined the Nazi Party in Bavaria to form the Deutscher Kampfbund at Nuremberg, including the SA and the Oberland League. Hitler was its political head by 25 September.
Notes
The lead gives 1-2 September 1923; Wikidata gives 2 September. The leaders met to mark Sedantag.
· Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes · Europe
Peter II, last King of Yugoslavia, is born in Belgrade
Lives
Peter II Karadjordjevic was born in Belgrade on 6 September 1923, the first child born to King Alexander I and Maria of Romania. He took the throne at 11, after his father was assassinated at Marseille.
Notes
The English infobox names the Old Royal Palace as the birthplace, but the English text and French Wikipedia say only Belgrade, so only Belgrade is stored.
On 7 September 1923 the International Criminal Police Commission was set up at the close of a five-day police congress in Vienna, led by police president Johannes Schober. It took the name Interpol in 1956.
Fiat wins the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, the first European Grand Prix
Sport
Monza hosted the race on 9 September 1923, the first to carry the European Grand Prix title. Alfa Romeo withdrew its remaining cars after a fatal practice crash, and Carlo Salamano won for Fiat.
Leos Janacek began work on the opera after the rights to Karel Capek's play were cleared on 10 September 1923, and finished it in 1925. Brno's National Theatre staged the world premiere on 18 December 1926.
Notes
The English body says Janacek began work when the legal problems over the rights were resolved on 10 September 1923. Czech Wikipedia says Capek gave his permission in a letter dated 10 September 1923, so the day is when the rights were cleared. Both give the composing period as 1923-1925. The opera's premiere, 18 December 1926, is in the English lead and infobox. Wikidata gives 1923.
Consul Bruno Lucander founded Aero O/Y, later Finnair, with a charter signed in Helsinki on 12 September 1923. He agreed with Junkers Flugzeugwerke to receive aircraft and technical support in return for a 50 percent stake.
Notes
Body gives 12 September 1923 for the signing of the charter and 11 December 1923 for entry in the trade register; infobox gives 1 November 1923.
From 13 to 15 September 1923, Miguel Primo de Rivera, the captain general of Catalonia, carried out a coup. King Alfonso XIII offered no resistance and named him head of a military directorate.
Cologne's stadium opened in 1923 as the Mungersdorfer Stadion. The present RheinEnergieStadion, home of 1. FC Koln, stands on the site of two earlier Mungersdorfer stadiums.
Notes
Infobox gives opened 16 September 1923 and lists the name Mungersdorfer Stadion for 1923-2001; the stadium was demolished 2001-2003 and rebuilt.
John Morley, a Liberal who was at once a statesman, author and newspaper editor, died in London on 23 September 1923. He had been Secretary of State for India from 1905 to 1910 and again in 1911.
John Reith, general manager of the British Broadcasting Company, founded Radio Times, and the first issue came out on 28 September 1923. Newspapers then boycotted radio listings, fearing more listeners would cut their own sales.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the lead says September 1923 and the infobox and history section give 28 September 1923.
· Brockton, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Rocky Marciano is born in Brockton, Massachusetts
Lives
Rocky Marciano was born Rocco Francis Marchegiano on 1 September 1923. He boxed professionally from 1947 to 1955 and held the world heavyweight title from 1952 to 1956.
Universal's The Hunchback of Notre Dame premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
The film starring Lon Chaney and directed by Wallace Worsley premiered at New York's Astor Theatre on 2 September 1923, with general release on 6 September. It was Universal's 'Super Jewel' of 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-09-02 with alternates 1923-09-06, 1923-11-19 and 1923-12-23; the infobox gives 2 September (Astor Theatre) and 6 September (US release).
Mary Pickford starred in and produced Rosita, a silent historical comedy-drama directed by Ernst Lubitsch and distributed by United Artists. It adapts an 1872 opera, Don Cesar de Bazan.
· Honda Point, near Lompoc, California, United States · North America
Seven US Navy destroyers run aground at Honda Point
Disasters
On a foggy, moonless night, seven US Navy destroyers ran aground at Honda Point, California, killing 23 sailors; 745 were rescued. Navigation errors and odd currents were blamed, and two officers were convicted at court-martial.
· East Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Logan Airport opens in Boston
Architecture
Logan Airport opened in East Boston on 8 September 1923, used at first chiefly by the Massachusetts air guard and the US Army Air Corps. It is named after General Edward Lawrence Logan.
· San Diego, California, United States · North America
Cliff Robertson is born in San Diego
Lives
Clifford Parker Robertson III was born on 9 September 1923 and became an American actor with a career of over six decades. He played a young John F. Kennedy in PT 109 in 1963.
Notes
Wikidata gives La Jolla as the place; the infobox gives San Diego, California, and La Jolla appears there only as his high school.
· Yonkers, New York, United States · North America
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek is born in Yonkers, New York
Lives
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek was born on 9 September 1923 and went on to be an American physician and medical researcher. In 1976 he and Baruch Blumberg were joint winners of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
· Pacific Ocean, California and Mexico · North America
Total solar eclipse crosses the Pacific, California and Mexico
Science
A total solar eclipse on 10 and 11 September 1923 had a path of totality over the Pacific, southwestern California, northern Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula and British Honduras.
Notes
The lead dates the eclipse to 10-11 September 1923 depending on location; the umbral contacts in the body are on 10 September (UTC).
· Mount Olive, Alabama, United States · North America
Hank Williams is born in Mount Olive, Alabama
Lives
Hiram 'Hank' Williams was born on 17 September 1923 and became a pioneer of country music. The blues musician Rufus Payne taught him guitar, and his 1948 cover of Lovesick Blues reached number one on the Billboard country chart.
South Park Junior College, now Lamar University, opens in Beaumont
Science
Lamar University began on 17 September 1923 as South Park Junior College, with classes in a vacant upper storey of a newly built high school. It gained university status in 1971 and is named for Mirabeau B. Lamar.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox and history section give 17 September 1923.
The black-and-white silent comedy, starring Keaton and Wallace Beery, came out on 24 September 1923 through Metro Pictures. Keaton wrote, directed, produced and starred in it, his first feature to combine all four.
Rex Ingram's silent swashbuckler Scaramouche is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Rex Ingram directed this American silent adaptation of Rafael Sabatini's 1921 novel, released by Metro Pictures on 30 September 1923. Ramon Novarro, Alice Terry and Lewis Stone star.
Notes
The infobox gives release on 30 September 1923, while the release section places the roadshow release in 1924. Wikidata lists several other dates, including 1923-09-15 and 1924-09-05.
Founders gathered in Amadeu Horn's home on 1 September 1923, and the club was then called Avahy Football Club. It plays in blue and white at the Ressacada stadium.
Great Kanto earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama
Disasters
A megathrust earthquake of magnitude about 8 struck the Kanto Plain at 11:58 on Saturday, 1 September 1923. Fires fanned by a nearby typhoon caused most of the destruction, an estimated 105,000 to 140,000 deaths and about 2.5 million homeless.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1923-09-01 02:58; local date 1 September (11:58 JST). The lead gives an approximate magnitude of 8.0; NOAA gives 7.9 and the infobox 7.9-8.2. NOAA lists 105,385 deaths.
Mobs and soldiers massacre Koreans after the Great Kanto earthquake
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From 1 September 1923, the day of the quake, the military, police and vigilantes killed an estimated 6,000 people in the Kanto region over three weeks. Most were ethnic Koreans, along with Chinese and Japanese leftists.
Notes
Wikidata gives September 1923 (month); the lead says it began on 1 September 1923 and lasted three weeks.
Train at Nebukawa Station is swept away as the Great Kanto earthquake strikes
Disasters
A local train bound for Manazuru was standing at Nebukawa Station on the Atami-Odawara Line when the quake struck on 1 September 1923. A landslide derailed it and destroyed the infrastructure.
Notes
Infobox gives the time as 11:58. Wikidata gives 1923-09-01.
Kameido Incident: ten labour activists are executed after the Great Kanto earthquake
Politics & diplomacy
Between 3 and 5 September 1923 police and army troops detained and executed ten Japanese labour activists at Kameido, Tokyo. The Kameido Police and the 13th Cavalry Regiment are named as the perpetrators.
Zhang Xun, a Chinese general who stayed loyal to the Qing dynasty, died on 11 September 1923. He had tried in 1917 to put the abdicated emperor Puyi back on the throne.
Amakasu Incident: military police murder two anarchists in Japan
Politics & diplomacy
Amid the chaos after the Great Kanto earthquake, military police led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu murdered the anarchists Osugi Sakae and Ito Noe, along with Osugi's six-year-old nephew.
Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born in Singapore on 16 September 1923, into a Peranakan Chinese family under British colonial rule. He studied law at Cambridge, co-founded the People's Action Party in 1954, and was Singapore's first prime minister from 1959 to 1990.
Ataturk founds the People's Party, later the Republican People's Party
Politics & diplomacy
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founded the People's Party in 1923, with roots in the resistance groups united at the 1919 Sivas Congress. It added 'Republican' soon after the republic was proclaimed.
Notes
Infobox gives 9 September 1923 'as a political party'; the party was re-established on 9 September 1992.
League of Nations gives France the mandate for Syria and Lebanon
Politics & diplomacy
On 29 September 1923 the League of Nations handed France the mandate for Syria, covering modern Syria, Lebanon and Alexandretta. France ruled through several governments, including Greater Lebanon and the Alawite State.
Notes
The mandate text was written in London on 24 July 1922; the infobox gives 1923 as the year of ratification.
Charlie Chaplin wrote, produced and directed the silent drama A Woman of Paris, released on 26 September 1923 with Edna Purviance in the title role. It was a United Artists production.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1923-10-01, 1923-11-04 and 1923-12-31; the infobox gives 26 September 1923.
Trotsky's Left Opposition takes shape in the Russian Communist Party
Politics & diplomacy
In October 1923 Leon Trotsky wrote to the Communist Party leadership, and 46 other prominent communists followed with the Declaration of 46, opening a confrontation with the triumvirate of Zinoviev, Stalin and Kamenev. The faction was active until 1927 and urged rapid industrialisation.
On 1 October 1923 Bruno Ernst Buchrucker's paramilitary Black Reichswehr attempted a coup against the Weimar Republic, angered by the end of passive resistance in the Ruhr. It collapsed when the colonel commanding the fortress at Kustrin had Buchrucker arrested and summoned regular Reichswehr units.
The Czechoslovak government founded CSA, Czechoslovak State Airlines, on 6 October 1923. It served as the national airline until 2024 and ranked as the fifth oldest operating airline in the world.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1 August 1992 as an alternative date.
Ottoman Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha dies in exile
Lives
Damat Ferid Pasha, twice Grand Vizier under Sultan Mehmed VI and the Sultan's brother-in-law, died of cancer in Nice on 6 October 1923. He had left for Marseille in September 1922 and was buried in Sidon, Lebanon.
Notes
Ottoman figure; the date is stored as written in the article, which gives Gregorian-style dates.
The Reich Ministry of Transport designated Tempelhof as an airport on 8 October 1923. The terminal was built in 1927, and the field became the hub of the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and 1949.
Notes
Infobox gives 'opened: 8 October 1923'; the lead says it was designated as an airport on that date.
Planned communist revolution in Germany, the German October, fizzles
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Communist International planned a revolution in the Weimar Republic for October 1923, but it found no support and was called off on 21 October. Party branches in Hamburg and Bremen rose anyway, and police put them down.
Notes
Infobox gives 10 October - 9 November 1923; Wikidata gives October 1923.
Comintern founds the Peasant International, the Krestintern
Politics & diplomacy
The founding congress of the Krestintern met in Moscow from 10 to 16 October 1923. It tried to build united fronts with radical peasant parties across Eastern Europe and Asia, with little lasting success.
Prokofiev's Violin Concerto No. 1 premieres at the Paris Opera
Stage, music & film
Marcel Darrieux played the solo part and Serge Koussevitzky conducted the first performance on 18 October 1923. Prokofiev had begun the work in 1915 as a concertino and took it up again in the summer of 1917.
Notes
The lead gives 18 October 1923, which French Wikipedia confirms for both the concerto (Koussevitzky conducting, Marcel Darrieux as soloist) and Stravinsky's Octet, also premiered at that Paris Opera concert. The English claim that it was Stravinsky's conducting debut is not used.
Separatists proclaim the short-lived Rhenish Republic at Aachen
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
During the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, separatists proclaimed a Rhenish Republic at Aachen in October 1923, putting it under a French protectorate. It was made up of three territories with capitals at Aachen, Koblenz and Essen.
Notes
The infobox gives 21 October to 26 November 1923, while the end-of-republic section says Matthes announced the dissolution on 28 November 1923. Wikidata gives October 1923 for the start and November 1923 for the end, both at month precision. The start day comes from the infobox and the body (proclamation at Aachen on 21 October 1923).
On 22 October 1923 pro-royalist officers led by Lieutenant Generals Georgios Leonardopoulos and Panagiotis Gargalidis launched a coup that failed. King George II left Greece on 19 December.
Notes
The article gives 22 October 1923 with a 9 October Old Style equivalent. Greece had adopted the Gregorian calendar by March 1923, so the 22 October date is stored as given. Wikidata gives 1923-10-22.
Focke-Wulf is founded in Bremen as Bremer Flugzeugbau
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Bremer Flugzeugbau AG, the original name of the German aircraft maker Focke-Wulf, was set up in Bremen on 24 October 1923 by Henrich Focke, Werner Naumann and Georg Wulf.
Notes
English and German Wikipedia give 24 October 1923 for the founding of Bremer Flugzeugbau AG, but French Wikipedia says 23 October 1923.
Riga is promoted to an archdiocese of the Catholic Church
Religion & philosophy
Riga became an archdiocese on 25 October 1923, having been restored as a diocese in 1918 and previously known as the Diocese of Uxkull. Its seat is St. James's Cathedral.
Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative Prime Minister from 1922 to 1923, died in London on 30 October 1923. Born in New Brunswick, he moved to Scotland in 1870 and made his fortune in the iron industry.
Lovecraft wrote the short story The Festival in October 1923, inspired by his first visit to Marblehead, Massachusetts, in December 1922. It was published in Weird Tales in January 1925.
Notes
The story was published in January 1925; the 1923 happening is its writing. Wikidata gives 1923-10.
· Cook County, Illinois, United States · North America
Charlton Heston is born John Charles Carter
LivesSome details uncertain
Charlton Heston was born John Charles Carter in Cook County, Illinois, north of Chicago, on 4 October 1923. He became an American actor known for epic and historical film roles, playing Moses in The Ten Commandments and the title part in Ben-Hur.
Notes
The English infobox gives Wilmette, Illinois, and the English text says only Cook County; French Wikipedia and Wikidata give Evanston, so only the county is stored.
Italo Calvino was born at Santiago de las Vegas, outside Havana, on 15 October 1923. He became an Italian novelist and short story writer, whose best-known books include Invisible Cities.
Brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio on 16 October 1923. Walt had moved to Los Angeles to join Roy after his Kansas City studio went bankrupt.
Notes
Los Angeles as the place follows the body text on Disney's move there; the source does not give a street location for the founding.
· Schenectady, New York, United States · North America
Charles Proteus Steinmetz dies in Schenectady
Lives
The Prussian-American mathematician and electrical engineer Charles Steinmetz died on 26 October 1923. His work on alternating current and on hysteresis helped the power industry grow and improved electric motors.
Roy Fox Lichtenstein was born on 27 October 1923 and became a leading figure of Pop Art. He is best known for large paintings drawn from comic books and advertising, such as Look Mickey and Whaam
Cao Kun wins China's presidential election by bribery
Politics & diplomacy
In Beijing on 5 October 1923, the Zhili clique warlord Cao Kun won the parliament's presidential vote after paying members 5,000 yuan each from 1 October. The scandal ended up wrecking his presidency.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-10-05 and places the election in Taiwan, while the article says Beijing.
Madras Presidency elects its Legislative Council for the second time under diarchy
Politics & diplomacy
The Justice Party won the most seats but not a majority in the October and November 1923 election, which Swarajists also contested. The governor still asked it to form the government, with Panagal Raja continuing as First Minister.
Notes
Infobox gives 31 October to 10 November 1923; the lead says only 1923. Wikidata gives 1923. The body says the Swaraj Party was formed on 1 January 1923.
British, French, Italian and Greek forces had held the city since November 1918. The last Allied troops left on 4 October 1923, and Ankara's troops marched in with a ceremony on 6 October.
Notes
English and German Wikipedia give 4 October 1923 for the departure of the last Allied troops; French Wikipedia gives 2 October. The occupation began on 12 November 1918 per the lead (13 November in German Wikipedia).
· Hemite (now Gokcedam), Osmaniye, Turkey · Middle East
Novelist Yasar Kemal is born in southern Turkey
LivesSome details uncertain
Yasar Kemal was born Kemal Sadik Gokceli on 6 October 1923 in the hamlet of Hemite, now Gokcedam, in Osmaniye province. He became a major Turkish writer with Kurdish roots and a human rights activist.
Notes
English and Turkish Wikipedia give 6 October 1923. Turkish Wikipedia adds that sources differ: one reference work gives 1922, a photo-biography January 1923, and his identity card 1926; he himself put the year at 1923 by his own reckoning and the month around October, while saying even this might be wrong. Wikidata also holds 6 October 1922 from one source. Turkish dates already used Gregorian days and months from 1917, so no calendar conversion is involved.
On 29 October 1923 the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, modelled on the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who became its first president. The Ottoman sultanate had been abolished a year earlier.
On 29 October 1923 the Grand National Assembly held a presidential election in which 158 MPs took part. Its Speaker, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, was elected founding president unanimously in the first round.
Notes
Held on the day the Republic was proclaimed. Turkey used the Rumi calendar until 1926; the date is stored as written in the article. Wikidata gives 1923-10-29.
Glynis Johns was born in Pretoria on 5 October 1923, daughter of the Welsh actor Mervyn Johns, and grew up in England. She became a British actress and singer who played Winifred Banks in Mary Poppins.
Our Lady of the Rosary church is consecrated in Asmara
Religion & philosophy
The Lombard Romanesque church, designed by Oreste Scanavini, was built from June 1921 to September 1923 and consecrated on 14 October 1923. It served as the main church of the Eritrean apostolic vicariate.
A Constituent Assembly was elected in Albania over November and December 1923, the second round falling on 27 December. The new parliament first met on 21 January 1924.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923 only; the lead and infobox give November-December 1923, with a second round on 27 December.
Communist Party of Norway forms after a Labour split
Politics & diplomacy
The Communist Party of Norway came into being on 4 November 1923 following a breakaway from the Norwegian Labour Party. From the start it embraced Bolshevization and Moscow's leading role in the Communist International.
North Acton station opens on the Great Western Railway
Architecture
The Great Western Railway built and owned North Acton station, which opened on 5 November 1923 a short distance east of an earlier halt from 1904. It now serves the Central line.
Notes
North Acton opened the same day as West Acton. Wikidata gives 1923-11-05.
Demonstrators took the area around the Main Market Square in Krakow on 6 November 1923 and disarmed some troops. Troops and police were told to fire on the workers, though some soldiers refused. Workers captured an armoured car nicknamed 'Grandpa'.
On 8 and 9 November 1923 Adolf Hitler and General Erich Ludendorff tried to seize power in Munich. A march of about 2,000 Nazis met a police cordon, and Nazi marchers, four police officers and a bystander were killed.
Notes
The article gives 15 Nazi dead in its lead but 16 in its body, so the Nazi death toll is left out of the summary. Wikidata gives 9 November; the article describes events from the evening of 8 November.
Ernest Augustus, eldest child and only son of King George V of Hanover, died of a stroke at his estate in Gmunden on 14 November 1923. Prussia's annexation of Hanover in 1866 had cost him the throne.
Weimar Germany issued the Rentenmark on 15 November 1923 to halt hyperinflation. The old Papiermark had lost almost all its value, and the government balanced its budget by January 1924.
Notes
Lead gives issue on 15 November 1923. The body gives 15 October 1923 for the founding of the Rentenbank and dates the first banknotes 1 November 1923.
· Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Soviet secret police GPU becomes the all-union OGPU
Politics & diplomacy
The GPU had served as the Russian Soviet republic's secret police since February 1922, succeeding the Cheka. After the USSR was created in December 1922, it left the Russian NKVD on 15 November 1923 and became the all-union OGPU.
The Livonian Society, Livod It, first used the flag of the Livonians on 18 November 1923. Green stands for forests, white for the shore and blue for the sea.
Danzig's voters chose a new parliament on 18 November 1923. The biggest party was the German National People's Party, which won 27 percent of the vote and 33 of 120 Volkstag seats.
Hendon Central station opens on the Northern line extension
Architecture
Hendon Central opened on 19 November 1923 together with Brent Cross, then called Brent, as stage one of lengthening the Golders Green branch of the Hampstead tube railway.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-11-19; the infobox gives the same date.
The Piraeus club is dated to 21 November 1923, when it was made official under the name Keravnos Piraeus, having existed informally since 1922. It took the name Ethnikos on 23 December 1924.
Notes
Greece moved to the Gregorian calendar in March 1923, so the November date is already Gregorian. The English lead, infobox and rivalry section give 21 November 1923 and Wikidata gives the same day. French Wikipedia instead describes a 1923 split of an earlier Piraeus club with a successor formed in 1924, and neither French nor German Wikipedia gives the day, only the year 1923. The English background section also describes a merger under another name. The year 1923 is agreed; the day and the first name are not corroborated.
International Bobsleigh federation is founded in Paris
Sport
The federation was founded on 23 November 1923 at its first congress in Paris, with delegates from Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the US. It was originally called the FIBT, short for Federation Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing.
A statute of 23 November 1923 formally created the Supreme Court of the USSR, with Nikolai Krylenko as its first chairman. Its first plenary session was held on 19 April 1924.
Notes
Lead, infobox and body agree on 23 November 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
Mauno Koivisto was born in Turku on 25 November 1923. He was prime minister in 1968 to 1970 and 1979 to 1982, and president of Finland from 1982 to 1994.
· Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Politburo decides to create the army newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda
Art & literature
On 29 November 1923 the Politburo of the Russian Communist Party decided to create Krasnaya Zvezda, 'Red Star', as the central press organ of the commissariat running the army and navy. Its first issue appeared on 1 January 1924.
Notes
The first issue came out on 1 January 1924, the infobox founding date. Wikidata gives 1923-11-29.
· Jefferson City, Missouri, United States · North America
Jack Kilby is born in Jefferson City, Missouri
Lives
Jack Kilby was born on 8 November 1923 and became an American electrical engineer. At Texas Instruments in 1958, he and Robert Noyce of Fairchild helped realise the first integrated circuit, earning him a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics.
· Derry, New Hampshire, United States · North America
Alan Shepard is born in Derry, New Hampshire
Lives
Alan Shepard was born on 18 November 1923. In 1961 he became the first American in space, and in 1971 he commanded Apollo 14 and walked on the Moon aged 47.
The silent period comedy, directed by Keaton and John G. Blystone, has Keaton as a man returning home who is drawn into a family feud modelled on Hatfield-McCoy. Metro Pictures released it on 19 November 1923 after a 3 November premiere.
Notes
The article gives 19 November 1923 for the release in both lead and infobox, and 3 November 1923 for the premiere. Wikidata gives 1923-11-25, and other values include 1923-11-19, 1923-12-13 and 1924-12-23.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Gloria Grahame is born in Los Angeles
Lives
Gloria Penelope Hallward, known as Gloria Grahame, was born on 28 November 1923 and became an American actress, first in theatre and from 1944 in film.
British India holds general elections for its assemblies
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In November 1923 voters in British India chose a Central Legislative Assembly and the provincial assemblies. Of 145 seats in the Central Assembly, 105 were filled by public vote.
Notes
The English article places the election in November 1923. Wikidata gives 10 June 1923, and French Wikipedia files the election under June 1923, so the month rests on the English article alone.
Former Afghan emir Mohammad Yaqub Khan dies in Shimla
Lives
Mohammad Yaqub Khan ruled Afghanistan only from February to October 1879. He signed the Treaty of Gandamak, which gave Britain control of Afghan foreign affairs, and an uprising led by Ayub Khan forced him to abdicate.
Notes
Infobox gives death place Shimla; Wikidata proposes Delhi.
Pattabhi Sitaramayya founded Andhra Bank in Machilipatnam, then in the Madras Presidency. It was registered on 20 November 1923 and started business on 28 November.
Notes
The history section gives registration on 20 November and the start of business on 28 November 1923; the infobox gives founded 28 November 1923. Wikidata gives 1923-11-20.
Persia holds its last election under the Qajar dynasty
Politics & diplomacy
Persia voted in November 1923, after Ahmad Shah Qajar appointed Reza Pahlavi as prime minister. Reza Khan used the army to rig many tribal constituencies, giving the allied Revival and Socialist parties a majority.
Notes
Wikidata gives 10 November 1923; English Wikipedia states November 1923 in Gregorian terms, so the month is stored.
Nadine Gordimer was born in Springs, Transvaal, on 20 November 1923. She became a South African novelist and political activist who wrote about apartheid, and won the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature.
A Royal Navy squadron under Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Field left Devonport on 27 November 1923 for a round-the-world tour that ended on 28 September 1924. It called at ports in countries that had fought alongside Britain in the First World War.
Notes
The departure date appears in the lead, infobox and body; the return date is from the infobox. Wikidata gives 1923-11-27 to 1924-09-28.
Anthroposophical Society is refounded at the Goetheanum
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
The Anthroposophical Society, first founded in 1912 and 1913, was formally refounded under new leadership in December 1923 by those who met at the Goetheanum in Dornach over Christmas.
Notes
The English text gives the first founding as 28 December 1912 in Cologne, while German Wikipedia says 28 December 1912 in Cologne or 4 February 1913 in Berlin. The English lead gives the refounding as 1923/4 at Dornach, while the English origins section and German Wikipedia (28 December 1923, the Christmas conference at Dornach) give December 1923, so the month is stored. Wikidata gives 1923.
The French novelist, journalist and politician Maurice Barres died on 4 December 1923 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris. He joined the Academie Francaise in 1906 and led the Ligue des Patriotes from 1914.
Britain voted on 6 December 1923. Stanley Baldwin's Conservatives won the most seats but no majority, and Ramsay MacDonald then headed the first Labour government, which depended on quiet Liberal support. It lasted ten months.
Bertolt Brecht wrote Baal, his first full-length play, in 1918 as a 20-year-old Munich student. It had no stage performance until 8 December 1923, when it opened at Leipzig's Altes Theater under Alwin Kronacher.
The Estonian Olympic Committee was officially founded on 8 December 1923, after the Estonian Sports Federation had decided on 30 November 1919 to form it. Karl Friedrich Akel became its leader on 5 May 1924.
The French novelist and poet Raymond Radiguet died of typhoid fever in Paris on 12 December 1923. At seventeen he had finished Le Diable au corps, a semi-autobiographical story of a teenage boy's affair with a soldier's wife.
Theophile Steinlen, born in Switzerland, became a French painter and printmaker working in the Art Nouveau style. He died in Paris on 13 December 1923 and was buried in the Saint-Vincent cemetery in Montmartre.
Notes
Lead gives 13 December 1923; Wikidata also lists 14 December 1923.
Louis Jouvet produced the satirical three-act play about modern medicine at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees on 15 December 1923. Harley Granville-Barker's English version opened in London in April 1924.
Notes
English and German Wikipedia give 15 December 1923 at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees, but French Wikipedia gives 14 December 1923 and names the Comedie des Champs-Elysees. Wikidata gives 1923-12-15.
Freeman Dyson was born on 15 December 1923 and became a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician. He worked in quantum field theory, astrophysics, nuclear physics and engineering, among other areas.
Greece voted on 16 December 1923, with all seats in the Hellenic Parliament up for election. The Liberal Party won 250 of 398 seats.
Notes
English Wikipedia (lead and infobox), Greek Wikipedia, and the English and Greek articles on the October 1923 coup attempt all give 16 December 1923, the day the revolutionary government set on 18 October; Wikidata agrees. French Wikipedia gives 2 December 1923. The election came after Greece's March 1923 switch, so 16 December is Gregorian; the French date is 14 days earlier, which is not the 13-day Old Style offset, so the calendar does not explain the gap.
France, Spain and the UK sign the Tangier convention in Paris
Politics & diplomacy
The three powers signed a convention on Tangier on 18 December 1923 after a conference in Paris. It created the Tangier International Zone, which existed from 1925 until Morocco's independence in 1956.
Notes
The convention was negotiated and signed in Paris; the zone it created was centred on Tangier. Wikidata gives 1923-12-18.
The Austrian Georg Luger, who created the pistol that bears his name and the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, died at Fichtenau on 22 December 1923. He was born in Steinach am Brenner on 6 March 1849.
Notes
Article gives Fichtenau as place of death; Wikidata proposes Schoneiche bei Berlin.
The French civil engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed the Eiffel Tower for the 1889 Universal Exposition, died at his Paris mansion on 27 December 1923. He had also helped build the Statue of Liberty.
Paris Metro Line 10 first ran on 30 December 1923 between Invalides and Croix-Rouge, and half of that first stretch is now served by Line 13. The line runs entirely underground.
Maria Callas was born on 2 December 1923 in Manhattan to Greek immigrant parents. She grew up in Astoria, Queens, studied music in Greece and built her career in Italy.
· Providence, Rhode Island, United States · North America
Hassenfeld Brothers, later Hasbro, is founded
Economy & trade
Henry, Hillel and Herman Hassenfeld started Hassenfeld Brothers in Providence, Rhode Island, on 6 December 1923. The firm began by selling textile remnants. Hasbro's name is a short form of the original.
National Dairy Products Corporation, root of Kraft Foods, is formed
Economy & trade
On 10 December 1923 Rieck McJunkin Dairy Co of Pittsburgh joined with McInnerney's Hydrox to form National Dairy Products Corporation. Its organiser had gone to Wall Street in 1923 to win financing for consolidating the US ice cream industry.
Notes
The infobox for Kraft Foods Inc. gives 10 December 1923; the history section ties that date to the formation of its precursor, National Dairy Products Corporation. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Darrington, Washington, United States · North America
Bob Barker is born in Darrington, Washington
Lives
Robert William Barker was born on 12 December 1923 and became an American television host and animal rights advocate. He also fronted Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1975.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
Philip W. Anderson is born in Indianapolis
Lives
Philip Warren Anderson was born on 13 December 1923 in Indianapolis and grew up in Urbana, Illinois. A theoretical physicist, he later divided a Nobel Prize in Physics with two others, Nevill Mott and John Van Vleck, in 1977.
George Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan premieres in New York
Stage, music & film
The Theatre Guild staged the first performance on 28 December 1923 at the Garrick Theatre, with Winifred Lenihan as Joan. The play follows Joan of Arc from peasant girl to military leader to trial and execution.
President Marcelo T. de Alvear created the Argentine Olympic Committee in 1923, and the International Olympic Committee recognised it the same year. It is based in Buenos Aires.
Notes
The infobox gives 31 December 1923, while the history section gives only 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
Nepal and Britain signed the treaty at Singha Durbar on 21 December 1923 after discussions that began in 1921. Each government agreed to respect the other's internal and external independence.
Notes
The infobox gives the Nepali Bikram Sambat equivalent as Paush 6, 1980 B.S.; stored as 21 December 1923 Gregorian.
On 27 December 1923 the communist Daisuke Nanba fired a pistol at Regent Hirohito's carriage as he drove to open the Imperial Diet. The bullet broke a window and injured a chamberlain; Hirohito was unhurt.
· Bangka Island, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
Apostolic Prefecture of Bangka and Biliton is established
Religion & philosophy
The Apostolic Prefecture was established on 27 December 1923, with territory taken from the Apostolic Prefecture of Sumatra. It became a vicariate in 1951.
Notes
Established on the same day as the Apostolic Prefecture of Benkoelen. Wikidata gives 1923-12-27 with an alternate value of 1961-01-03, which is the date it became a diocese.
· Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
Apostolic Prefecture of Benkoelen is established in Sumatra
Religion & philosophy
The Catholic Church established the Apostolic Prefecture of Benkoelen on 27 December 1923, splitting it from the Apostolic Prefecture of Sumatra. It became the Apostolic Vicariate of Palembang in 1939.
Events we can place in 1923 but not in a particular month.
Europe 80
· Germany · Europe
German hyperinflation ends as the Rentenmark arrives
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Hyperinflation hit the German Papiermark between 1921 and 1923, mostly in 1923. The Rentenmark was introduced and the national bank was blocked from printing more paper currency, so the currency had stabilised by 1924.
Notes
Wikidata gives 15 November 1923; the body says the Rentenmark was introduced on 16 November 1923 after decrees of 13-15 October 1923. No single end day is stated, so the year is stored.
Dr. Carl Spengler devised the tournament to promote teams from German-speaking Europe after the First World War, and it was first held in Davos in 1923. Oxford University Ice Hockey Club, made up of Canadians, won it.
Felix Salten's Bambi is published as a book in Berlin
Art & literature
The Austrian author Felix Salten's novel Bambi appeared as a book from Ullstein Verlag in Berlin in 1923, after a newspaper in Vienna serialised it in 1922. It follows a roe deer from birth through the loss of his mother and the dangers posed by hunters.
The ten Duino Elegies by Rainer Maria Rilke were published by Insel-Verlag in 1923, dedicated to Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis. He began them in 1912 at Duino Castle and finished them in February 1922 in Switzerland.
In 1923 the Blackshirts, until then the armed wing of the National Fascist Party, became a volunteer militia of Italy's Fascist-ruled kingdom. Members swore loyalty to Mussolini and used violence against his opponents.
Notes
Infobox gives 23 March 1923 as the start; the body says royal decrees of 1 February 1923 made the Blackshirts the Voluntary Militia. Wikidata gives 23 March. Year stored.
In 1923 the composer Arnold Schoenberg developed his own version of twelve-tone composition, in which tone rows make all twelve notes of the chromatic scale sound about equally often. Josef Matthias Hauer had devised a related method earlier.
Notes
The English article dates Hauer's earlier 'law of the twelve tones' to 1919, while French Wikipedia says 1920, so Hauer's year is left out. Place not given in source; region reflects the Austrian composers named.
Rilke wrote the 55 sonnets of the cycle at Chateau de Muzot in Switzerland in February 1922, and Insel-Verlag published them in 1923. He dedicated them as a memorial to Wera Ouckama Knoop, a playmate of his daughter Ruth.
Notes
The Duino Elegies, a companion cycle, were also published in 1923.
In the Free City of Danzig the Papiermark stayed in use until the Danzig Gulden replaced it in late 1923. Across Germany, banknotes by then carried values in the billions and trillions of marks.
Notes
The article is about the German Papiermark; it mentions the Danzig change in one sentence, saying the Danzig Gulden replaced the Papiermark in late 1923. Wikidata gives 1923. English Wikipedia's lead says the mark was retired and redenominated in December 1923, while its body says the Rentenmark replaced it on 15 November 1923; German Wikipedia likewise says the Rentenmark replaced it on 15 November 1923 and that the Papiermark era formally ended on 31 December 1923. The English article on the Danzig gulden says the new currency was announced in July 1923.
Martin Buber's book Ich und Du, known in English as I and Thou, appeared in 1923. It criticises modern objectification in relationships by contrasting an I-Thou with an I-It view of the world.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox lists the German original as 1923 and the English translation as 1937.
Danzig had used the German Papiermark and local emergency notes from 1914. In July 1923 a new independent currency was announced with League of Nations approval, and the first gulden banknotes were dated 22 October 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-12-18; the source supports the year 1923 (announcement July 1923, first notes dated 22 October 1923).
In 1923 Johannes Bronsted in Denmark and Thomas Lowry in the UK each reached the same idea: an acid-base reaction is a transfer of a proton between two substances. The theory broadened the older Arrhenius account.
Georg Lukacs's History and Class Consciousness is published
Art & literature
The Hungarian philosopher Gyorgy Lukacs first published this essay collection in 1923. It became a landmark of Western Marxism and moved away from the determinism and economism of the Second International.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox lists the English edition as 1971.
Brancusi creates the first Bird in Space in marble
Art & literature
Constantin Brancusi made the original Bird in Space, in marble, in 1923, and went on to make more than 14 versions in several materials over 20 years.
Notes
The infobox gives the series as 1923-1940. French Wikipedia confirms that the first copy was made in 1923, that there are 16 in all (7 marble, 9 bronze) and that a 2005 auction set a sculpture record; the English dollar figure could not be confirmed and is left out. Wikidata gives 1923.
Dorothy L. Sayers publishes her first novel, Whose Body?
Art & literature
The 1923 mystery Whose Body? was Sayers's first novel and introduced the detective Lord Peter Wimsey. It came out through T. Fisher Unwin in Britain and Boni & Liveright in America.
Notes
English Wikipedia gives only the year 1923 (infobox release date 1923). Days of 11 May for the US edition and October for the UK one have been suggested, but English Wikipedia gives neither, so they are not used.
Abel Gance directed the French silent film La Roue, known in English as The Wheel, in 1923. Its lighting techniques and rapid cutting were revolutionary at the time.
Notes
The infobox gives release on 17 February 1923; Wikidata also lists 1922-12-14. Because the months differ, only the year is stored.
Danish insulin business that became Novo Nordisk begins
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1923 August Krogh and his wife, on a lecture tour in America, changed plans to meet insulin's discoverers. Kongsted leased a factory at Emdrup in late 1923, and two 1920s firms later merged to form Novo Nordisk in 1989.
Notes
Infobox gives 21 December 1923; the lead says the present company was created in 1989 from two firms dating to the 1920s, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1923.
Italo Svevo's novel Zeno's Conscience is published
Art & literature
After two earlier novels were ignored, the Italian writer Svevo self-published Zeno's Conscience in 1923. Its narrator Zeno Cosini writes memoirs on his psychoanalyst's advice.
Notes
The lead says Svevo self-published the novel in 1923; the infobox lists L. Cappelli Editore as publisher.
In 1923 Max Albrecht Ludwig Messmer started the firm in Hamburg with his father Michael, trading as Messmer & Co. Hummel means bumblebee in German, and the logo is a stylised bumblebee.
Notes
The infobox names the founders as Albrech and Ludwig Messmer, while the history section names a father and son pair, Messmer.
The Scottish author Compton Mackenzie founded Gramophone, a monthly London magazine of record reviews on classical music, in 1923. He kept editing it until 1961.
Institute for Social Research is founded in Frankfurt
Science
Felix Weil founded the Institute for Social Research in 1923, funded by an endowment from his father, the businessman Hermann Weil, and attached it to the University of Frankfurt am Main.
Orthodox Church of Finland comes under Constantinople
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
In 1923 the Orthodox Church of Finland separated completely from the Russian Church and became an autonomous archdiocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Herman became its first archbishop under Constantinople.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-07-06; the source supports only the year 1923.
Ze'ev Jabotinsky founds the Betar youth movement in Riga
Politics & diplomacy
Ze'ev Jabotinsky launched Betar, a Revisionist Zionist youth movement, at a gathering of Jewish young people in Riga, Latvia, in 1923. It later supplied recruits to Jewish units that served with the British in World War II.
· Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
American Relief Administration ends its work in Russia
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Herbert Hoover directed the American Relief Administration, formed by Congress on 24 February 1919. It stayed active inside Russia until 1923, and its Medical Division, running from November 1921 to June 1923, helped fight the typhus epidemic there.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923. The lead gives only the year for the end of operations in Russia.
Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park gains legal protection
Earth & geologySome details uncertain
Italy's Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park was founded in September 1922 and gained legal protection in 1923. Its wildlife includes Italian wolves, Abruzzo chamois and Marsican brown bears.
Notes
The infobox and lead give 1923; the history section says the park was founded in September 1922 and protected in law in 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
The prize was set up in 1923 to honour the dramatist Georg Buchner and was awarded that same year. At first only artists from or closely tied to Buchner's home state of Hesse could receive it.
Museum van den Arbeid, forerunner of NEMO, opens in Amsterdam
Science
The artist Herman Heijenbrock opened the Museum van den Arbeid on the Rozengracht in 1923. It is the origin of the NEMO Science Museum, housed since 1997 in a Renzo Piano building.
Jose Ortiz-Echague founded Construcciones Aeronauticas SA in Spain in 1923. A Getafe factory building Breguet aircraft under licence began construction in May 1924.
Connemara Pony Breeders' Society opens its stud book
Everyday life
In 1923 the Breeders' Society opened a stud book to protect and improve the native Irish breed. Earlier crosses had suited the harsh Connemara environment poorly and diluted the native bloodlines.
Aleksey Tolstoy's science fiction novel Aelita, or The Decline of Mars, appeared in 1923. He heavily reworked it between 1935 and 1938 for young readers, and the reworked version was published in 1938.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives release 1923 and an English release in 1950.
Austrian socialists establish the Republikanischer Schutzbund
Politics & diplomacy
The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria set up the Republikanischer Schutzbund as a paramilitary in 1923 to defend the republic amid rising political radicalisation. Julius Deutsch proposed it in 1922.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives founded 1923, dissolved 1934.
The Hague Academy of International Law was planned for inauguration in October 1914, but the First World War delayed it, and it has used the Peace Palace as its home since 1923. Its first Summer Courses began there on 14 July 1923.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia say the academy has sat at the Peace Palace since its creation in 1923, and both say its inauguration was planned for October 1914 but delayed by the war. German Wikipedia says it arose in 1914 with Carnegie Endowment money and began work nine years later. Wikidata gives inception 1914 and opening 1923. The first Summer Courses began on 14 July 1923; no founding day is given.
· Luhansk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Luhansk locomotive factory workers form a football team
SportSome details uncertain
In 1923 workers at the Luhansk steam locomotive factory formed a football team called Metalist, regarded as the forerunner of today's Zorya Luhansk. The modern club dates from a merger on 10 April 1964.
Notes
Infobox gives 5 May 1923; the lead dates the modern team to 1964 and the factory predecessor to 1923, so only the year is stored.
Germaine Dulac directed the short French impressionist silent film La Souriante Madame Beudet in 1923. Its story concerns a clever woman stuck in a marriage without love.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-11-09 and describes it as a 1922 film, while the article states 1923 in the infobox and lead.
The Southern Railway came into being through the Grouping of 1923, merging chiefly the LSWR, the LB&SCR and the SE&CR. It linked London with the Channel ports, the south coast and the West Country.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-01 (unreferenced); English Wikipedia gives only 1923 for the formation, so the year is stored.
Ivan Perestiani directed Red Devils in 1923, from a story by Pavel Blyakhin. Three daredevils volunteer as scouts for the Red Cavalry against Nestor Makhno's forces in the Russian Civil War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives release 1923.
First Triennale of decorative arts is held in Monza
Art & literature
The Triennale di Milano started in 1923 as an international decorative arts show in Monza. It moved to Milan in 1933, where its home is now the Palazzo dell'Arte in Parco Sempione, designed by Giovanni Muzio.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives established 1923.
Gelle Fra monument is inaugurated in Luxembourg City
Architecture
The Monument of Remembrance, nicknamed Gelle Fra or Golden Lady, was inaugurated in 1923 on Place de la Constitution. It honours Luxembourgers who volunteered in the Allied armed forces during World War I.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-05-27 (unreferenced), a day English Wikipedia does not state.
Eisenstein's first film, Glumov's Diary, is released
Stage, music & film
The Soviet silent trick film from 1923 was the first Sergei Eisenstein directed. He made it as part of his theatre staging of Ostrovsky's comedy Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man for the Proletkult organisation.
Alexander Grin's romantic fantasy novel Scarlet Sails came out in 1923. He called its genre feerie, and it tells of a dream that comes true however futile it seems.
Bulgarian football body traced by the Football Union is set up
SportSome details uncertain
The Bulgarian Football Union claims descent from a football department formed in 1923 within the Bulgarian National Sports Federation. That federation lasted until the Soviet invasion of 1944.
Notes
The union claims descent from the 1923 body rather than being the same legal entity.
Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret design Villa La Roche
Architecture
Le Corbusier and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret designed the Paris villa between 1923 and 1925 for Raoul La Roche, a Swiss banker who collected avant-garde art. It combines a house with a gallery for the collection.
Notes
Infobox gives completion 1923-25 and the lead gives the design period 1923-1925. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Novi Sad, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Serbia) · Europe
Aircraft company Ikarus is founded in Novi Sad
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Ikarus, the aircraft maker from which Ikarbus grew, was set up in Novi Sad on 13 October 1923 and began business after registering at the Novi Sad District Court. The pilot Dimitrije Konjovic was a co-founder.
Notes
The body gives two dates: establishment on 13 October 1923 and official start of business on 20 November 1923, after court registration. The months differ, so only the year is stored. The infobox also lists 28 June 1991 as the current form.
· Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and other successor states) · Europe
Yugoslav First League football begins
Sport
The Yugoslav First League was the top football division in Yugoslavia and began in 1923 with four seasons run as a cup tournament. The first round-robin season came in 1927.
Woman to Woman, with Hitchcock behind the scenes, is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Graham Cutts directed the British silent drama Woman to Woman, released in 1923. Alfred Hitchcock worked on it uncredited as assistant director and co-screenwriter.
Notes
The English lead says the film is from 1923, and the infobox alone gives August 1923. French Wikipedia gives only 1923 and German Wikipedia cites a Times review of 12 November 1923, so the month is not corroborated and only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
CSKA Moscow sports club is created
Sport
The multi-sports club, now owned by Russia's Ministry of Defence, was created in 1923 within the Vsevobuch, drawing on the OLLS skiing society founded in 1901. Its basketball and bandy sections both formed that year.
Workers laid the foundation stone of the Ilgen-Kampfbahn on 21 December 1922, and it was completed in 1923. It is now the Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion, home of Dynamo Dresden.
Notes
The infobox gives the opening as 16 May 1923, and German Wikipedia says the stadium was inaugurated on 16 May 1923 as the Dresdner Kampfbahn during a trade exhibition. The English history section says completed on 16 June 1923, which is also the Wikidata date, so only the year is stored. German Wikipedia says the Ilgen-Kampfbahn name dates from 1937 and that construction began on 21 December 1922.
European Rowing Championships are held on Lake Como
Sport
Lake Como in Lombardy hosted the 1923 European Rowing Championships, with men only competing in five boat classes. These were the same classes used at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics.
Constantinople grants a tomos to the Estonian Orthodox Church
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
After Patriarch Tikhon's imprisonment in April 1922 cut the Estonian clergy off from Moscow, the church council asked Patriarch Meletius IV in September 1922 to take control. Constantinople answered with a tomos in 1923.
Notes
Infobox lists independence as 1923 and the type as autocephaly (partially recognized). Wikidata gives 1923.
Societe Anonyme Francaise du Ferodo, later Valeo, is set up
Economy & trade
The company that became Valeo was set up in Saint-Ouen near Paris in 1923 as the Societe Anonyme Francaise de Ferodo. Valeo is now a French automotive supplier listed on the Paris Stock Exchange.
· Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Russo-Balt ends its production of vehicles and aircraft
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Moscow-headquartered Russo-Balt was among the first Russian firms to build vehicles and aircraft, doing so from 1909 to 1923.
Notes
The lead gives 1923 as the end of the production span; the infobox gives 1894 as the founding year, while the body says the company was founded in 1874 in Riga, and the lead gives 1909 as when production began. English Wikipedia names no specific end event or day for 1923.
First exhibition buildings rise at the Porte de Versailles
Architecture
The first exhibition buildings at the Porte de Versailles date from 1923. They were built to host the Foire de Paris, previously held on the Champ de Mars.
Christian Trumpf buys a Stuttgart workshop, the start of Trumpf
Economy & trade
In 1923 Christian Trumpf purchased the Stuttgart mechanical workshop of Julius Geiger. The company grew from it into a family-owned machine tool maker.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives founded 1923.
The Berlin Goddess, an Archaic Greek kore, comes to light at Keratea
ScienceSome details uncertain
The Berlin Goddess, a kore statue carved around 570 BC, was found intact in 1923 at Keratea in Attica, Greece. Faint remains of red, yellow and blue pigment survive on its surface.
Notes
The lead says discovered in 1923; the history section says approximately 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
The philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset launched the cultural magazine Revista de Occidente in Madrid in 1923.
Notes
The English article names Jose Martinez Ruiz as editor from 1923 to 1936, while French Wikipedia says Ortega y Gasset directed it in those years, so the editor is not stated.
Catholic Church creates the Apostolic Prefecture of Iceland
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
In 1923 the Catholic Church created an Apostolic Prefecture of Iceland, based in Reykjavik, where there had been no Catholic prelates before. The first head in the article's list of ordinaries is Martin Meulenberg, appointed by Pope Pius XI.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-06-12, a day English Wikipedia does not show; the infobox establishment date, 18 October 1968, is for the diocese itself.
Irish Rugby Football Union buys the Ravenhill ground
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The IRFU bought Ravenhill in Belfast in 1923, a ground that had been home to Cooke RFC. The Belfast architects Henry Hobart and Samuel Heron designed a new stand there.
Notes
The infobox gives opened 1923; the stand's inauguration was on 12 January 1924. Wikidata gives 1923.
The Giro di Toscana, a road cycling race in Tuscany, was first run in 1923. It was not held in 2015 and returned in 2016 in a new format.
Notes
The year 1923 is in the infobox and in Italian Wikipedia, which says the race was founded in 1923 and held that August. Wikidata gives 1923. The English infobox gives the post-2016 format as two-day while the lead describes a three-race one-day format announced in April 2016, so the summary does not state the format.
ALSA, short for Automoviles Luarca, was incorporated in 1923 as a local bus operator based at Luarca and Oviedo. In the 1920s and 1930s its flagship route ran from Oviedo through Luarca to Ribadeo.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives founded 1923.
Royal Museum of the Armed Forces moves to the Cinquantenaire Park
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
In 1923 the museum relocated to the Cinquantenaire Park in Brussels, and King Albert I opened the renewed museum on 22 July 1923.
Notes
Two dates: the infobox gives 28 June 1923, and the history section gives 22 July 1923 for the inauguration. Wikidata gives 1923-06-28. Because the months differ, only the year is stored.
A young photographer, Martin Hanke, started Hamaphot KG in Dresden in 1923, specialising in photo accessories. It grew into Hama GmbH & Co KG, now based in Monheim, Bavaria.
Poetism emerges from the Czech avant-garde group Devetsil
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Poetism, a Czechoslovak avant-garde program developed mainly by Vitezslav Nezval and Karel Teige of the Devetsil association, is usually dated to 1923, though the term itself seems to have appeared a year later. It blended Cubo-Futurism, Dadaism and Constructivism in an optimistic, playful tone.
Notes
Dated to 1923 on the strength of one English body sentence saying a 1923 essay by Teige announced the birth of Poetism. The English lead and infobox give 1924, and Czech Wikipedia says 1923 is the year usually given for its origin although the term was probably first used in 1924. Only the year 1923 is stored, with low confidence. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Cherkasy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
National Forest Steppe Reserve is first set up in Ukraine
Everyday life
A reserve called the National Forest Steppe Reserve was first set up in 1923 and, after several changes of control, took its present form as Kaniv Nature Reserve in 1986. It protects forest-steppe and floodplain along the Dnieper.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-07-30, a day English Wikipedia does not state.
The first Coppa Placci took place in 1923 and was won by Enea Dal Fiume. The race was later run between Imola in Italy and San Marino, until it lapsed in the 2010s.
Notes
Italian Wikipedia gives the first edition as 30 September 1923 and lists Enea Dal Fiume as winner; only the year is stored. The English text says the race left the UCI Europe Tour in 2010, was merged with other races in 2011 and 2012 and was cancelled in 2013, so the present tense was removed. Wikidata gives 1923.
The Botanical Garden in Kaunas dates from 1923 and was attached to the Lithuanian University, later Vytautas Magnus University. Karol Rauth of Hanover drew up its detailed landscape design in 1924.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives opened 1923.
Catholic weekly Gosc Niedzielny is founded in Katowice
Art & literature
Gosc Niedzielny, meaning Sunday Guest, was founded in 1923 as a Catholic weekly in Katowice, then under the Apostolic Administration of Silesia. It remains a weekly Catholic news magazine in Polish.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-09-09 and Polish Wikipedia says the first issue was dated 9 September 1923; the English lead gives only 1923, which is what is stored. Polish Wikipedia says the weekly began under the Apostolic Administration of Silesia and was tied to the Katowice diocese only from 1925, so the English lead's mention of the Katowice archdiocese is not repeated.
Forerunner of Sweden's road research institute VTI is founded
ScienceSome details uncertain
The Royal Automobile Club's road institute (KAK:s Vaginstitut), forerunner of today's Swedish road and transport research institute VTI, was set up in 1923 and received state funding in 1925. VTI in its present form dates from a 1971 merger, and its head office is in Linkoping.
Notes
English Wikipedia says only that VTI was founded between 1923 and 1925. Swedish Wikipedia says the institute began in 1923 as the Royal Automobile Club's road institute and received state funding in 1925, and that the 1971 body was formed by a merger. Wikidata gives a start of 1923 and an inception of 1971.
The Lebanese-American poet Kahlil Gibran wrote The Prophet, a book of 26 prose poetry fables in English, and Alfred A. Knopf published it in 1923.
Notes
Place is the publisher's country (United States) as listed in the infobox; the English article and Wikidata name no city of publication. The English article cites over 100 translations, while French Wikipedia gives lower counts, so no translation figure is stored.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
The Hollywoodland sign goes up above Los Angeles
Architecture
In 1923 a developer put up a sign spelling HOLLYWOODLAND as a short-term advertisement for a housing estate in the hills. Its growing recognition kept it standing, and the letters LAND were removed in 1949.
Robert Frost publishes 'Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening'
Art & literature
Frost wrote the poem at his Shaftsbury, Vermont, home in June 1922, and it appeared in 1923 in his collection New Hampshire. It is in iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme AABA BBCB CCDC DDDD.
David Hart donates the original Hart Trophy to the NHL
Sport
In 1923 David Hart, father of Montreal Canadiens coach Cecil Hart, donated the trophy to the NHL. It goes to the league's most valuable player, chosen by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.
Gilbert Lewis defines acids and bases by electron pairs
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1923 the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis put forward a definition in which an acid accepts a pair of electrons from a base, forming an adduct. The Bronsted-Lowry theory appeared the same year.
Notes
Place of the work not stated in source; region reflects Lewis being American. Source dates his written definition to 1923.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum opens
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Los Angeles built the Coliseum as a World War I veterans' memorial, breaking ground on 21 December 1921 and finishing in 1923. Pomona and USC played the first game there on 6 October 1923, and USC won.
Notes
Infobox gives opened 1 May 1923; the first game was played on 6 October 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Aimee Semple McPherson founds the Foursquare Church
Religion & philosophy
The evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson founded the Pentecostal Foursquare Church in 1923, headquartered in Los Angeles. It grew from a vision of the Foursquare Gospel she had during an October 1922 sermon in Oakland.
Notes
Angelus Temple was dedicated on 1 January 1923; the founding vision came in October 1922. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupre, Quebec, Canada · North America
Architects begin work on the new Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupre
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
After a fire on 29 March 1922 destroyed the previous church, the architects Audet and Daoust worked together on its replacement from 1923 to 1931. The basilica stands beside the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec.
Notes
The history section ties the collaboration of Audet and Daoust to 1923-1931 without giving a start day. Wikidata gives 1923.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Gaetano Merola founds the San Francisco Opera
Stage, music & film
Gaetano Merola founded the San Francisco Opera in 1923, and its first performance as a company was La boheme on 26 September 1923 at the Civic Auditorium. Queena Mario and Giovanni Martinelli sang.
Notes
First company performance was 26 September 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
· McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, United States · North America
Engineers at McCook Field start the collection behind the US Air Force museum
Technology
In 1923 engineers at Dayton's McCook Field began collecting technical artifacts to preserve them. This is the root of the National Museum of the US Air Force, now at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives established 1923.
Barney Pressman opens the first Barneys shop in Manhattan
Economy & trade
Barney Pressman founded the luxury department store Barneys New York in 1923, with his first shop in Manhattan where Seventh Avenue meets West 17th Street.
Lucy Maud Montgomery's Emily of New Moon first appeared in 1923. It is the first of her novels about Emily Byrd Starr, an orphan growing up on Prince Edward Island.
· Buffalo, New York, United States · North America
Reuben Fleet founds Consolidated Aircraft in Buffalo
Economy & trade
Reuben H. Fleet founded Consolidated Aircraft in Buffalo, New York, in 1923, after the liquidation of Gallaudet Aircraft and his purchase of Dayton-Wright designs from General Motors, which was closing that subsidiary.
· near Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Otto Schnering invents the Butterfinger candy bar
Economy & trade
Otto Schnering of the Curtiss Candy Company, which he had set up near Chicago in 1922, invented the Butterfinger in 1923. It has a layered crisp peanut butter core under a chocolate-like coating.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives introduced 1923.
· Zeeland, Michigan, United States · North America
Herman Miller Furniture Company gets its name
Economy & trade
In 1923 Dirk Jan DePree bought most of the shares in a Zeeland, Michigan, furniture firm together with his wife's father, Herman Miller, and they renamed it the Herman Miller Furniture Company.
Notes
The infobox gives 1905 as the founding of the predecessor, Star Furniture Co.; 1923 is the year of the purchase and renaming. Wikidata gives 1923.
Henry Collins Brown founds the Manhattan history museum MCNY
Art & literature
Henry Collins Brown founded the history museum known as MCNY in 1923, wanting to preserve and present the history of the city and its people. Its Fifth Avenue building went up in 1929 and 1930 in neo-Georgian style.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives established 1923.
William Warder Norton and his wife Mary Dows Herter Norton founded the publisher in 1923, with him as its first president. It is known for the Norton Anthologies and Norton Critical Editions.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
Walt Disney's Laugh-O-Gram Studio closes in Kansas City
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Laugh-O-Gram Studio, founded by Walt Disney on 28 June 1921, closed in 1923 after its distributor went bankrupt before paying. The studio itself went bankrupt in July 1923.
Notes
The article gives the closing as 16 October 1923 (lead and infobox) and a bankruptcy filing in July 1923, while Wikidata gives 20 November 1923. The months differ, so only the year is stored.
· Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States · North America
Hillel, the Jewish campus organisation, begins at the University of Illinois
Religion & philosophy
Hillel dates from 1923, with its first branch at the Urbana-Champaign campus of the University of Illinois. Professor Edward Chauncey Baldwin, a Christian, worried that Jewish students knew little of the Hebrew Bible and talked it over with Rabbi Benjamin Frankel.
Notes
Lead, infobox and body all give 1923; English Wikipedia names no day. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Baltimore, Maryland, United States · North America
Baltimore Museum of Art opens its first exhibition at the Garrett house
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The museum, founded in 1914, relocated in July 1922 to the old house of its chief benefactor, Mary Elizabeth Garrett. Its inaugural exhibition opened there in 1923.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-02-22; the article dates the museum's founding to 1914.
American Mathematical Society founds the Bocher Memorial Prize
Science
In 1923 the society founded the prize in memory of Maxime Bocher, with a starting endowment of $1,450 given by members. It rewards notable research in analysis.
· Seattle, Washington, United States · North America
Truck maker Kenworth is founded in Seattle
Economy & trade
Kenworth was founded in Seattle in 1923 as successor to the Gersix Motor Company, with roots in Gerlinger Motors of Portland, founded in 1912. It builds heavy-duty and medium-duty commercial vehicles.
· Long Beach, California, United States · North America
Long Beach gets its first municipal airport at Daugherty Field
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In 1923 the local aviator Earl Daugherty persuaded the city council to use the site for the first municipal airport, which became Long Beach Airport, also called Daugherty Field.
Ralph Matthews and Karl Hassel started Chicago Radio Labs in 1918 to make amateur radio gear. In 1923 it was incorporated as the Zenith Radio Company, with Eugene F. McDonald among its founders.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923 for the start; the infobox dates the company to 1918 as Chicago Radio Labs, renamed Zenith Radio Company in 1923.
Davis Cup splits into two zones for the first time
SportSome details uncertain
The 18th edition of the Davis Cup was divided into an America Zone with four teams and a Europe Zone with thirteen. The United States again beat Australia in the Challenge Round in New York.
Notes
Final played 31 August to 3 September 1923 at the West Side Tennis Club; Wikidata gives 15 May to 3 September 1923 for the whole event.
The Mexican Olympic Committee was created, and formally recognised by the IOC, in 1923. It represents Mexican athletes at the Olympic, Pan American and Central American and Caribbean Games.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the lead and infobox give 1923 for creation and recognition.
· Detroit, Michigan, United States · North America
General Motors discontinues the Scripps-Booth car brand
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Scripps-Booth was a Detroit car marque established by James Scripps Booth in 1913. General Motors acquired it and made it a division, but Alfred Sloan could find no place for it in the company's line-up.
Notes
The article contradicts itself: the lead and infobox give 1923, but the body says the brand name was discontinued in 1922. Wikidata gives 1923. Treated as disputed, so confidence is low.
The Uruguayan Olympic Committee was founded in 1923 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee the same year. It has its headquarters in Montevideo.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-10-27, a day English Wikipedia does not state; the lead and infobox give only the year.
The sixth cholera pandemic ran from 1899 to 1923. It began in India, where more than 800,000 people died, and spread to Russia, Eastern Europe, North Africa and West Asia.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-01 as a placeholder; the source gives the span 1899-1923.
Shinjiro Torii, founder of Kotobukiya, the forerunner of Suntory, opened the Yamazaki distillery in 1923. No commercial whisky distillery in Japan had come before it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives founded 1923.
Armenia used its own ruble from 1919 to 1923, first as a republic and then as a Soviet republic. The second Transcaucasian ruble replaced it when Armenia joined the Transcaucasian federation.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-01 as a placeholder; the source supports only the year.
Kuomintang and Chinese Communists form the First United Front
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In 1923, by English Wikipedia's dating, the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party allied to end warlordism; other sources place the alliance in 1924. Communists joined the Kuomintang as individuals, and together the parties built the National Revolutionary Army.
Notes
The English lead says the alliance formed in 1923 and its infobox gives 26 January 1923 to 12 April 1927. French Wikipedia's lead dates the alliance to 1924-1927, though its body says the Kuomintang and Communists concluded their alliance in September 1923. Wikidata gives a start of 1923 and an inception of 1924 (the latter referenced to Italian Wikipedia), with an end of 1927. Only the year is stored, with medium confidence.
Three men, among them Jaya Dayal Goyanka and Ghanshyam Das Jalan, founded Gita Press in 1923, wanting sacred texts to be easily accessible to the general public. It is regarded as the largest publisher of Hindu religious texts anywhere.
Notes
The infobox gives 3 May 1923 and the history section gives 29 April 1923, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Lembang, West Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) · Asia
Construction of the Bosscha Observatory begins in Lembang
Science
Building of the observatory in Lembang, West Java, began in 1923 and was finished in 1928. Today the Institut Teknologi Bandung runs it, and one of its instruments is a Zeiss double refractor.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923; the infobox gives established 1923. The history section also mentions a first international publication from Bosscha in 1922.
The writer Kan Kikuchi started the Japanese publisher Bungeishunju in 1923. It is best known for its monthly magazine of the same name and is based in Chiyoda, Tokyo.
Notes
Infobox, lead and body all give 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
Shirakaba, meaning White Birch, was an avant-garde Japanese literary and art magazine. Its first issue appeared in April 1910, and it ended in 1923.
Notes
The English text says the final issue was dated January 1923, but Japanese Wikipedia says it ran until August 1923, with 160 issues, and that a planned issue 161 was cancelled after the Great Kanto earthquake; Wikidata gives August 1923. Because the sources disagree on the month, only the year is stored and the summary gives no month for the end.
· Johor Bahru and Woodlands, Malaysia and Singapore · Asia
Johor-Singapore Causeway opens across the Straits of Johor
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The causeway joins Johor Bahru in Malaysia with Woodlands in Singapore. It is said to have opened in 1923, though the lock was only finished in 1924 and a formal ceremony took place on 28 June 1924.
Notes
Dates conflict inside the article: the lead gives 1923 for the official opening, while the infobox gives inauguration on 28 June 1924 and the history section says completion in 1924 with a ceremony that day. Only the year is stored, with lowered confidence. Wikidata gives 1923.
Ghazi Stadium went up in 1923 during the reign of King Amanullah Khan, who is regarded as Ghazi, meaning Hero, for winning independence after the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923 and a P571 value of 1923-01-01.
A Chiba medical school becomes Chiba Medical College
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1923 a medical school in Chiba, Japan, became the Chiba Medical College. It was folded into the School of Medicine of Chiba University in 1949.
Notes
The history section also lists Chiba Medical University as 1923-1960; the article does not make clear how the 1923 change relates to those dates. Wikidata gives 1923. The university as a whole is dated to 1872.
Kunming Wujiaba Airport in Yunnan was originally built in 1923, though the history section says General Tang Jiyao set it up in 1922 as a military airbase and flight-training institute.
Notes
The lead and infobox give 1923, while the history section gives 1922 for the airbase. Wikidata gives 1923.
· Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic · Asia
Transcaucasian Soviet republic adopts an emblem
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Transcaucasian Soviet republic adopted an emblem in 1923, and it stayed in use until 1936, when the republic was dissolved. The design draws on Armenian, Azeri and Georgian elements, with Islamic art beside communist symbols.
Notes
The year 1923 and the use until 1936 come only from the infobox and Wikidata; the article text says only that the emblem was adopted by the republic's government and that the final version was adopted in 1930.
· Pyongyang, Korea (then under Japanese rule) · Asia
Building later used as the Party Founding Museum is built in Pyongyang
Architecture
In 1923 Japan's occupation government built a building in Pyongyang that opened as an exhibition hall for goods from South Pyongan Province. It later served as a department store branch.
Notes
The 1923 event is the construction of the building by the Japanese occupation government. The museum's October 1970 start is given only in the infobox and is left out. Wikidata gives 1923.
Chinese Communist Party's third Central Executive Committee takes office
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Chinese Communist Party's 3rd Central Executive Committee sat from 1923 to 1925, between the 2nd and 4th. Its members included Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-06. The lead states only the years 1923 to 1925.
The first Turkish lira entered circulation in 1923 and stayed in use until 2005. It took over from the Ottoman lira, in use since 1844, and one kurus was worth 40 para.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-10-29; the source supports only the year 1923.
· Damascus, French Mandate of Syria (now Syria) · Middle East
Syrian University is founded in Damascus
Science
The Syrian University, now Damascus University, began in 1923 by merging a Medical School dating from 1903 with an Institute of Law dating from 1913. It took its present name after the University of Aleppo was founded in 1958.
Britain and France agree the Paulet-Newcombe border
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In 1923 the British and French governments agreed the boundary between their mandates, separating Palestine and Iraq from Syria and Lebanon. Lieutenant colonels N. Paulet of France and S. F. Newcombe of Britain mapped the lines and drafted the text.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-07-03; a section of the article is headed March 1923 agreement.
The Third Aliyah was a wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe between 1919 and 1923, bringing 35,000 to 40,000 people. It ended as an economic crisis began in Palestine.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-01-01 as a placeholder; source gives the span 1919-1923.
· Byblos, State of Greater Lebanon (now Lebanon) · Middle East
Pierre Montet finds a Phoenician king's sarcophagus at Byblos
Science
After a landslide in the cliffs around Byblos exposed several royal tombs in late 1923, the French archaeologist Pierre Montet found the coffin of a Phoenician king, dated to around 1000 BC and known for its relief carvings.
Notes
Body text puts the find in late 1923, after a landslide.
Hapoel Tel Aviv was first set up in 1923 but disbanded soon afterwards. 'Hapoel' means 'The Worker', and the Histadrut trade union owned the club for seven decades.
· Ramat HaSharon, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel) · Middle East
Polish immigrants found Ir Shalom, now Ramat HaSharon
Everyday life
Ramat HaSharon began in 1923 as the moshava Ir Shalom, meaning City of Peace, established by immigrants from Poland. It lies on Israel's central coastal strip, bordering Tel Aviv to the south.
Belgian archaeologist Franz Cumont found a fragment of a Late Antique map in 1923 in the flooded Tower of the Archers at Dura-Europos. A Roman soldier of Cohors XX Palmyrenorum drew it on a shield's leather cover between AD 230 and AD 235.
Leonard Woolley finds the Copper Bull at Tell al-'Ubaid
Science
Sir Leonard Woolley found the Copper Bull in 1923 at Tell al-'Ubaid, close to the ancient city of Ur. The sculpture dates from about 2600 BC and is now in the British Museum.
· Riyadh, Sultanate of Nejd (now Saudi Arabia) · Middle East
Fahd, later King of Saudi Arabia, is born in Riyadh
LivesSome details uncertain
Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, eldest of the Sudairi Seven, was born in Riyadh, though his birth year is given variously as 1920, 1921 or 1923. He was crown prince from 1975 to 1982 and reigned from 1982 to his death in 2005.
Notes
The article does not settle the year: lead and infobox both say 1920, 1921 or 1923. Only 1923 is stored, with lowered confidence. Wikidata gives 1923.
After Britain's unilateral declaration of Egyptian independence in 1922, the country needed a constitution. The 1923 Constitution set up a parliament of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies and was Egypt's main constitution until 1952.
Supreme Muslim Council establishes the Islamic Museum at Al-Aqsa
Art & literature
The Supreme Muslim Council established the Islamic Museum in 1923 in the Old City of Jerusalem at Al-Aqsa. A courtyard separates it from al-Aqsa Mosque, which lies to its east.
Persia's Red Lion and Sun Society joins the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In 1923 the society, founded the year before, gained membership of the worldwide Red Cross and Red Crescent movement. Its emblem, the historic Lion and Sun, was recognised by the Geneva Conventions.
Notes
The article gives the society's founding as 1922 and its admission to the movement as 1923; Wikidata gives 1923-04-03 for the founding, a day English Wikipedia does not state. Only the 1923 admission is recorded, at year level. Iran used its own Solar Hijri calendar in this period, so the year is not independently converted.
Southern Rhodesia becomes a self-governing British colony
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The territory in what is now Zimbabwe was first conquered and run by Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company. After the settler minority voted in 1922 against union with South Africa, it became a self-governing colony in 1923.
Notes
Infobox lists '12 September' (no year shown) and 1 October 1923; Wikidata gives 1923-09-12. Year stored.
· Marrakesh, French Morocco (now Morocco) · Africa
Jacques Majorelle begins his garden in Marrakesh
Architecture
The French Orientalist artist Jacques Majorelle bought land at the edge of a Marrakech palm grove in 1923 and built a house in Moroccan style. Over almost forty years he developed it into the Majorelle Garden.
Union Express, origin of South Africa's Blue Train, starts running
Economy & trade
In 1923 the Union Express began running between Johannesburg and Cape Town, called the Union Limited in the opposite direction. The Blue Train between Pretoria and Cape Town traces its origins to it.
Notes
Infobox gives first service 1923. Wikidata gives 1923.
Abd el-Krim authorises a State Bank of the Riff and banknotes
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In 1923 Abd el-Krim gave the go-ahead for a State Bank of the Riff, and banknotes for the Riffan, intended as the money of the brief Republic of the Rif in northern Morocco, were designed and printed.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1923-10-10 as the start and 1926-05-17 as the end; the lead gives only the year 1923 for the printing.
First Nationalist-Country coalition begins in Australian federal politics
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Australia's Coalition of conservative parties traces back to the 1922 election, which cost the Nationalist Party the absolute majority it had enjoyed from 1917. The first alliance with the Country Party followed in 1923.
Notes
The history heading dates the first Nationalist-Country Coalition to 1923-1929, while the chronology table lists the alliance as 1923-1931. Wikidata gives 1923. No day is stated.
In 1923 Arthur Compton introduced the wavelength that bears his name while explaining how electrons scatter photons, a process called Compton scattering. It is the wavelength of a photon whose energy equals a particle's rest energy.
James Alexander discovers the Alexander polynomial
ScienceSome details uncertain
In 1923 the mathematician James Waddell Alexander II discovered a polynomial that assigns each knot type a polynomial with whole-number coefficients. Its significance was not realised until the Jones polynomial appeared in 1984.
Notes
English and French Wikipedia say Alexander found it in 1923; German Wikipedia says 1928. Place not given in the source.
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