Our records for 1933 hold 497 events from 10 regions; the best-ranked is “The Reichstag building in Berlin is set on fire”.
This page lists all 497 events in our records for 1933: 340 dated to the day, 102 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. A grey label such as Exact day uncertain says why one detail is less certain; a yellow label such as Sources differ on the date marks a low-confidence event where the sources disagree or are thin. The notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1933
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
Politics & diplomacyWidely known
The Reichstag building in Berlin is set on fire
· Berlin, Germany · Europe
On the evening of 27 February 1933 the German parliament building burned, and police arrested a Dutch communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, inside it. The Nazis blamed communists, and a presidential decree suspended civil liberties.
Why it is interesting. The blaze handed the Nazis a reason to suspend civil liberties, and historians still disagree over whether Van der Lubbe acted alone.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata and the article agree on the date. The 27 February date is the day of the fire; the fire was reported shortly after 9 p.m.
· Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Some details uncertain.
In Soviet Ukraine a man-made famine ran from 1932 to 1933, with the most deaths recorded in spring 1933. The Soviet state did not allow open discussion of it until the glasnost reforms of the 1980s.
Why it is interesting. Ukraine had to meet unusually heavy grain quotas, and the Soviet state forbade talking openly about the famine for decades afterwards.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 for the end, so the date is stored at year level. The article describes the famine as running from 1932 to 1933, with the most victims in spring 1933.
Ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment on 5 December 1933 repealed the Eighteenth and ended the ban on making and selling alcohol that had stood since 1920. Weak beer and wine had already been legalised that March.
Why it is interesting. Roosevelt won the 1932 election partly on a pledge to end Prohibition, and repeal arrived the following year.
Germany votes in the 5 March 1933 Reichstag election
· Germany · Europe
Voters went to the polls five weeks into Hitler's chancellorship, just days after the Reichstag fire, amid a violent Nazi campaign targeting the Centre Party, trade unionists, Social Democrats and Communists. The Nazis won 43.9 percent.
Why it is interesting. No multi-party election was held again in a united Germany until 1990.
Delegates to a conference of American states signed a treaty in Montevideo on 26 December 1933. Its definition of what makes a sovereign state is still the usual one in international law.
Why it is interesting. A treaty signed in Uruguay gave lawyers their usual yardstick for deciding whether a country counts as a state.
Notes and dating details
The introduction says the convention was signed by 19 states while the data box lists 20 signatories, and the article also says three more states signed without ratifying; no signatory count is used.
After the Nazis took power, clubs, groups and publications of the early German gay movement were shut down, and in March 1933 printed material on the subject began to be seized. Paragraph 175 had already made male homosexual acts illegal.
Why it is interesting. Arrests and convictions rose sharply after a 1935 revision of Paragraph 175, and an estimated 100,000 men were arrested between 1933 and 1945.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 and also holds 30 January 1933 as a start date. The article says persecution intensified once the Nazis took power in January 1933, and also describes a crackdown on homosexual subcultures in Prussia from mid-1932.
The day after the Reichstag fire, 28 February 1933, the German president used emergency powers to suspend personal liberty, free speech, the press and assembly. Political opponents could be held without specific charges.
Why it is interesting. Presented as a temporary measure, the decree stayed in force for the entire Nazi period.
German students launch a campaign that leads to the book burnings
· Germany · Europe
Some details uncertain.
The German Student Union announced on 8 April 1933 a nationwide drive against what it called the un-German spirit, to end in ceremonial burnings of books by Jewish, communist, socialist, liberal and pacifist writers.
Why it is interesting. Helen Keller answered with an open letter telling German students that ideas would outlast burned books.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives March 1933 as the start and 1 October 1933 as the end. The article dates the student campaign's announcement to 8 April 1933, after earlier raids on bookshops in Dresden on 7 and 8 March 1933; the best-known burnings were planned for 10 May 1933.
The Reichstag election of 12 November 1933 offered only Nazis and 22 non-party guests, since other parties had been banned in July. Official results claimed 92 percent support.
Why it is interesting. Roughly 3.4 million voters still cast negative or invalid ballots, despite fear that a no vote would be noticed and punished.
· Simele, Kingdom of Iraq (now Iraq) · Middle East
Some details uncertain.
In August 1933 Iraqi troops under General Bakr Sidqi killed Assyrians around the village of Simele and in the Zakho and Simele districts, after tension following Iraq's independence the year before. Executions of Assyrian men began on 8 August.
Why it is interesting. The massacre shaped Assyrian memory of persecution and influenced Raphael Lemkin when he coined the word genocide.
Notes and dating details
The infobox dates the massacre to 7-11 August 1933, while the body says executions began on 8 August and the main campaign lasted until 16 August, with violent raids continuing to the month's end, so the month is stored. Casualty estimates vary widely between British and Assyrian sources, so no figure is given.
· Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan) · Asia
Some details uncertain.
From late 1930 to 1933, famine struck the Kazakh republic of the Soviet Union, a result of collectivisation that seized herds and upset the nomads' migrations. Between 1.3 million and 2.3 million people are thought to have died, most of them ethnic Kazakhs.
Why it is interesting. Kazakhs fell from about 60 percent of their republic's population to 38 percent, and many who survived escaped across the border to China and Afghanistan.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 for the end. English Wikipedia's data box gives a range of 1.5 to 2.3 million deaths, which differs from the introduction's 1.3 to 2.3 million, so the introduction's wording is used.
A magnitude 8.4 earthquake and tsunami strike the Sanriku coast of Japan
· Sanriku coast, Tohoku, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
Shortly after half past two in the morning on 3 March 1933 an earthquake struck the sea floor off Honshu and sent a tsunami onto the shore. NOAA counts 3,022 deaths in total, among them victims of the tsunami, and some 6,000 houses wrecked.
Why it is interesting. The tsunami arrived in the middle of the night, devastating the northeast coast of Japan.
Notes and dating details
NOAA UTC date 1933-03-02 17:31. The English Wikipedia article puts the main shock at 02:31 local time on 3 March 1933 (17:31 UTC on 2 March), while its introduction gives 2 March. Death toll differs: NOAA gives 3,022 including the tsunami, while the English article's data box lists 1,522 dead and 1,542 missing.
After the Nazis took power, clubs, groups and publications of the early German gay movement were shut down, and in March 1933 printed material on the subject began to be seized. Paragraph 175 had already made male homosexual acts illegal.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 and also holds 30 January 1933 as a start date. The article says persecution intensified once the Nazis took power in January 1933, and also describes a crackdown on homosexual subcultures in Prussia from mid-1932.
Orwell publishes his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Victor Gollancz published Orwell's first full-length book in London in January 1933. The memoir describes poverty in Paris, including casual work in restaurant kitchens, and life on the road among tramps in London.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 22 January 1933 while the body and Wikidata give 9 January 1933, so only the month is stored.
In January 1933 the Glasgow Style artist Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh died at Chelsea, in London. Born in Tipton, Staffordshire, she studied in Glasgow at its School of Art and became the wife of the architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh.
Notes
English Wikipedia and Wikidata give her death as 7 January 1933, but French and German Wikipedia give 10 January 1933, so only the month is stored. English Wikipedia's data box places the death at Chelsea, London.
Wilhelm Cuno, a businessman who served as German chancellor in 1922-1923, died unexpectedly at Aumühle, near Hamburg, on 3 January 1933. In 1932 he had given Hitler advice on economics.
In the Andalusian village of Casas Viejas, anarcho-syndicalist CNT workers marched in January 1933, convinced they were beginning a revolution. Official efforts to crush them came to a head on 11 and 12 January, when guards set fire to a house with people still inside and shot villagers they had arrested.
Notes
The article says 'around' 11-12 January; Wikidata gives a start of 10 January.
· Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Gustav Machatý's film Ecstasy premieres in Prague
Stage, music & film
The film had its world premiere on 20 January 1933, with Hedy Lamarr, then called Hedy Kiesler, in the lead. It follows a young woman who leaves a dull marriage to a wealthy older man for a young engineer.
Notes
The English data box and the premiere sentence agree on 20 January 1933; the Austrian release followed on 14 February 1933.
Born into a landed Catholic family in County Mayo, the Irish writer produced novels, stories, poems, criticism, memoirs and plays. He died at his Ebury Street home in Belgravia on 21 January 1933.
Notes
The body gives only 'early 1933'; English Wikipedia's data box and opening line give 21 January 1933. Wikidata places the death in Pimlico; the article names Ebury Street in Belgravia.
Voters chose the 8th Dáil on 24 January 1933, after the 7th Dáil was dissolved on 2 January. Fianna Fáil fell one seat short of a majority, and Éamon de Valera was re-appointed to head the government.
President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor in Berlin on 30 January 1933. Hitler had headed the Nazi Party since 1921, and had come second to Hindenburg in both rounds of the 1932 presidential race.
The rabbi's wife Recha Freier founded the Jewish organisation on 30 January 1933. It saved thousands of children from the Nazis by placing them in youth villages and kibbutzim in Mandatory Palestine.
On 30 January 1933 Prime Minister Stauning's Social Democrats and Social Liberals struck a deal with the opposition Liberal Party in Stauning's apartment in Copenhagen. Under it the krone was devalued, labour rights grew and farmers received more state subsidies.
· Hampstead, London, England, United Kingdom · Europe
John Galsworthy dies
Lives
The English novelist and playwright John Galsworthy died at Hampstead, London, at the very end of January 1933. He wrote The Forsyte Saga, and had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1932.
The service, which became Kirkus Reviews, began in January 1933 as Bulletin by Kirkus' Bookshop Service. It reached its present title with the issue of 1 January 1969.
Notes
The month comes from the English data box's first date; the lead gives only the year.
The United States ends its occupation of Nicaragua
War & conflict
On 2 January 1933 President Hoover ended the American intervention in Nicaragua that had begun formally in August 1912. The marines withdrew after Juan Sacasa became president.
· Northampton, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Calvin Coolidge dies
Lives
Calvin Coolidge died at Northampton, Massachusetts, on 5 January 1933. He had served as the 30th US president from 1923 to 1929, after being Harding's vice president and governor of Massachusetts.
Susan Rosenblatt, born on 16 January 1933, grew into the American critic and essayist Susan Sontag. The 1964 essay Notes on Camp was her first major work.
The American designer, famed above all for glasswork such as Favrile glass and stained glass, died on 17 January 1933 and was laid to rest in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn. He had been the first design director at Tiffany & Co., his father's firm.
President Hoover set aside White Sands in New Mexico on 18 January 1933 under the Antiquities Act of 1906. Part of the biggest gypsum dune field in the world lies within it.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 20 December 2019, the date it became a national park; the 1933 date is its designation as a national monument.
Lowell Sherman's pre-Code crime comedy with Mae West and Cary Grant came out on 27 January 1933. It was adapted from West's 1928 Broadway hit Diamond Lil.
Notes
Wikidata gives 9 February 1933; English Wikipedia's data box gives 27 January 1933, and German Wikipedia also gives 27 January 1933 for the premiere.
The American lyric poet Sara Teasdale, born in St. Louis, took her own life in New York on 29 January 1933. Her last collection, Strange Victory, appeared that year.
· Eastern end of the Great Wall, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
China and Japan fight the Great Wall campaign
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From 1 January to 31 May 1933 Chinese and Japanese armies fought along the eastern end of the Great Wall, starting with an incident staged by the Japanese garrison commander at Shanhai Pass. Japan took Rehe province and added it to Manchukuo.
Notes
Wikidata gives 31 May 1933 as the main date, with 1 January 1933 as a start and 21 May 1933 as an end. The introduction and English Wikipedia's data box give 1 January to 31 May 1933.
The theatre, designed by Alexander Tamanian, officially opened on 20 January 1933 with Alexander Spendiaryan's opera Almast. Today it has two concert halls.
· Paniqui, Tarlac, Philippine Islands (now Philippines) · Asia
Corazon Aquino is born
Lives
Corazon Aquino was born at Paniqui, Tarlac, on 25 January 1933. She went on to be the Philippines' 11th president, in office between 1986 and 1992, and led the 1986 People Power Revolution, which brought to an end some twenty years of rule by Ferdinand Marcos.
· Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
The Cairo literary weekly Arrissalah publishes its first issue
Art & literature
The Arabic weekly on literature, science and the arts began on 15 January 1933 under the editor Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyat and appeared in Cairo until 1953.
Notes
The day 15 January 1933 comes from English Wikipedia's data box; the body says the first issue appeared in January 1933, and Arabic Wikipedia gives the year 1933.
· Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania (now Romania) · Europe
Railway workers strike at the Grivita Workshops in Bucharest
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In February 1933, workers angered by poor conditions during the Great Depression took over the workshops, and Romanian troops cut them off and besieged them. Seven workers were killed in the fighting, among them 19-year-old Vasile Roaita.
Notes
Month precision from the lead; the data box gives 1933.
The first Winter Maccabiah took place at Zakopane, Poland, between 2 and 5 February 1933, using the Wielka Krokiew ski jump stadium. It followed the first Maccabiah of 1932.
Notes
The English article's lead says the opening ceremony came two days after Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, but the opening date it gives, 2 February, is three days later.
The airport opened on 9 February 1933, and regular flights linking Moscow, Voronezh and Stalingrad followed in July using multi-seat K-5 aircraft. It is now an international airport.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 9 February 1933 for the opening, and Russian Wikipedia also gives 9 February 1933 for founding Voronezh's first civil airfield. The English body gives 10 July 1933 for the start of regular air service.
· Stockholm, Sweden, and Zurich, Switzerland · Europe
The 1933 World Figure Skating Championships are held in two cities
Sport
In February 1933 the ladies' and pairs' skating was held at Stockholm, with the men's competition in Zurich a week afterwards. Sonja Henie won the ladies' title and Karl Schäfer the men's.
The French composer Henri Duparc, born in January 1848, died on 12 February 1933. He belonged to the late Romantic period and made his name chiefly with art songs known as mélodies.
Born on 12 February 1933 in Loutra Iraias, Greece, Konstantinos Gavras is known professionally as Costa-Gavras, a Greek-French director, screenwriter and producer working in France.
Carl Correns, a German botanist, died in Berlin in mid-February 1933. He arrived at the principles of heredity separately from Hugo de Vries, and is best known for discovering inheritance through the cytoplasm.
Run on Pau's street circuit on 19 February 1933, this was the first race to bear the Grand Prix de Pau name. Marcel Lehoux won in a Bugatti T51, ahead of Guy Moll and Philippe Étancelin.
Hitler meets industrialists in secret to raise election funds
Politics & diplomacy
Hitler held a secret meeting with some 25 industrialists at Hermann Göring's official residence in Berlin on 20 February 1933, seeking money for the Nazi campaign ahead of the 5 March election. The Nazis wanted two thirds of the seats so they could pass the Enabling Act.
· Ljubljana, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Slovenia) · Europe
The Nebotičnik skyscraper opens in Ljubljana
Architecture
Vladimir Šubic was the architect, working for the Pension Institute. After almost two years of construction it opened on 21 February 1933, and on completion it was Yugoslavia's tallest building.
On the evening of 27 February 1933 the German parliament building burned, and police arrested a Dutch communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, inside it. The Nazis blamed communists, and a presidential decree suspended civil liberties.
Notes
Wikidata and the article agree on the date. The 27 February date is the day of the fire; the fire was reported shortly after 9 p.m.
The day after the Reichstag fire, 28 February 1933, the German president used emergency powers to suspend personal liberty, free speech, the press and assembly. Political opponents could be held without specific charges.
American Physics Teacher publishes its first volume
ScienceSome details uncertain
The journal's first volume is dated February 1933. Quarterly until 1936, then bimonthly between 1937 and 1939, today it is the American Journal of Physics, which comes out monthly.
Notes
Month only. The data box gives its history as 1933 to the present, and the body dates volume 1 to February 1933.
Henry King's pre-Code comedy-drama stars Janet Gaynor, Will Rogers and Lew Ayres as a farm family at the Iowa State Fair for a few days. Released 10 February 1933.
The weekly news magazine News-Week, later called Newsweek, carried the date 17 February 1933 on its first issue. It merged with another weekly, Today, in 1937.
Notes
Wikidata also holds the year 1933 as a founding date; English Wikipedia's data box and history section both date the first issue to 17 February 1933.
· Bayside, Queens, New York, United States · North America
Boxer James J. Corbett dies
Lives
Liver cancer killed James J. Corbett at the age of 66 on 18 February 1933, at his home in Bayside, Queens. He lived there from 1902 and had a second career as an actor.
Michael Curtiz directed the pre-Code horror film for Warner Bros., with Lionel Atwill and Fay Wray in the lead roles. It was shot in two-colour Technicolor.
Notes
The data box and French Wikipedia give a United States release on 18 February 1933; Wikidata's main date is 17 February, with other values of 18 February and 14 March.
· Tryon, North Carolina, United States · North America
Nina Simone is born in Tryon, North Carolina
Lives
Eunice Kathleen Waymon, born on 21 February 1933, became a composer, concert pianist and singer in America, and an activist for civil rights. Classical, gospel, folk, blues, jazz, R&B and pop music all fed into her sound.
· Hancock, New Hampshire, United States · North America
Lilla Cabot Perry dies
Lives
The American painter Lilla Cabot Perry died at Hancock, New Hampshire, on 28 February 1933. She painted portraits and landscapes in the Impressionist style, guided by Claude Monet.
The Japanese artist, musician and peace activist was born on 18 February 1933. In 1952 she relocated to New York City and became part of the downtown artists' scene.
The proletarian writer, aged 29, died in Tokyo on 20 February 1933 after the Special Higher Police arrested and tortured him. His best-known work is the 1929 short novel Kani Kōsen (Crab Cannery Ship).
· Rehe (Jehol) Province, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Japan wins the Battle of Rehe
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Between 21 February and 1 March 1933 Japanese forces captured Rehe province, held by the warlord Zhang Xueliang, and added it to Manchukuo. It was the second stage of Japan's Operation Nekka.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 21 February 1933 as the date, and the introduction gives 21 February to 1 March 1933. The body says the offensive was launched on 23 February 1933. Wikidata gives 21 February 1933 to 1 March 1933.
· Mvomeka'a, French Cameroon (now Cameroon) · Africa
Paul Biya is born in French Cameroon
Lives
Biya was born at Mvomeka'a on 13 February 1933. Biya worked his way up in the civil service under President Ahmadou Ahidjo, was prime minister from 1975, and followed Ahidjo as president in 1982.
An annular solar eclipse crosses Chile, Argentina and Africa
Science
On 24 February 1933 the Moon fell just short of covering the Sun, so a bright ring remained, at magnitude 0.9841. The ring was visible from Chile and Argentina across a belt of Africa that included Angola, Sudan and Ethiopia, and it also reached Eritrea, Djibouti and Yemen.
· Teatro Beatriz, Madrid, Second Spanish Republic (now Spain) · Europe
Lorca's Blood Wedding is staged for the first time
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Federico García Lorca's tragedy opened at the Teatro Beatriz in Madrid in March 1933. Set in rural Spain, it may be based on actual events in 1920s Almería.
Notes
The article dates the first performance to March 1933; Wikidata gives 8 March 1933.
Germany votes in the 5 March 1933 Reichstag election
Politics & diplomacy
Voters went to the polls five weeks into Hitler's chancellorship, just days after the Reichstag fire, amid a violent Nazi campaign targeting the Centre Party, trade unionists, Social Democrats and Communists. The Nazis won 43.9 percent.
On 5 March 1933 the monarchist-leaning People's Party won 118 of 248 seats, the most of any party, and overturned the dominance of Venizelos's Liberal Party. A coup attempt by Venizelist officers followed.
Notes
French Wikipedia counts seats by alliance, giving 136 to the United Opposition against 110 to the Liberal-led National Coalition; the 118 of 248 is the English article's total for the People's Party alone.
The leftist weekly about politics, art and the economy, which began in Berlin in 1905, appeared for the last time on 7 March 1933 after the Nazis banned it. Carl von Ossietzky, the editor, and others on the staff were arrested the night the Reichstag burned.
· Oakwood, Enfield, London, England, United Kingdom · Europe
Oakwood tube station opens as Enfield West
Architecture
The station opened on 13 March 1933 on the Piccadilly line's extension towards Cockfosters, under the name Enfield West. The name Oakwood came into use in September 1946.
Notes
Wikidata also holds a bare 1933 value, which does not conflict with the day.
Once Hitler was chancellor, the Weimar Republic's black-red-gold flag was outlawed. From 14 March 1933 the imperial black-white-red tricolour and the Nazi Party flag were the two legal flags.
Notes
The article says usage may have formally started earlier than 14 March 1933.
On 14 March 1933 Maurice Joseph Micklewhite was born in London; as Michael Caine he became an English actor whose Cockney accent was unmistakable. His 1960s breakthrough roles included Zulu, then The Ipcress File and The Italian Job.
The Nazi bodyguard unit later called the Reichssicherheitsdienst is founded
Politics & diplomacy
The Führerschutzkommando was set up on 15 March 1933, at first guarding Adolf Hitler and later other top Nazi leaders too. Command lay with Johann Rattenhuber, assisted by Peter Högl.
Notes
Part of the Nazi consolidation of power in spring 1933.
On 17 March 1933 Sepp Dietrich chose SS men for a unit in Berlin that grew into the Waffen-SS. Renamed Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler in April 1934, it swore allegiance to Hitler at a Munich ceremony in November 1933.
Notes
The Waffen-SS as a named combat branch developed later; the article traces its origins to the unit formed on 17 March 1933. Wikidata gives the same date.
A referendum on 19 March 1933 approved a constitution for the one-party Estado Novo of Salazar. For the first time in Portugal women could vote, although they had to meet tougher education requirements than men.
Notes
The lead says reports of the results conflict; the figures in the data box match the official gazette of 11 April 1933, while other writers cite lower totals.
A ceremony on 21 March 1933 reopened the Reichstag after its fire, shortly after the month's national election. Hitler, as Chancellor, and President Hindenburg took part together.
The camp at Dachau opened on 22 March 1933 on the site of an abandoned munitions factory, first to hold the Nazi Party's political opponents. It operated until April 1945 and later held Jews, Romani and others.
Notes
Wikidata also holds the year 1933, without a day, as a founding date; the introduction, English Wikipedia's data box and the body all give 22 March 1933 for the opening.
The Enabling Act lets Hitler's cabinet make laws alone
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 23 March 1933 Germany passed a law allowing the Cabinet, above all Chancellor Hitler, to legislate without the Reichstag or the President. It marked the shift from the Weimar Republic to the Nazi dictatorship.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 for the event and lists both 23 and 24 March 1933 as start dates, while English Wikipedia's data box gives 23 March 1933 for signing and entry into force.
Weimar Germany's era of political killings and street violence ends
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Assassinations and street clashes between left- and right-wing groups marked Germany from the 1918 revolution until 23 March 1933, when the Enabling Act removed what opposition was left and the Nazis held power.
Notes
This covers a whole period. English Wikipedia's data box gives 29 October 1918 to 23 March 1933, and the body ends the period with the Nazi rise to power and the Enabling Act; the English article on that law gives 23 March 1933 as its signing date.
Joe Davis wins the 1933 World Snooker Championship
SportSome details uncertain
The seventh championship was played between March and June 1933, with its final at Joe Davis's Saloon in Chesterfield. Davis beat Willie Smith 25 frames to 18.
Notes
The article's schedule table gives the final as 12-17 June, while its opening line and final section say it ended on 16 June.
On 28 March 1933 the airliner City of Liverpool, an Imperial Airways Argosy II, came down near Diksmuide in Belgium after a fire broke out on board. All fifteen people aboard died.
Black Canyon of the Gunnison becomes a national monument
Everyday life
The Colorado gorge was given national monument status on 2 March 1933, and became a national park in 1999. The Civilian Conservation Corps built its North Rim Road between 1933 and 1935.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 21 October 1999 as the date the national park was established; the 1933 date refers to the national monument. The Civilian Conservation Corps building the North Rim Road from 1933 to 1935 comes from the 'Creation of the park' section of the English Wikipedia article.
Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated for the first time
Politics & diplomacy
Roosevelt took the oath from Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes on 4 March 1933 at the Capitol's East Portico, at the depth of the Depression. Tens of millions listened to his speech on the radio.
The Congress met in Washington from 4 March 1933 to 3 January 1935, and Roosevelt was sworn in as president on its first day. Democrats strengthened their hold on the House and captured the Senate, so they held the presidency and both chambers.
· Long Beach, California, United States · North America
The Long Beach earthquake strikes Southern California
Disasters
An earthquake of magnitude about 6.4 hit offshore southeast of Long Beach at 5:54 pm on 10 March 1933. Between 115 and 120 people died, most of them struck by debris as they ran out of buildings.
Notes
Local time was 5:54 pm PST on 10 March 1933, which is 01:54 UTC on 11 March 1933.
Lloyd Bacon's film, with Harry Warren and Al Dubin writing the songs and Busby Berkeley staging the dance numbers, premiered in New York on 9 March 1933. It follows a company rehearsing a Broadway show during the Depression.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933. The film premiered in New York on 9 March 1933 and entered general release on 11 March 1933.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Quincy Jones is born in Chicago
Lives
Jones, born on 14 March 1933, became a musician, composer and record producer, and he produced three Michael Jackson albums: Off the Wall, Thriller and Bad.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Ruth Bader Ginsburg is born in Brooklyn
Lives
Joan Ruth Bader, born on 15 March 1933, became a lawyer and sat as a US Supreme Court associate justice from 1993 until she died in 2020. President Clinton nominated her to succeed Byron White.
· Newark, New Jersey, United States · North America
Philip Roth is born in Newark
Lives
Philip Roth arrived on 19 March 1933 in Newark, New Jersey, the city where much of his fiction as a novelist and short-story writer is set. His 1959 story collection Goodbye, Columbus first drew attention.
Roosevelt signs the Cullen-Harrison Act, legalising weak beer
Politics & diplomacy
Roosevelt signed the act on 22 March 1933, a day after Congress passed it. From 7 April, beer of 3.2 percent alcohol by weight and similarly weak wine became legal, though each state still had to pass its own law to allow sales.
Notes
Wikidata gives 21 March 1933, the day Congress passed the act, as its main date. The lead puts the signing on 22 March and says the law took effect on 7 April 1933; the data box lists 22 March as the effective date.
Dorothy Arzner directed this RKO tale of an illicit romance in English high society, adapted by Zoe Akins from a 1932 novel by Gilbert Frankau. It reached US cinemas on 31 March 1933.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box and French Wikipedia give 31 March 1933 for the United States release, and the data box gives 29 June 1933 for the United Kingdom. German Wikipedia says the film premiered in New York on 9 March 1933, which is also Wikidata's main date; the general release date of 31 March is stored.
· Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Federated Malay States (now Malaysia) · Asia
The first recruits join the Malay Regiment
War & conflict
The Malay Regiment Bill cleared the Federal Council for the Federated Malay States on 23 January 1933, and on 1 March recruiting started for the First Experimental Malay Company, based at Port Dickson in a camp called Haig Lines.
Soviet authorities created the institute on 1 March 1933, at first called the Karl Marx Institute of Polytechnic, beginning with faculties for civil engineering and for chemical technology. Two older Yerevan institutes were merged to create it.
Notes
The milestones list gives 27 February 1933 for the government resolution to merge the two institutes, 1 March for the establishment, and 14 March 1933 for the renaming after Karl Marx.
· Sanriku coast, Tohoku, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
A magnitude 8.4 earthquake and tsunami strike the Sanriku coast of Japan
Disasters
Shortly after half past two in the morning on 3 March 1933 an earthquake struck the sea floor off Honshu and sent a tsunami onto the shore. NOAA counts 3,022 deaths in total, among them victims of the tsunami, and some 6,000 houses wrecked.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1933-03-02 17:31. The English Wikipedia article puts the main shock at 02:31 local time on 3 March 1933 (17:31 UTC on 2 March), while its introduction gives 2 March. Death toll differs: NOAA gives 3,022 including the tsunami, while the English article's data box lists 1,522 dead and 1,542 missing.
· Sheung Wan, British Hong Kong (now China) · Asia
The money-changing shop that became Hang Seng Bank opens in Hong Kong
Economy & trade
Four business partners, including Lam Bing Yim and Ho Sin Hang, began trading on 3 March 1933 from a modest money-changing shop on Wing Lok Street. HSBC now owns the bank outright.
Notes
The body names four founding partners: Lam Bing Yim, Ho Sin Hang, Sheng Tsun Lin and Leung Chik Wai. English Wikipedia's data box lists five founders.
· Baghcheh, north of Hamadan, Persia (now Iran) · Middle East
Abolhassan Banisadr is born near Hamadan
Lives
The village of Baghcheh, north of Hamadan, saw Banisadr's birth on 22 March 1933. He became Iran's first president after the revolution, taking office in 1980.
Notes
Persian Wikipedia gives his birth as 2 Farvardin 1312 in the Iranian solar calendar, which converts to 22 March 1933, matching the English article and Wikidata.
· Beirut, Lebanese Republic under the French Mandate (now Lebanon) · Middle East
The Lebanese Football Association is founded
Sport
Representatives of football clubs met in Beirut's Minet El Hosn district on 22 March 1933 to form the body that governs football in Lebanon.
Notes
The 22 March 1933 day comes from the history section of the English article, which describes thirteen clubs meeting in Minet El Hosn; Wikidata gives only the year 1933.
· Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, Italian Somaliland (now Somalia) · Africa
Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, dies in Somaliland
Lives
The Italian mountaineer and explorer, a member of the House of Savoy, died on 18 March 1933 in a village he had founded in Italian Somaliland. He was buried beside the Shebelle River.
An international boycott of German goods is launched against Nazi persecution of Jews
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
People in Europe and the United States started boycotting German products in March 1933, answering Nazi violence and harassment of Jews after Hitler became chancellor. Jewish organisations were divided over it.
Notes
In response, Goebbels called for Jewish businesses to be boycotted by the Nazis for one day, 1 April 1933. The article says the boycott ran until the United States entered the war on 7 December 1941, the day of the Pearl Harbor attack; Congress declared war the next day, so only the month is stored for the end.
An Aryan certificate becomes required for public employees
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
From April 1933 every public-sector employee and official, including those in education, had to supply a document certifying that they belonged to the presumed Aryan race. The requirement came from the civil service restoration law.
Notes
Month precision from the lead. The English article on the civil service law of 7 April 1933 says the exemption for front-line soldiers came through amendments to the original draft.
The Catholic Church opens an extraordinary Holy Year
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
Pope Pius XI proclaimed an extra jubilee year in 1933, nineteen centuries after the year traditionally assigned to the death and resurrection of Jesus. Vatican stamps were issued for the occasion.
Notes
English Wikipedia's list of jubilee years gives 3 April 1933 to 2 April 1934, while German Wikipedia's list gives 2 April 1933 to 2 April 1934, so only the months are stored. The text of the English article dates the jubilee to 1933, and Wikidata gives the year 1933.
The Maggio Musicale Fiorentino is founded in Florence
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The festival was founded by Vittorio Gui in April 1933, following an idea of Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano. It set out to stage new and neglected operas in a visually striking way.
The Nazis ordered a country-wide boycott on 1 April 1933 of law firms, doctors' offices, banks and shops owned by Jews. SA and SS men stood in shop doorways; some premises were vandalised or looted and some owners were assaulted.
Alfred and Gertrud Rotter die fleeing a kidnap attempt at Gaflei
War & conflict
On 5 April 1933 Nazi sympathisers, among them Liechtenstein citizens backed by five German nationals, tried to seize the Jewish German theatre managers Fritz and Alfred Rotter at the Gaflei health resort. The attempt failed, but Alfred and his wife Gertrud fell to their deaths in a ravine while escaping.
Notes
The lead describes the kidnap attempt as failed. The body says Alfred and Gertrud Rotter died after falling into a ravine as they ran from the attackers.
Jean Vigo's Zero for Conduct is first shown in Paris
Stage, music & film
Vigo's featurette, shot between December 1932 and January 1933, turns his own boarding-school childhood into a story of a stifling school, with surreal revolts breaking out. It was shown on 7 April 1933.
German students launch a campaign that leads to the book burnings
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The German Student Union announced on 8 April 1933 a nationwide drive against what it called the un-German spirit, to end in ceremonial burnings of books by Jewish, communist, socialist, liberal and pacifist writers.
Notes
Wikidata gives March 1933 as the start and 1 October 1933 as the end. The article dates the student campaign's announcement to 8 April 1933, after earlier raids on bookshops in Dresden on 7 and 8 March 1933; the best-known burnings were planned for 10 May 1933.
Neuilly-sur-Seine was the birthplace, on 9 April 1933, of the French actor Jean-Paul Belmondo, who also worked as a producer and film distributor. He became a New Wave star through the 1960 film Breathless.
The Catalan soprano was born on 12 April 1933 and became one of the leading opera singers of the 20th century, known for Verdi and the bel canto repertoire.
· Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary) · Europe
The Testament of Dr. Mabuse premieres in Budapest
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Fritz Lang's German crime thriller, a sequel to Dr. Mabuse the Gambler of 1922, premiered on 21 April 1933. It drew on Norbert Jacques's unfinished novel Mabuse's Colony.
Notes
The film was scheduled for release on 24 March 1933 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo in Berlin, but it was banned in Germany; Budapest is the premiere date given by the data box and body. Siegfried Kracauer held that Lang meant the film to suggest Hitler's Mabuse-like qualities.
· West Wittering, Sussex, England, United Kingdom · Europe
Sir Henry Royce dies
Lives
Henry Royce, the English engineer whose engines gained a name for reliability, died on 22 April 1933 at his home in West Wittering, in Sussex. With Charles Rolls and Claude Johnson he had founded Rolls-Royce in 1904.
Achille Varzi won in a Bugatti on 23 April 1933 after trading the lead many times with Tazio Nuvolari. It was the first Grand Prix to fix the starting grid by practice times instead of a ballot.
On 26 April 1933 Hermann Göring created the Gestapo by merging Prussia's political police units, and Himmler took control in April 1934, when it became a national agency. It was turned against Jews above all, and also against opponents of the regime, clergy, Sinti and Roma and homosexuals.
On 26 April 1933 Dutch voters elected the House of Representatives. First place stayed with the Roman Catholic State Party under Piet Aalberse, which took 28 of the 100 seats.
Everton beat Manchester City 3-0 at Wembley on 29 April 1933, Dixie Dean, Jimmy Stein and James Dunn scoring. The club had not lifted the Cup since 1906.
The French poet and writer Anna de Noailles, of Romanian and Greek descent, passed away in Paris on 30 April 1933 and lies in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Her first collection, Le Coeur innombrable, came out in 1901.
The 28th edition of the Paris-Tours race was held on 30 April 1933, running from Paris to Tours. Merviel won, with Antonin Magne taking second place and Ludwig Geyer third.
· Pasadena, California, United States · North America
Earl Derr Biggers dies
Lives
The novelist and playwright Earl Derr Biggers, an American born in Warren, Ohio, died in a Pasadena hospital on 5 April 1933, after a heart attack at Palm Springs. He created the detective Charlie Chan.
Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack made King Kong for RKO, with special effects by Willis O'Brien and music by Max Steiner. It reached US cinemas generally on 7 April 1933 after a New York premiere in March.
Notes
Wikidata gives 7 April 1933 and also 8 September 1933. The film premiered in New York City on 2 March 1933 and in Hollywood on 24 March 1933, and was officially released on 7 April 1933, so the date depends on which event is meant.
· Princeton, New Jersey, United States · North America
Henry van Dyke Jr. dies
Lives
In Princeton, New Jersey, on 10 April 1933, Henry van Dyke Jr., author, teacher and Presbyterian minister, died. President Woodrow Wilson had sent him as US minister to the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box death field also repeats his birth date; the introduction and body give 10 April 1933. This is the younger Henry van Dyke (1852 to 1933), not his father.
After a New York premiere on 5 January 1933, Fox's film Cavalcade went into wide release on 15 April. Frank Lloyd directed it from Noël Coward's play, following a London family from the Boer War to New Year's Day 1933.
Notes
Wikidata gives 2 October 1933. The article gives a New York premiere on 5 January 1933 and a general release on 15 April 1933, so the date depends on which event is meant.
· Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
Jayne Mansfield is born in Bryn Mawr
Lives
Vera Jayne Palmer, born on 19 April 1933, was an actress, singer and Playboy Playmate in the United States. She signed with 20th Century Fox after her breakthrough in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?
Hawks produced and directed this MGM drama starring Joan Crawford and Gary Cooper, based on William Faulkner's story Turnabout about two First World War officers who compete for one woman. It opened on 21 April 1933.
Felix Adler, who founded the Ethical Culture movement, died in New York on 24 April 1933. In 1902 Columbia University appointed him to its chair of political and social ethics.
Peruvian president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro is assassinated
Lives
An army officer and Peru's 41st president, Sánchez Cerro was killed in Lima on 30 April 1933 by Abelardo de Mendoza, who belonged to the outlawed APRA Party. Óscar Benavides succeeded him.
Aircraft fly over Mount Everest for the first time
ExplorationSome details uncertain
In April 1933 two Westland aircraft flown by Lord Clydesdale and David McIntyre passed over the mountain, with Stewart Blacker and Sidney Bonnett as observers. Lady Houston financed the expedition, which Peregrine Fellowes led.
· Chahar and Suiyuan provinces, Inner Mongolia, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Japan begins proxy military campaigns in Inner Mongolia
War & conflictSome details uncertain
From April 1933 to December 1936 Japan pushed into Chahar and Suiyuan provinces, using proxy armies so as not to break the Tanggu Truce openly. General Liu Guitang, acting on Japanese orders, crossed into Chahar's southeast in April 1933.
Notes
The first moves came in April 1933; the Tanggu Truce was signed on 31 May 1933 while fighting continued around Dolonnur. The December 1936 end comes from English Wikipedia's data box and Wikidata; the body only describes the campaigns running to 1936.
· Alexandria, Kingdom of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
Constantine Cavafy dies in Alexandria
Lives
On his 70th birthday, 29 April 1933, the Greek poet Cavafy died in Alexandria from cancer of the larynx. He had worked as a journalist and civil servant.
Notes
The lead also gives his birth date in the Old Style calendar (17 April 1863); this concerns his birth only. His death date is a Gregorian date in Egypt.
· Constantine, French Algeria (now Algeria) · Africa
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji is born in Constantine
Lives
The French physicist, born in French Algeria on 1 April 1933, worked at the École normale supérieure in Paris and became known for experiments in laser cooling.
The Permanent Court rules against Norway over Eastern Greenland
Politics & diplomacy
Before the Permanent Court of International Justice, Norway lost the Eastern Greenland Case of 1933 over a stretch of coast it had occupied and called Erik the Red's Land; on 5 April 1933 the territory went to Denmark.
Notes
The day comes from the data box, which gives 5 April 1933 as the end date, and from French and German Wikipedia; the lead and body give only the year 1933 for the ruling.
Belarus's national opera and ballet company opens in Minsk
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The theatre opened in May 1933 with a staging of Bizet's Carmen, whose title role was sung by Larisa Aleksandrovskaya. It grew out of a studio founded by the Russian singer Anton Bonachich, who died that year.
Notes
The lead gives 15 May 1933 for the opening and a body sentence gives 25 May 1933 for the opening performance of Carmen, so only the month is stored.
Argentina and Britain sign the Roca-Runciman Treaty
Economy & trade
Vice President Julio Roca Jr. of Argentina and Sir Walter Runciman of the British Board of Trade signed the treaty in London on 1 May 1933. It guaranteed Argentina beef export quotas at 1932 levels, with foreign meat packers handling 85 percent.
Nazi students attack Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 6 May 1933 an organised attack hit the Berlin institute while its founder, Magnus Hirschfeld, was in Switzerland. The institute was wrecked and its libraries destroyed; books were carried out and burned in the street.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 1934 for the dissolution, while the opening line says the institute ran from 1919 to 1933. A caption dates the burning of its books at Opernplatz to 19 May 1933.
The cycling race began in Milan on 6 May 1933 and ended there on 28 May after 17 stages. Alfredo Binda took the title, his fifth career win.
Notes
Wikidata gives 6 June to 28 June 1933, while the article gives 6 to 28 May 1933. The lead calls it the 21st edition and the later text the 20th, so no edition number is used.
On 8 May 1933 the National Assembly, the Sejm and Senate sitting together, elected Ignacy Mościcki to a second seven-year term. The main opposition party, SN, boycotted the vote.
The Labour Front was formed on 10 May 1933 to replace the independent trade unions, whose headquarters had been occupied on 2 May, their funds seized and their leaders beaten and arrested. Robert Ley led it.
Held between May and October 1933, the exhibition was the first in the Palazzo dell'Arte, later the seat of the Triennale. It was the first edition recognised by the Bureau of International Expositions.
· Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
Mykola Khvylovy takes his own life in Kharkiv
Lives
The Ukrainian novelist and poet shot himself, in front of friends, in his Kharkiv apartment on 13 May 1933. A month earlier the secret police had arrested his close ally Mykhailo Yalovy.
The former defence minister Vidkun Quisling launched Norway's fascist party, together with a circle of supporters, on 13 May 1933. Its newspaper was Fritt Folk, and its paramilitary wing was the Hirden.
Notes
Members marked the party's birthday on 17 May, but the actual founding was on 13 May.
Achille Starace, the National Fascist Party's secretary, inaugurated the stadium on 14 May 1933. It was built to host two 1933 sporting events, the Littoriali and the World Student Games, and was first named after Benito Mussolini.
Hermann von François, a general of infantry whose career in the Imperial German Army ran from 1875 to 1918, died in Berlin of a kidney infection on 15 May 1933. He was born in Luxembourg City.
· Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary) · Europe
Sándor Ferenczi dies
Lives
Sándor Ferenczi, a Hungarian psychoanalytic theorist who worked closely with Freud, died in Budapest on 22 May 1933 of pernicious anaemia, which was then untreatable. He started the Hungarian Psychoanalytical Society and later headed the International Psychoanalytical Association.
The 38th French Championships were played on clay at Stade Roland-Garros from 25 May to 5 June 1933. Jack Crawford took the men's singles and Margaret Scriven the women's.
A yellow flag marked with four red stripes became Catalonia's official flag on 25 May 1933. The pattern is taken from the coat of arms of the medieval kings of Aragon.
· Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) · Europe
The Nazi Party wins half the vote in the Free City of Danzig
Politics & diplomacy
In the Danzig election of 28 May 1933 the Nazi Party took half the vote, winning 38 of the Volkstag's 72 seats. No party had held a majority in the chamber before.
Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin found the Catholic Worker Movement
Religion & philosophySome details uncertain
On 1 May 1933 Day and Maurin started a movement of self-governing communities that offer shelter and welcome to people on the margins of society. It campaigns for nonviolence and against war and the unequal spread of wealth.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 1 May 1933; its introduction and Wikidata give the year 1933.
· Barnwell, South Carolina, United States · North America
James Brown is born
Lives
James Brown's birthplace was Barnwell, South Carolina, and his birthday 3 May 1933. A gospel singer at the start, he made his name fronting his own band.
Notes
Wikidata gives Augusta, Georgia as the birthplace; the data box and the body give Barnwell, South Carolina, and the body says the family moved to Augusta when he was four or five.
The American theoretical physicist Weinberg helped build the standard model of particle physics. He received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow.
The TVA was founded on 18 May 1933 as part of Roosevelt's New Deal, to handle navigation, flood control, electricity, fertiliser and regional planning. Construction of Norris Dam, the agency's first hydroelectric dam, started that October.
Jimmie Rodgers, born in Meridian, Mississippi, died on 26 May 1933. Called the Father of Country Music, he was best known for his yodeling and was nicknamed the Singing Brakeman.
A Century of Progress world's fair opens in Chicago
Everyday life
Chicago opened its world's fair on 27 May 1933 to mark the city's hundredth birthday. Art Deco buildings showed off new technology, and a Sky Ride transporter bridge crossed the grounds, offering visitors escapism during the Depression.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933. English Wikipedia's data box gives the opening as 27 May 1933 and the closing as 31 October 1934; the fair ran in two seasons.
Mervyn LeRoy directed the Warner Bros. musical, with Busby Berkeley staging the numbers, music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Al Dubin. Its general release date was 27 May 1933.
A short war over Amazon territory between Colombia and Peru ran from 1 September 1932 until 24 May 1933. It began when Peruvian soldiers and civilians seized Leticia, a district awarded to Colombia under a 1922 treaty.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 June 1933 for the end; the introduction and English Wikipedia's data box give 24 May 1933. The introduction says an agreement divided the disputed area between both countries, whereas the data box says the situation before the war was restored and the 1922 treaty upheld, so the final settlement is left out.
Eight clubs found Chile's professional football league
Sport
On 31 May 1933 eight top clubs created the Liga Profesional de Football de Santiago, which the Football Federation of Chile recognised two days later. Colo-Colo, Magallanes, Audax Italiano and Unión Española were among the founders.
· Kai County, Sichuan, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Li Ching-Yuen dies
Lives
The Chinese herbalist and martial artist Li Ching-Yuen died of natural causes in Kai County, Sichuan, on 6 May 1933. He was known for supposedly extreme longevity, with an alleged birth year of 1677.
Kazuma Tateishi founds the company that became Omron
Economy & trade
He started the Tateisi Electric Manufacturing Company in Osaka in May 1933. It was incorporated in 1948, and Omron is now an electronics company based in Kyoto.
Notes
Japan had used the Gregorian calendar since 1873, so the bracketed Old Style date of 27 April shown beside 10 May in the English data box does not apply. Japanese Wikipedia also gives 10 May 1933 for the founding of Tateisi Electric in Higashinoda, Miyakojima ward, Osaka. Wikidata gives only the year.
Osaka's first subway line opened on 20 May 1933, running from Umeda, then a temporary station, to Shinsaibashi. Workers dug the first tunnel entirely by hand.
· Tanggu, Tianjin, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
China and Japan sign the Tanggu Truce
War & conflict
Chinese and Japanese representatives signed a ceasefire at Tanggu, near Tianjin, on 31 May 1933 that closed the fighting that began with Japan's invasion of Manchuria in September 1931. Two months earlier Japan had quit the League of Nations.
South Africans elected the whole 150-seat House of Assembly on 17 May 1933. J. B. M. Hertzog's National Party took half the seats, and Hertzog stayed in coalition with Jan Smuts's party, the South African Party.
The Surrealist magazine Minotaure is launched in Paris
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Albert Skira and E. Tériade founded the lavishly illustrated magazine, whose first issue appeared in June 1933 with 800 subscribers. Art, poetry, literature, psychoanalysis and anthropology filled its pages until 1939.
Notes
The article's table of contents lists 1 June 1933 for the first issue.
Tazio Nuvolari wins the second Grand Prix de Nîmes
Sport
The race of 4 June 1933 ran on the Jean Jaurès circuit. Nuvolari won in an Alfa Romeo, ahead of Philippe Étancelin and Guy Moll, and Alfa Romeos filled the first four places.
The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee is dissolved
Politics & diplomacy
The committee's last meeting, at Peter Limann's flat on 8 June 1933, was called purely to wind it up. Magnus Hirschfeld had started it in May 1897 in Berlin, where it worked for legal rights for LGBT people, and its dissolution followed the Nazis' rise to power.
Voters in Estonia went to the polls from 10 to 12 June 1933 on a new constitution proposed by parliament. They rejected it, with 67.3% voting against on a turnout of 66.5%.
The first World Cup qualifying match is played in Stockholm
Sport
Sweden met Estonia on 11 June 1933 in the first qualifier for the 1934 World Cup, the first time teams had to qualify. Sweden's Knut Kroon scored the opening goal.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives the qualification period as 11 June 1933 to 24 May 1934.
The 27th French Grand Prix was run at Montlhéry on 11 June 1933 over 40 laps, and Campari took it in a privately entered Maserati. Philippe Étancelin and George Eyston were second and third in Alfa Romeos.
FIDE's team tournament took place in Folkestone, England, over twelve days in June 1933, from the 12th. The fourth Women's World Chess Championship was played alongside it.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 and holds start and end dates of 12 and 23 July 1933, while the article gives 12 to 23 June 1933.
The 4th Women's World Chess Championship is played in Folkestone
Sport
Held with the 5th Chess Olympiad in Folkestone from 12 to 23 June 1933, the event was a double round-robin in which every player met each rival twice. Vera Menchik defended her title.
Józef Nikodem Lewinkopf, who became known as Jerzy Kosiński, was born in Łódź on 14 June 1933 to Jewish parents. With neighbours' help the family came through the Second World War.
The 11th Le Mans endurance race took place on 17 and 18 June 1933. In the closing stages two cars ran within a minute of each other, and the lead changed hands on the final lap.
· Arkhangelskoye, near Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Clara Zetkin dies near Moscow
Lives
Clara Zetkin, a German communist who campaigned for women's rights, died near Moscow, at Arkhangelskoye, on 20 June 1933. She had been a Communist deputy in the Reichstag from 1920 to 1933.
Madrid FC lost 2-1 to Athletic Bilbao in the 33rd final of the competition now called the Copa del Rey, played on 25 June 1933 at Montjuic stadium in Barcelona.
The 53rd Wimbledon ran from 26 June to 8 July 1933 on the grass courts of the All England Club. Jack Crawford took the men's title, and Helen Moody the women's.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933, with 26 June and 8 July 1933 as start and end dates.
The 27th Tour de France covered 23 stages between late June and 23 July 1933, and Josephine Baker started the race. Spain's Vicente Trueba won a new mountains competition, introduced that year.
The monarchist, national-conservative party, formed after Germany's defeat in 1918, was dissolved on 27 June 1933. In the Weimar years, until the Nazis' rise, it was the leading nationalist party.
The German State Party dissolves under Nazi pressure
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The liberal party, successor to the German Democratic Party of 1918, dissolved itself on 28 June 1933. The Nazis compelled this as part of Gleichschaltung, the push to bring all of society under their control.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933. English Wikipedia's data box lists the German Democratic Party's dissolution as July 1930, when it merged into the German State Party; the introduction and body give 28 June 1933 for the State Party.
Zworykin presents the iconoscope television camera tube to the public
TechnologySome details uncertain
At a June 1933 press conference, Vladimir Zworykin and his Westinghouse team showed off the iconoscope. It produced a far stronger signal than mechanical cameras and worked in ordinary good light.
Notes
Zworykin had filed two earlier television patents, in 1923 and 1925; the 1933 date is for the public presentation.
The National Industrial Recovery Act set up the New Deal agency in June 1933, headed by Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes. It paid private firms to build dams, bridges, hospitals and schools.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Joan Rivers is born in Brooklyn
Lives
Born Joan Alexandra Molinsky on 8 June 1933, she worked in the United States as a comedian, an actress, a producer, a writer and a television host. Her style was blunt, mocked herself, and cut at celebrities and politicians.
· Seville, Spain, to Camagüey, Cuba · North America
The Cuatro Vientos flies the Atlantic and disappears
Exploration
The Breguet Br.19 flown by Mariano Barberán, Joaquín Collar and Modesto Madariaga took 39 hours 55 minutes from Seville to Cuba, landing at Camagüey on 11 June 1933. Madariaga stayed behind when the plane set off for Mexico City on 20 June, and it never arrived.
Notes
The disappearance happened on or after 20 June 1933, the day the aircraft left Camagüey for Mexico City. The aircraft type, a Breguet Br.19 TF Super Bidon, is named in the opening paragraph and the data box of the English Wikipedia article.
· Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States · North America
Gene Wilder is born in Milwaukee
Lives
Born Jerome Silberman on 11 June 1933, he grew into an American comedian, actor and writer who also made films. Mel Brooks directed him in The Producers, Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein.
The act signed on 16 June 1933 set up federal deposit insurance to rebuild public trust in American banks, with cover starting at 2,500 dollars per ownership category. Nearly 10,000 banks had failed since 1929.
Sidney Franklin directed John Barrymore in this pre-Code romantic drama, adapted from Robert Emmet Sherwood's 1931 stage play. It was released on 16 June 1933.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
Gunmen kill four officers at Kansas City's Union Station
War & conflict
On the morning of 17 June 1933 a gang led by Vernon Miller tried to free the prisoner Frank Nash, in federal custody, at Union Station. The shooting left four law officers and one fugitive dead.
· San Francisco, California, United States · North America
Dianne Feinstein is born in San Francisco
Lives
Dianne Goldman, later Dianne Feinstein, was born in San Francisco on 22 June 1933. Later the city's 38th mayor, she served from 1978 to 1988 and was its first woman in that office.
Roscoe Arbuckle, a silent film actor, director and screenwriter, died on 29 June 1933 in New York. He had begun at Selig Polyscope and Keystone Studios, mentored Charlie Chaplin and introduced Buster Keaton to the screen.
The Paulista School of Medicine is founded in São Paulo
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The school, set up at Vila Clementino on 1 June 1933, is the root of today's Federal University of São Paulo. The university taught only health sciences until 2005, when a federal expansion made it multi-subject.
Notes
Wikidata also holds the year 1933, without a day, as a founding date; English Wikipedia's data box gives 1 June 1933.
· Kizil, near Kashgar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Kizil massacre takes place near Kashgar
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Uighur and Kyrgyz fighters attacked a retreating Hui column of soldiers and civilians in June 1933, breaking an agreement not to do so; the column was travelling from Yarkand New City to Kashgar. About 800 people, Chinese Muslim soldiers and Chinese civilians, are estimated to have died.
Army Colonel Phraya Phahon led a peaceful coup in Bangkok on 20 June 1933, against Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada's government and its dictatorial policies. Phahon then became prime minister.
The business newspaper Nihon Kogyo Shimbun is founded
Art & literature
Hisakichi Maeda founded the paper on 20 June 1933, specialising in business news, and the South Osaka evening paper Minami-Osaka Shimbun published it. The paper belongs to the history of the Sankei Shimbun, a Japanese national daily.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 20 June 1933 for the founding as Nihon Kogyo Shimbun, and Japanese Wikipedia gives the same day and says the paper was launched in Osaka; the English body gives only the year. The data box gives 1 March 1882 for the Jiji News origin.
· Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
King Fuad inaugurates the Qasr el Nil Bridge in Cairo
Architecture
The bridge was inaugurated on 6 June 1933 under the name Khedive Ismail Bridge, taking the place of the first Nile crossing in the centre of Cairo. It connects Tahrir Square with Gezira Island.
Notes
The lead describes the bridge as dating from 1931, which the data box gives as the start of construction.
Zionist leader Haim Arlosoroff is shot dead in Tel Aviv
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Arlosoroff, a left-wing Zionist leader, was shot on the night of 16 June 1933 while he strolled with his wife by the sea in Tel Aviv. Suspicion first fell on his political enemies on the right.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives his death date as 13 June 1933, but the lead and the body place the shooting on the night of Friday 16 June 1933 and put his death at a quarter to one in the early hours of 17 June.
Germany's thousand-mark ban on Austria comes into force
Economy & trade
Germany announced the measure on 29 May 1933 and it came into force on 1 July. Germans had to pay the Reich a fee before travelling to or through Austria, and the payment was recorded in the passport.
Notes
The sanction was imposed on 29 May 1933 and began on 1 July 1933; Wikidata gives 11 July 1936 as the end date.
Richard Strauss's opera Arabella premieres in Dresden
Stage, music & film
The opera was first performed on 1 July 1933, with Clemens Krauss conducting and Viorica Ursuleac in the title role. Hugo von Hofmannsthal wrote the German libretto.
Notes
Wikidata also holds a bare 1933 value, which does not conflict with the day.
· South Kenton, London, England, United Kingdom · Europe
South Kenton station opens
Architecture
The station opened on 3 July 1933, and its one island platform was reached by a footbridge crossing the railway. In the beginning only the Watford DC line used the platform.
· Chiswick and Mortlake, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Chiswick Bridge opens over the Thames
Architecture
On 3 July 1933 Edward, Prince of Wales opened the bridge. Alongside it opened a rebuilt Hampton Court Bridge and Twickenham Bridge, all part of a scheme aimed at easing road traffic west of London.
The party founded in December 1918 by Gustav Stresemann as successor to the National Liberal Party announced its own dissolution on 4 July 1933. By 1932 it was down to little more than one percent of the vote.
Notes
German Wikipedia says the party's national executive decided on 27 June 1933 to dissolve itself and that the decision was announced on 4 July 1933; Wikidata gives 4 July 1933 as the dissolution date.
· Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, England, United Kingdom · Europe
Anthony Hope dies
Lives
Anthony Hope Hawkins, a British novelist and playwright, died on 8 July 1933 at Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey. His fame rested on The Prisoner of Zenda and its sequel Rupert of Hentzau.
The law of 14 July 1933 banned every other political party. The Communist Party had been banned since 6 March, and the Social Democrats' assets had been seized on 10 May.
Britain, France, Italy and Germany sign the Four-Power Pact in Rome
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Signed at the Palazzo Venezia on 15 July 1933 after being initialled in June, the pact was Mussolini's idea, promoted as a way to secure peace. France's Parliament never ratified it, and it had little practical effect.
Notes
Two dates are given: initialling on 7 June 1933 and signing on 15 July 1933; the initialling protocol says the pact carries the date 7 June 1933 regardless. Wikidata gives only the year 1933.
· Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union (now Yekaterinburg, Russia) · Europe
The Uralmash heavy machinery plant opens in Sverdlovsk
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The plant began work on 15 July 1933, called for by the Soviet government's plans for industrialisation. Its name abbreviates the Urals Machine-Building Plant.
Notes
Wikidata, French Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia give 15 July 1933 as the day the plant began work; the English article gives the year 1933. The city was called Sverdlovsk from 1924 to 1991.
· Zima, Irkutsk Oblast, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Yevgeny Yevtushenko is born in Zima, Siberia
LivesSome details uncertain
Born Yevgeny Gangnus on 18 July 1933, he later took his mother's surname. He was a Soviet, later Russian, poet who also turned to novels and film work.
Notes
Wikidata also lists a birth date of 18 July 1932; the article gives 1933.
Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII, and Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen signed the treaty on 20 July 1933. It protected Catholic Church rights in Germany while keeping clergy out of party politics.
Notes
Wikidata also gives July 1933 (month only) as an inception date; English Wikipedia's data box, introduction and body all give 20 July 1933 for the signing.
The Stuttgart stadium opens as the Stuttgarter Kampfbahn
Architecture
The stadium opened on 23 July 1933 after four years of construction; Paul Bonatz and Friedrich Scholer were the designers. Between 1933 and 1945 it carried the name Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1933 as a construction year; English Wikipedia's data box gives 23 July 1933 as the opening.
Rogers was born in Florence, Italy, on 23 July 1933 to an Anglo-Italian family, and became a British and Italian architect associated with high-tech architecture.
Great Britain beat France in the Challenge Round in Paris, from 28 to 30 July 1933, in the 28th edition of the competition. Earlier, Britain had beaten the United States in the Inter-Zonal play-off.
Notes
The Challenge Round (final) was played 28-30 July 1933. Wikidata gives a wider span for the whole competition, 31 March to 30 July 1933.
· Cockfosters, London, England, United Kingdom · Europe
Cockfosters tube station opens
Architecture
The station opened on 31 July 1933 four months after Oakwood, and it was the final station of the Piccadilly line's extension out of Finsbury Park to open. It is the line's eastern terminus.
Warner Bros. released Alfred E. Green's film on 1 July 1933, with George Brent supporting Stanwyck as Lily Powers, a heroine who uses sex to climb socially and financially.
Notes
New York State censors rejected the original version in April 1933 and passed a revised version in June 1933, before this release.
The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played
Sport
Baseball's All-Star Game began on 6 July 1933 at Chicago's Comiskey Park, staged alongside that year's World's Fair. The idea came from Arch Ward, sports editor of the Chicago Tribune.
A group led by Bert Bell and Lud Wray obtained an NFL franchise on 8 July 1933, replacing the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets. The Eagles lost their first game heavily to the Giants at the Polo Grounds that October.
Hollywood actors formed the guild on 12 July 1933, after a meeting of six actors in March, to resist exploitation under harsh multi-year studio contracts. Ralph Morgan was its first president.
Notes
A meeting of six actors in March 1933 is described as leading to the guild's foundation; English Wikipedia's data box gives 12 July 1933 as the founding date.
· Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
John Hopfield is born in Chicago
Lives
The American physicist was born on 15 July 1933, to parents who were both physicists. A model of associative neural networks, the Hopfield network, carries his name.
Rouben Mamoulian directed this Paramount romantic drama, released on 19 July 1933, in which an innocent peasant girl is turned by love into a disillusioned cynic. It draws on Hermann Sudermann's novel and Edward Sheldon's 1914 play.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 19 July 1933 for the release, and German Wikipedia gives the same day for the New York premiere at the Criterion Theatre. A body sentence says a script by Leo Birinski was prepared by July 1933, which fits poorly with that date.
Twice president of Argentina, in 1916-1922 and from 1928 until a coup in 1930 removed him, Yrigoyen died on 3 July 1933 in Buenos Aires and was buried in La Recoleta Cemetery.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 3 July 1936 for the death; the data box, introduction and body give 3 July 1933.
· Toksun, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Battle of Toksun is fought in Xinjiang
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Khoja Niyas Hajji, once a leader in the New 36th Division, went over to Sheng Shicai's new government in July 1933, then rebelled and took Toksun. General Ma Shih-ming's division defeated him there.
Notes
Month precision from the lead; the data box gives 1933. It is also called the Khoja Niyas Hajji Rebellion and was part of the Kumul Rebellion.
The Florence-to-the-sea motorway, now the Autostrada A11, opens in full
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The motorway linking Florence with the coast near Pisa opened along its whole length in August 1933, after building that started in 1928. Today it is the Autostrada A11, part of European route E76, run by Autostrade per l'Italia.
Notes
Italian Wikipedia's history section ('Storia') gives 5 August 1933 for the official inauguration, when the last stretch between Lucca and Migliarino Pisano opened, while German Wikipedia's history section gives 8 August 1933 for opening the whole route to traffic, so only the month is stored. The start of building in 1928 comes from Italian Wikipedia's history section, which says the road was built from 1928 to 1932; German Wikipedia's history section and French Wikipedia's opening paragraph give the same span, and the English data box gives 1933. A link between Lucca and Viareggio was added in the 1970s.
Born in Padua on 1 August 1933, the Italian political philosopher Antonio Negri lectured at the city's university and became a leading theorist of autonomism.
· Gödöllő, Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary) · Europe
The 4th World Scout Jamboree takes place at Gödöllő
Everyday life
Scouts camped in the Royal Forest of Gödöllő, near Budapest, from 2 to 13 August 1933. The gathering drew 25,792 Scouts from 46 nations and territories, with a white stag from Hungarian myth as its badge.
A fatal first-lap pile-up marks the Swedish Summer Grand Prix at Norra Vram
Sport
The race of 6 August 1933 used ordinary country roads, some of gravel. A seven-car collision on the first lap left several drivers hurt and cost the riding mechanic Erik Lafrenz his life, and Antonio Brivio took the win in an Alfa Romeo entered by Scuderia Ferrari.
The UCI Road World Championships are held at Montlhéry
SportSome details uncertain
Riders raced at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry on 14 August 1933, amateurs covering 125 km in the morning and professionals 250 km in the afternoon. It was the thirteenth edition of the event.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933, with 14 August and 15 August 1933 as start and end dates; English Wikipedia's data box and introduction give 14 August 1933.
Alexander Korda directed and co-produced the film about Henry VIII's wives, with Charles Laughton, Robert Donat and Merle Oberon. It drew record-breaking crowds in New York and London.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 17 August 1933, which French Wikipedia lists as the UK release date; Wikidata's 21 September 1933 matches the US date in French Wikipedia. The English body says the Leicester Square run in London began on 27 October 1933.
The filmmaker's birth in Paris came on 18 August 1933, and four years later the family went back to Krakow. Rosemary's Baby came from him in 1968, and Chinatown in 1974.
Notes
The lead says he fled the United States after the 1977 case and lists later allegations of abuse by several women.
Adolf Loos, an architect and theorist of modernism, died on 23 August 1933 in the Vienna suburb of Kalksburg. Born in Brno, he wrote the manifesto Ornament and Crime and devised the Raumplan.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 28 March 1933 for the death; the data box, introduction and body give 23 August 1933. The data box names Vienna as the death place while the body names Kalksburg near Vienna.
Nazi Germany and Zionist organisations sign the Haavara Agreement
Politics & diplomacy
Talks between German Zionists, the Anglo-Palestine Bank and the Nazi government lasted three months before the agreement was signed on 25 August 1933. Under it, a Jew emigrating from Germany could transfer a share of his property to Mandatory Palestine as German goods.
Peat Bog Soldiers is first sung at Börgermoor camp
Stage, music & film
Prisoners wrote and composed the song and first performed it on 28 August 1933 in the Börgermoor concentration camp during an entertainment billed as the camp circus. The camp then held socialist and communist internees.
On 30 August 1933 Air France came into being when five French airlines merged: Air Orient, Air Union, CIDNA, SGTA and Aéropostale. Between them they flew routes through Europe and out to France's colonies, including those in North Africa.
Hitler designates Nuremberg as the city for Nazi party rallies
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
On 30 August 1933 Hitler gave Nuremberg this title. Southeast of the city lay the rally grounds, an enormous complex of buildings and open spaces, where the Nazi Party held six rallies between 1933 and 1938.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1933 for the rally grounds. The 30 August 1933 date is the day Hitler declared Nuremberg the city of the party rallies, not the date the grounds were built; the article's table of rallies also lists that year's congress as running from 30 August to 3 September 1933.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Elinor Ostrom is born in Los Angeles
Lives
Elinor Awan, born on 7 August 1933, became a political economist who demonstrated that communities are able to look after shared resources with neither state control nor private property markets.
· Forest Hills, New York City, United States · North America
Fred Perry beats Jack Crawford at the U.S. National Championships
Sport
At Forest Hills, Crawford lost the 1933 final to Perry having won the Australian, French and Wimbledon championships earlier that year. In the women's final, Helen Wills Moody retired against Helen Jacobs.
· Los Angeles, California, United States · North America
Julie Newmar is born in Los Angeles
Lives
Born in Los Angeles on 16 August 1933 as Julia Chalene Newmeyer, she became an American actress, dancer and singer.
Notes
The 1959 Tony Award for The Marriage-Go-Round comes from the 'Early work and stage career' section of the English Wikipedia article; its opening paragraph refers to the 1958 Broadway production, the season in which the play opened.
Lowell Sherman directed this drama of a young would-be actress's rise to stardom, with Katharine Hepburn in the lead alongside Adolphe Menjou and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. It opened in the US on 18 August 1933.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 9 September 1933; English Wikipedia's data box gives 18 August 1933 for the US release.
An annular solar eclipse crosses Africa, Asia and Australia
Science
On 21 August 1933 the Moon passed in front of the Sun with a magnitude of 0.9801, leaving a ring of sunlight. The ring was visible along a path from Libya and Egypt through Palestine, Syria, Iraq and Persia to Afghanistan, India and Siam, ending over the Dutch East Indies and Australia.
· Diexi, Mao County, Sichuan, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Diexi earthquake destroys a town in Sichuan
Disasters
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake on 25 August 1933 wrecked Diexi town and nearby villages in Mao County and set off many landslides. NOAA gives a death toll of 9,300.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1933-08-25 07:50; local time 15:50 the same day. Magnitude differs: NOAA gives 7.4, the Wikipedia article 7.3. Deaths: NOAA gives 9,300, the Wikipedia article an estimated range of 6,865 to 9,300.
· Simele, Kingdom of Iraq (now Iraq) · Middle East
Iraqi forces massacre Assyrians at Simele
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In August 1933 Iraqi troops under General Bakr Sidqi killed Assyrians around the village of Simele and in the Zakho and Simele districts, after tension following Iraq's independence the year before. Executions of Assyrian men began on 8 August.
Notes
The infobox dates the massacre to 7-11 August 1933, while the body says executions began on 8 August and the main campaign lasted until 16 August, with violent raids continuing to the month's end, so the month is stored. Casualty estimates vary widely between British and Assyrian sources, so no figure is given.
Istanbul University is reorganised from the Darülfünun
Everyday life
On 1 August 1933 Istanbul's Darülfünun was restructured as Istanbul University, minus the theology faculty added in 1925. Teaching under the new name began on 1 November, and German expatriate scholars soon joined the staff.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 August 1933, matching the reorganisation date in the article; it also holds 8 June 1453 and 21 July 1846 for earlier forerunners, while English Wikipedia's data box gives 30 May 1453 for the original founding.
The cornerstone is laid for the Levant Fair grounds in Tel Aviv
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
At the ceremony on 17 August 1933 for the fair's permanent grounds, beside Tel Aviv Port, the guests included Meir Dizengoff of Tel Aviv and High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1933 for the fair itself. The article dates the first edition under the name to 1932 and the opening at the new grounds to 26 April 1934, so the day-level 1933 event used here is the cornerstone ceremony.
Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot mystery came out from the Collins Crime Club that September. American readers got it as Thirteen at Dinner, after a magazine serialisation.
Italy and the Soviet Union sign a pact of friendship
Politics & diplomacy
Maxim Litvinov and Benito Mussolini put their names on 2 September 1933 to a treaty promising friendship, neutrality and no aggression. It built on strong economic ties and shared suspicion of German intentions.
The football club Unione Sportiva Matera is formed
Sport
Matera's first official football club came into being on 5 September 1933, at the sports office of the Federation on Via La Vista, with maroon as its first colour.
Edward Grey, Viscount Grey of Fallodon, a Liberal statesman, died at Fallodon on 7 September 1933. He was Foreign Secretary between 1905 and 1916, and in 1911 renewed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
Iraq's king since 1921, Faisal I, suffered a fatal heart attack in Bern, Switzerland, on 8 September 1933. His eldest son Ghazi succeeded him.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 7 September 1933 for the death; the data box and introduction give 8 September 1933. The data box gives his birth year as 1883 and the introduction as 1885.
Three groups merged on 8 September 1933: the Blueshirts, the National Centre Party and Cumann na nGaedheal. Cumann na nGaedheal had governed the Irish Free State since 1922, until losing power to Fianna Fáil.
The 11th Italian Grand Prix at Monza on 10 September 1933 was won by Fagioli in an Alfa Romeo, ahead of Tazio Nuvolari in a Maserati. The Monza Grand Prix held at the same track that day saw Stanislas Czaykowski, Baconin Borzacchini and Giuseppe Campari killed in two separate accidents.
Lagerfeld, born on 10 September 1933, became a leading figure in fashion as designer, photographer and creative director. Fendi and his own label were among the other houses he designed for.
The indoor arena in Antwerp opened on 11 September 1933, after building work that began in January 1932. It was designed for sport, above all track cycling, and now mostly hosts concerts.
The club began on 13 September 1933 when Salzburg's two existing clubs, Hertha and Rapid, joined forces. Red Bull bought it in 2005 and replaced its violet and white with red and white.
· Brno, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) · Europe
Louis Chiron wins the 1933 Masaryk Grand Prix
Sport
The race was run near Brno on 17 September 1933 under the 750 kg Formula. Chiron won in an Alfa Romeo, with Luigi Fagioli and Jean-Pierre Wimille second and third in the same make.
The Nazi film Hitlerjunge Quex premieres in Berlin
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Hans Steinhoff's film, from a 1932 novel by Karl Aloys Schenzinger, premiered in Berlin on 19 September 1933, at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo cinema. It was one of three films that year about Nazi martyrs.
Notes
The censors passed it on 7 September 1933, and a showing for Hitler in Munich took place on 12 September 1933, which is Wikidata's main date; the public premiere in Berlin was on 19 September, Wikidata's other date. It was one of three 1933 films about Nazi martyrs.
A law of 22 September 1933, instigated by Joseph Goebbels, set up a body to control German cultural life and promote art in line with Nazi ideals. The chamber had seven departments, among them film, music, theatre, the press and radio.
The ceremony took place at Frankfurt on 23 September 1933, after a law establishing the Reichsautobahn project had passed in June. Work began officially at many sites the following spring.
Notes
Part of the Nazi regime's 1933 public works and propaganda programme.
In Amsterdam on 25 September 1933 the Austrian theoretical physicist Paul Ehrenfest took his own life. Depressed, he first killed his disabled young son.
The Sergeants' Revolt topples Cuba's President Céspedes
War & conflict
In early September 1933 sergeants and other enlisted soldiers rose in Cuba and, joined by student activists, removed President Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada from office. A five-man Pentarchy governed for five days, until Ramón Grau became president.
Notes
The data box gives 4 to 5 September 1933. Wikidata's main date is 5 September, with 4 September as the start.
Capra directed this pre-Code comedy-drama, made from Robert Riskin's screenplay of a Damon Runyon story. It reached cinemas on 13 September 1933.
Notes
The film premiered in New York on 7 September 1933, at Radio City Music Hall; the article's body and data box give the general release as 13 September 1933. Wikidata gives only the year.
Fox's fantasy drama, directed by Frank Lloyd, stars Leslie Howard as a young American whose personality fuses with that of an eighteenth-century forebear. Howard received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor.
The Tampico hurricane devastates the Mexican Gulf coast
Disasters
The storm formed near the Lesser Antilles on 16 September 1933, reached Category 5 equivalent intensity, crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and came ashore a little south of Tampico on 25 September. Hundreds died.
Notes
The date range is the storm's life from 16 to 25 September 1933. The lead says hundreds died; a 1997 National Hurricane Center listing in the body gives a toll of 184 to 200.
· Adyar, Madras Presidency, British India (now India) · Asia
Annie Besant dies at Adyar
Lives
The English socialist and theosophist Annie Besant died on 20 September 1933 at Adyar, outside Madras. Her causes included votes and rights for women, Home Rule, and self-government for India.
· Hanamaki, Iwate, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
Kenji Miyazawa dies
LivesSome details uncertain
The Japanese poet and children's author died of pneumonia in his native Hanamaki on 21 September 1933. Night on the Galactic Railroad is among his major works, alongside Gauche the Cellist.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 21 August 1933; English Wikipedia's data box gives 21 September 1933, and French and German Wikipedia agree.
· Madragoa, Gaza Province, Portuguese Mozambique (now Mozambique) · Africa
Samora Machel is born in Gaza Province
Lives
Machel, born in the village of Madragoa on 29 September 1933, came from a farming family. A revolutionary, he headed the Mozambique Liberation Front from 1970.
The seventeenth sunspot cycle since thorough records began in 1755 started in September 1933 and ended in February 1944, lasting 10.4 years. Its smoothed sunspot peak, 198.6, came in April 1937.
Christie publishes the supernatural collection The Hound of Death
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Odhams Press brought out the collection of twelve short stories, mostly about fate and the supernatural, in Britain in October 1933. It includes the first appearance in a book of The Witness for the Prosecution.
A decree of October 1933 created the badge for Nazi Party members with numbers 1 to 100,000 who had been continuously enrolled as of 9 November 1933. By those terms 20,487 men and 1,795 women received one.
Notes
Month precision: the lead and the data box both say October 1933. Wikidata gives the year only.
Konrad Henlein founds the Sudeten German Home Front
Politics & diplomacy
Henlein launched the movement on 1 October 1933, a few months after Czechoslovakia had banned the German National Socialist Workers' Party. Renamed the Sudeten German Party in 1935, it became a pro-Nazi force aiming to break up Czechoslovakia.
The Russian commander Nikolai Yudenich died at Saint-Laurent-du-Var on 5 October 1933. He had led Imperial Army forces in the Caucasus during the First World War, and the White movement in north-western Russia during the civil war.
Philip Cleator founds the British Interplanetary Society
Exploration
The society was formed in Liverpool on 13 October 1933. Besides promoting astronautics, it initially intended to carry out practical rocketry experiments.
André Besnier founds the firm that became Lactalis
Economy & trade
André Besnier started a modest cheese-making business in 1933, trading under the name Besnier S.A. up to 1999. The President brand of Camembert followed in 1968.
In a referendum on 21 October 1933 about 58 percent of voters approved repealing the ban on importing alcohol, which had come out of a referendum in 1908.
Eighty-eight German writers' pledge of loyalty to Hitler is printed
Politics & diplomacy
On 26 October 1933 the Vossische Zeitung printed a declaration of loyalty to Adolf Hitler signed by 88 German writers and poets. The Berlin-based Prussian Academy of Arts gave it publicity, and other papers, including the Frankfurter Zeitung, printed it as well.
Paul Painlevé, a French mathematician, died in Paris at the end of October 1933. He taught at the Sorbonne, entered politics in 1906 and was prime minister in 1917 and 1925.
The French physician and bacteriologist Albert Calmette died in the French capital on 29 October 1933. One of the discoverers of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, which underlies the BCG tuberculosis vaccine, he was a senior figure at the Pasteur Institute.
Esquire's first number appeared in October 1933, as a spin-off of Apparel Arts, a trade magazine. Its founders were Henry Jackson, David Smart and Arnold Gingrich.
Flip the Frog's final cartoon, Soda Squirt, comes out
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The final short in Ub Iwerks's Flip the Frog series came out in October 1933. Celebrity Pictures made the 38 cartoons of the series, and MGM distributed them.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933. The article's filmography lists 12 October 1933 for Soda Squirt.
The Battle of the Hotel Nacional breaks out in Havana
War & conflict
On 2 October 1933 officers who refused to accept Fulgencio Batista's rise to Army Chief of Staff gathered in the Hotel Nacional de Cuba. Fighting with the soldiers surrounding it went on for eleven hours, and the officers were heavily outnumbered.
Notes
Wikidata gives 3 October as the end date; the article describes a single day of 11 hours' fighting on 2 October.
Wesley Ruggles directed this pre-Code romantic comedy with Mae West and Cary Grant, made by Paramount and released across the US on 6 October 1933. West alone is credited with the story and screenplay.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box lists a first showing in Chicago on 3 October 1933 and the United States release on 6 October 1933; the later date is used.
· Near Chesterton, Indiana, United States · North America
A bomb destroys United Air Lines Flight 23
Disasters
A Boeing 247 blew up in the air and crashed near Chesterton, Indiana, on the night of 10 October 1933, on a flight from Cleveland towards Chicago. All seven people aboard, three crew and four passengers, died.
Notes
On 16 November 2017 the FBI released 324 documents on the investigation that had been classified.
Lloyd Bacon directed Cagney, Blondell, Powell and Keeler, with Busby Berkeley staging the musical numbers. It premiered on 30 September 1933 and went into general release on 21 October.
Notes
The premiere was on 30 September 1933; the general release date of 21 October 1933 is used.
Six countries sign the Saavedra Lamas Anti-War Treaty
Politics & diplomacy
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay put their names on 10 October 1933 to an inter-American pact against aggression, signed at Rio de Janeiro. Argentina's foreign minister Carlos Saavedra Lamas had conceived it.
Governor Pedro Ludovico founded the planned city on 24 October 1933 to replace the town of Goiás as state capital. A commission chose the site, and a newspaper contest supplied the name.
Manuel Francisco dos Santos, nicknamed Garrincha after the Portuguese word for a wren, was born on 28 October 1933. A Brazilian right winger, he played the bulk of his professional career for Botafogo.
· Nakhon Ratchasima and Lak Si, Siam (now Thailand) · Asia
Prince Boworadet's rebellion breaks out in Siam
War & conflict
The royalist Prince Boworadet led a rebellion against the People's Party's constitutional regime, beginning at Korat on 11 October 1933. Lieutenant Colonel Plaek Pibulsonggram commanded the government's forces in Bangkok.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 25 October 1933, the day Prince Boworadet flew out of Siam to Vietnam; the rebellion began on 11 October 1933, and the English data box gives 11 to 25 October.
· Gilf Kebir, Kingdom of Egypt (now Egypt) · Middle East
László Almásy finds the Cave of Swimmers
ExplorationSome details uncertain
In October 1933 the Hungarian explorer László Almásy came upon a rock shelter on the Gilf Kebir plateau in Egypt's Libyan Desert, near the Libyan border. Its Neolithic paintings include human figures.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933; English Wikipedia's data box and body give October 1933.
· Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Nablus, Mandatory Palestine · Middle East
Riots break out across Mandatory Palestine
Politics & diplomacy
Violence began on 13 October 1933 when police broke up a banned demonstration organised by the Arab Executive Committee. At Jaffa, police firing into a crowd killed 19 people.
Notes
The end date, 29 October 1933, comes from the article's list of five phases, which runs from Jerusalem on 13 October to Jerusalem on 28-29 October.
Dated 28 October 1933, the document covered Nansen certificates, refoulement, working conditions, welfare, schooling and committees for refugees. France and the United Kingdom were among the nine states that ratified it.
Fred Whipple found comet 36P/Whipple on 15 October 1933. The Jupiter-family comet circles the Sun every 8.43 years, and it passed close to Jupiter in 1922.
Franz Werfel publishes The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Werfel's novel was published in German, as two volumes, in November 1933. It tells of Armenians defending themselves on Musa Dagh in 1915, at the start of the Armenian genocide.
The anarchist anthem A las barricadas is published
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The song appeared in November 1933 with Spanish words by Valeriano Orobón Fernández, adapted from a Polish revolutionary anthem. The music of that anthem was composed by Józef Pławiński.
Notes
The month is the publication month in English Wikipedia's data box; French and German Wikipedia give 1933 for the Spanish words. The first recording is listed as 1936.
· Bourne, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom · Europe
English Racing Automobiles is founded at Bourne
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Humphrey Cook, Raymond Mays and Peter Berthon set up the racing car maker in November 1933, next to the Mays family house, Eastgate House, and it ran until 1954.
Notes
Month precision from the body text; the lead says only 1933.
Émile Roux, a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist, died in the French capital on 3 November 1933. He worked closely with Louis Pasteur and was a co-founder of the Pasteur Institute.
Born John Barry Prendergast on 3 November 1933, he became a conductor and film composer. Between 1963 and 1987 he scored eleven of the James Bond films.
The airport opened on 7 November 1933, some five kilometres south of Minsk's old centre. It was Minsk's main airport until 1982.
Notes
The day 7 November 1933 comes from English Wikipedia's data box; the English body says only that the airport was built in 1933, and Wikidata gives the year.
The university at Halle takes the name Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The institution, formed in 1817 from the universities of Wittenberg and Halle, adopted its present name on 10 November 1933. The name honours the reformer Martin Luther, a teacher at Wittenberg.
Notes
This date records the adoption of the present name, not a founding. Wikidata also gives 28 October 1502, 1 July 1694 and 12 April 1817 for earlier stages, and English Wikipedia's data box gives 18 October 1502 as the establishment date.
The Reichstag election of 12 November 1933 offered only Nazis and 22 non-party guests, since other parties had been banned in July. Official results claimed 92 percent support.
A referendum on 12 November 1933, held beside the Reichstag elections on a separate ballot, asked voters about withdrawing from the League of Nations. About 95 percent approved, on a turnout of 96 percent.
· Northwood Hills, London, United Kingdom · Europe
Northwood Hills station opens
Architecture
The station opened on 13 November 1933 between Northwood and Pinner, operated originally by the Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway. It is now on the Metropolitan line.
Lothar Rohde and Hermann Schwarz give 17 November 1933 as the founding date of their firm, having built their first test-and-measurement instrument in 1932.
Notes
The data box gives 17 November 1933. German Wikipedia says the firm was set up in summer 1933 and that on 17 November it was registered at the Munich court, and the English history section mentions August 1933 for their development laboratory, so the exact date is uncertain.
Spaniards voted for the whole Cortes on 19 November 1933, under a new constitution that brought over six million more women to the ballot than in 1931. The Socialists took heavy losses; the Radicals and the new party CEDA gained ground.
The Polish composer and conductor was born on 23 November 1933. Among his best-known works are the St Luke Passion and a Hiroshima memorial piece, Threnody.
Robert Ley unveiled it on 27 November 1933 as a branch of the German Labour Front, and it ran subsidised holidays and cruises, factory sports, art exhibitions and discounted concerts. It also served to promote Nazism and discourage dissent.
W. S. Van Dyke, with Howard Hawks, directed this pre-Code romance, released on 10 November 1933. Myrna Loy starred, and Max Baer, Primo Carnera and Jack Dempsey took part as themselves.
Notes
The film premiered in Berlin on 16 March 1934, according to a body sentence.
W. S. Van Dyke directed this film, based on two books by Peter Freuchen, with Ray Mala in the title role. It opened in New York on 14 November 1933.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box lists the New York City release on 14 November 1933 and a general United States release in 1934; the lead also gives 14 November 1933 for the release.
George Cukor's film of Louisa May Alcott's novel, with Katharine Hepburn as Jo, opened at Radio City Music Hall on 16 November 1933. It followed silent versions of 1917 and 1918.
Paramount put out the comedy, directed by Leo McCarey, on 17 November 1933. Groucho plays Rufus T. Firefly, newly made president of the imaginary country of Freedonia.
· Brooklyn, New York City, United States · North America
Larry King is born in Brooklyn
Lives
Lawrence Harvey Zeiger, born on 19 November 1933, became a television and radio host and author. From 1978 a late-night radio call-in show brought him national fame.
Robert Z. Leonard directed the musical starring Joan Crawford and Clark Gable, from a novel by James Warner Bellah published the year before. It came out on 24 November 1933 and produced the hit song Everything I Have Is Yours.
· Santiniketan, Bengal, British India (now India) · Asia
Amartya Sen is born at Santiniketan
Lives
The Indian economist and philosopher was born in Bengal on 3 November 1933. His work in welfare economics earned him the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.
Kao Kuen, born on 4 November 1933, and his family relocated to Hong Kong in 1949. It was in the 1960s that he prepared the ground for glass fibres to carry telecommunications.
· Kabul, Kingdom of Afghanistan (now Afghanistan) · Asia
King Mohammad Nadir Shah of Afghanistan is assassinated
LivesSome details uncertain
Afghanistan's king since 1929 was shot dead by Abdul Khaliq Hazara on 8 November 1933, at a graduation ceremony during a school visit. His son Mohammad Zahir Shah succeeded him.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 9 November 1933 for the death; the data box, introduction and body give 8 November 1933.
· Kashgar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan is proclaimed at Kashgar
Politics & diplomacy
The breakaway state began on 12 November 1933, growing out of the Kumul Rebellion, which the end of the Kumul Khanate had set off. The president was Khoja Niyaz, and the prime minister Sabit Damolla.
Notes
Sometimes called the First East Turkestan Republic. The end date, 16 April 1934, is given in the lead and the data box.
· Kashgar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Kok Bayraq flag is adopted in East Turkestan
Politics & diplomacy
On proclaiming independence on 12 November 1933, the First East Turkestan Republic took this as its flag. A white crescent and star sit on a blue field, placed a little left of the middle.
Notes
English Wikipedia's article on the flag dates the fall of Kashgar to 6 February 1934, while its article on the First East Turkestan Republic gives 16 April 1934 as the republic's end and describes the state as centred on Kashgar.
Voters on 15 November 1933 filled only half of 156 parliamentary seats, with the other half appointed by King Prajadhipok. Voting was indirect and turnout was 41 percent.
Notes
The lead dates the election to 15 November 1933 but says representatives chose members of parliament on 16 November, after voting for sub-district representatives from 10 October to 15 November.
Leni Riefenstahl's Der Sieg des Glaubens premieres in Berlin
Stage, music & film
The Nazi propaganda film, first shown on 1 December 1933, documents the fifth Nazi Party rally, staged at Nuremberg between 30 August and 3 September. The party funded and promoted it.
Notes
The lead says the surviving copy was found in East Germany in the 1980s; a body sentence says Riefenstahl's own copy was later found in the UK, where she left it in 1934.
The Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist was born on 3 December 1933. Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland were his co-winners of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Stefan George, a German symbolist poet and translator of Dante, Shakespeare and Baudelaire, died at Minusio on 4 December 1933. He had left Germany that summer for Switzerland.
After the right won the general election, anarchists took regional capitals and small towns in Aragon and La Rioja and declared libertarian communism. The Spanish Republican Army suppressed the revolt between 8 and 15 December.
The station opened on 10 December 1933 when Line 9 was extended to Porte de Montreuil. The name derives from the Rue de Charonne and the area surrounding it.
Oskar Potiorek, an Austro-Hungarian officer, retired to Carinthia and died there on 17 December 1933. He had governed Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1911 to 1914.
The German philosopher Hans Vaihinger, chiefly known as a Kant scholar, died in Halle on 18 December 1933. His teaching posts were at Strasbourg and Halle.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 17 December 1933 as a possible date; the article gives 18 December in its data box, opening line and body.
The polar explorer and anthropologist Knud Rasmussen, of Greenlandic and Danish descent, died on 21 December 1933. On the seventh of his Thule Expeditions he fell ill after eating kiviaq, then contracted pneumonia and died some weeks afterwards.
· Between Pomponne and Lagny-sur-Marne, France · Europe
The Lagny-Pomponne rail crash kills more than 200 people
DisastersSome details uncertain
East of Paris on 23 December 1933 an express bound for Strasbourg crashed into the rear of an auxiliary train for Nancy that had halted. Both trains were crowded with people travelling home for Christmas.
Notes
The opening paragraphs of English Wikipedia and the aftermath section ('Folgen') of German Wikipedia give 204 dead and 120 injured; the opening paragraph of French Wikipedia gives 214 dead and 300 injured, and a footnote in the German article cites two books giving 230 dead. Every figure is above 200, so only 'more than 200' is stated. All three editions agree on 23 December 1933.
· Barcelona, Spanish Republic (now Spain) · Europe
Catalan president Francesc Macià dies
Lives
The president of Catalonia's Generalitat, Francesc Macià, died in Barcelona of appendicitis on 25 December 1933. A former Spanish Army officer, he had held office since his party's landslide victory in the November 1932 election.
The Estonian writer and diplomat Eduard Vilde, who pioneered critical realism in Estonian literature, died on 26 December 1933. The Milkman from Mäeküla is one of his classics, as is The War in Mahtra.
The first Soviet People's Commissar of Education, a post he held from October 1917 to September 1929, died at Menton, in France, on 26 December 1933, while travelling to Spain to take up an appointment as Soviet ambassador.
Ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment on 5 December 1933 repealed the Eighteenth and ended the ban on making and selling alcohol that had stood since 1920. Weak beer and wine had already been legalised that March.
· Kansas City, Missouri, United States · North America
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art opens in Kansas City
Art & literature
The museum opened on 11 December 1933 as the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, three years after ground was broken. Paul Gardner became its first director that September.
· Boston, Massachusetts, United States · North America
Mary Parker Follett dies
Lives
The American social worker, political scientist and philosopher, a pioneer of the study of organisations and management, succumbed to an illness at Boston on 18 December 1933.
The film opened at Radio City Music Hall on 21 December 1933 with Dolores del Río and Gene Raymond top-billed. Its song Carioca was nominated for Best Original Song.
Paramount's all-star Alice in Wonderland is released
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Norman Z. McLeod directed this version of Lewis Carroll's novels, with W. C. Fields as Humpty Dumpty, Cary Grant as the Mock Turtle and Gary Cooper as the White Knight. It opened on 22 December 1933.
Notes
Wikidata gives 18 December 1933; English Wikipedia's data box gives 22 December 1933, and French Wikipedia also gives 22 December 1933.
The sequel to King Kong reached American screens on 22 December 1933. Ernest Schoedsack directed, Willis O'Brien and Buzz Gibson handled the effects, and the cast was headed by Robert Armstrong, Helen Mack and Frank Reicher.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 27 October 1934; English Wikipedia's data box gives 22 December 1933 for the US release, and French and German Wikipedia agree.
Ben Hecht wrote this pre-Code romantic comedy from Noël Coward's 1932 play, and it reached US screens on 29 December 1933. Fredric March, Gary Cooper and Miriam Hopkins play three people who agree to live together platonically.
A decree of 29 December 1933 established the order, which honours people who have done service for Mexico or humanity. It is part of the Mexican Honors System.
Delegates to a conference of American states signed a treaty in Montevideo on 26 December 1933. Its definition of what makes a sovereign state is still the usual one in international law.
Notes
The introduction says the convention was signed by 19 states while the data box lists 20 signatories, and the article also says three more states signed without ratifying; no signatory count is used.
· Urumqi, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The Second Battle of Urumqi is fought
War & conflictSome details uncertain
Sheng Shicai's provincial forces, made up of Manchurian troops and a White Russian unit led by Colonel Pappengut, fought during the winter of 1933 to 1934 against Chinese Muslim troops under Ma Zhongying and Han Chinese forces under Zhang Peiyuan.
Notes
Month precision: the data box gives December 1933 to January 1934, and the lead says only winter of 1933 to 1934. The article numbers this as the second battle fought at Urumqi.
· Takanawa, Tokyo, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyōe dies in Tokyo
LivesSome details uncertain
Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, died at his home in Takanawa in December 1933. He had been prime minister twice, in 1913-1914 and 1923-1924.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives his age at death as 81 and the body gives 82; the data box gives 8 December 1933 for the date while the body gives only December 1933.
· Lhasa, Tibet (now Tibet Autonomous Region, China) · Asia
Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, dies
Lives
The Great Thirteenth died in Lhasa on 17 December 1933. Enthroned in 1879, he took on political power in 1895, and he pursued modernisation while reaffirming Tibet's independence.
· Tokyo Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Empire of Japan (now Japan) · Asia
Akihito, later Emperor of Japan, is born
Lives
Akihito was born at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 23 December 1933, the fifth child of Emperor Hirohito and Empress Kojun and the eldest of their sons. He reigned as the 125th emperor from January 1989 until April 2019.
In Yokohama on 26 December 1933 the firm now called Nissan was founded as Jidosha-Seizo. Yoshisuke Aikawa's Nissan Group had taken control of DAT Motors that year and entered car manufacturing.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 26 December 1933 for the founding. The body describes the new automobile company being set up as a subsidiary by Aikawa in 1934, and the data box lists the 1933 to 1934 name as Jidosha-Seizo, so the exact date of the corporate founding is not fully consistent.
Events we can place in 1933 but not in a particular month.
Europe 69
· Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) · Europe
The Holodomor famine in Soviet Ukraine ends
DisastersSome details uncertain
In Soviet Ukraine a man-made famine ran from 1932 to 1933, with the most deaths recorded in spring 1933. The Soviet state did not allow open discussion of it until the glasnost reforms of the 1980s.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 for the end, so the date is stored at year level. The article describes the famine as running from 1932 to 1933, with the most victims in spring 1933.
The Bauhaus, founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar in 1919, shut in Berlin in 1933, after the Nazi regime portrayed it as a centre of communist intellectual life and pressured its leadership into closing it. Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky and László Moholy-Nagy were among its teachers.
Notes
The body says the Berlin school was pressured to close in April 1933 and that the Gestapo closed it down in 1933; the lead says the leadership itself closed the school under pressure. Only the year is stored. Wikidata gives the year 1933.
Chemists in Northwich stumble on a practical way to make polyethylene
ScienceSome details uncertain
Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson, working at an Imperial Chemical Industries works in Northwich, England, found by accident the first industrially workable route to polyethylene. It went on to become the most commonly produced plastic.
Meissner and Ochsenfeld discover that superconductors expel magnetic fields
ScienceSome details uncertain
German physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld measured the magnetic field around cooled tin and lead samples. They found that nearly all of it vanished from the interior of the samples.
The novel introduced Shangri-La, an imaginary utopian lamasery in the high mountains of Tibet. A frame story presents a manuscript that records the account of a British diplomat who disappeared in China.
In 1933 von Braun designed the first Aggregat rocket, the A1, in the German Army's research programme at Kummersdorf under Colonel Walter Dornberger. The series reached its greatest success with the A4, better known as the V2.
Notes
Year only: the programme and the A1 design are dated 1933, and the failed A1 launch attempt is dated 21 December 1933 in the body.
The novel, later titled Man's Fate in English, deals with the failed communist insurrection in Shanghai in 1927 and the massacre that followed. It won the Prix Goncourt in 1933.
Alfonso Bialetti started marketing his stove-top coffee maker in 1933, named after the Yemeni city of Mokha. His son Renato later ran a big marketing drive, and the pot became a staple of Italian culture.
The Hungarian pianist Rezső Seress wrote the song in Paris in late 1932, and sheet music with lyrics by the poet László Jávor appeared in late 1933. Seress's own original lyrics, The World Is Ending, were about despair caused by war.
Notes
The article's lead and infobox give 1933 as the year. Its body says Rezső Seress composed the song in Paris in late 1932 and that it came out as sheet music in late 1933 (the claim cites a blog), with lyrics by the poet László Jávor. No month or day is given, so only the year is recorded. The article adds that most sources say Jávor wrote his words only after the song had first been published, although some describe him as its original lyricist. Seress's own original lyrics, titled The World Is Ending, concerned despair caused by war.
In summer 1933 the camp, in the Emsland district, was opened for political prisoners held in what was called protective custody. At one point only Dachau was a larger concentration camp.
Notes
The article says only the summer of 1933. Wikidata lists 20 June 1933.
· Battersea, London, England, United Kingdom · Europe
Battersea Power Station's A station first generates electricity
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The first section of the London Power Company's station started producing electricity in 1933, though it was not completed until 1935. Giles Gilbert Scott was among its architects.
Notes
Year only. English Wikipedia's data box gives 1933-35 for commissioning of the A station.
The short film Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan is a pseudo-documentary that Buñuel co-produced with Ramón Acín. Pierre Unik helped write the narration, and Eli Lotar shot it.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives a December 1933 release, but its body dates the premiere to December 1932. French Wikipedia says the film was made in 1932 and shown privately in 1933, and Spanish Wikipedia says it was shot between 23 April and 22 May 1933 and gives 1933 for its first showing, saying the 1932 date in the credits is wrong. Only the year 1933 is stored.
Set up in 1933, the BFI aimed to promote film and television as art forms, educate the public about them, and build collections that preserve the UK's moving-image history. Its first chair was the Duke of Sutherland.
The state-controlled body, part of the wider Reich Chamber of Culture, ran the music industry on the state's behalf, answerable to the propaganda ministry. It favoured music it labelled good German music, while jazz and works by Jewish composers were suppressed.
Notes
Year only. Wikidata lists 15 November 1933, which the article does not give.
The crisis years of the Great Depression begin in the Netherlands
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
In the Netherlands the depression crept in between 1929 and 1931, and the years known as the crisis years ran from 1933 to 1936, later than in most countries. Refusing to leave the gold standard helped to prolong the slump.
Notes
The lead gives 1933 to 1936 for the crisis years but also says the decline started in 1929 to 1931. Year only.
Oberleutnant Kurt Wiehle wrote the Tank Song in 1933. The military march was sung chiefly by Nazi Germany's armoured troops and ranks among the best-known Wehrmacht songs.
Notes
Year only; the date is when the music was composed.
Tennis player René Lacoste and businessman André Gillier started the firm in 1933, selling clothing as La Chemise Lacoste. Gillier ran the biggest knitwear manufacturer in France at the time.
Tullio Campagnolo founds his bicycle components company
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Campagnolo set up the firm in a Vicenza workshop in 1933, having earlier made parts at the rear of his father's hardware shop. It began with the quick-release hub he had patented in 1930.
The cup competition was founded in 1933 after Maltese supporters of Britain went to Rome in May to cheer England in a match against Italy. The English Football Association then presented a silver cup patterned on the FA Cup.
Notes
Year only. The first final listed in the winners' table is the 1934-35 season.
The Moscow-based Soviet rocket bureau, founded in 1931, was absorbed by RNII, the Reactive Scientific Research Institute, during 1933. Several rocket launches took place before then.
Notes
The lead says GIRD was incorporated into RNII in November 1933, while a body sentence says RNII was founded on 21 September 1933. For August 1933 the lead credits GIRD with the first Soviet liquid-fuel rocket launch, while the body calls the 17 August launch hybrid-fuel and dates the liquid-fuel GIRD-X launch to 25 November 1933.
Portugal's National Dictatorship gives way to the Estado Novo
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Ditadura Nacional that governed Portugal after the coup of 28 May 1926 gave way in 1933 to a new constitution, approved by referendum. Salazar, prime minister since July 1932, reorganised the regime as the Estado Novo.
Notes
Year only. English Wikipedia's data box gives 19 March 1933 as the end date. Portuguese Wikipedia's article on the 1933 constitution says the text was put to a plebiscite on 19 March 1933 and came into force on 11 April 1933, so the exact day of the change is uncertain.
Ferdinando Innocenti founds the Innocenti works in Milan
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
He set up the machinery works in 1933 at Lambrate, on the eastern edge of Milan. It went on to make Lambretta scooters and later cars, mainly of British Leyland origin.
· Moscow and Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
Arrests begin in the Slavists Case in the Soviet Union
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Slavists Case was a fabricated prosecution during the Stalinist repressions. Arrests began in 1933, mainly of intellectuals in Moscow and Leningrad accused of counterrevolutionary activity, and a trial followed in spring 1934.
Notes
Year only for the start of the arrests; the case ran through 1934.
A long lease on the site was taken in 1933 by Stephen and Virginia Courtauld, who hired the firm Seely & Paget; the architects repaired the medieval great hall and built a modern house against it.
Notes
Year only: the lease and commission are dated 1933 in the history section, with no day given.
Walter Christaller introduces central place theory
ScienceSome details uncertain
German geographer Walter Christaller proposed in 1933 that settlements act as central places supplying services to their surroundings. Small ones sit close together, while larger ones offering costlier goods lie farther apart.
NRK was established in 1933 as the state-owned broadcasting company, succeeding a company called Kringkastingsselskapet, formed in 1925. It is based in Oslo.
The first Napola boarding schools are founded in Nazi Germany
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In the wake of the Nazi takeover, Bernhard Rust, the education minister, set up the first three National Political Institutes of Education in 1933, at Plön, Potsdam and Köslin. They were secondary boarding schools.
Notes
Year only. The article's school table dates the first three foundings to 1 May 1933 (Plon), 26 May 1933 (Potsdam) and 15 July 1933 (Koslin).
Bertil Ohlin publishes his book on international trade
ScienceSome details uncertain
Swedish economist Bertil Ohlin set out his trade theory in a book published in 1933. The model, developed with Eli Heckscher, holds that countries export goods made with their plentiful, cheap resources and import those needing scarce ones.
Notes
The article places the model's development at the Stockholm School of Economics but gives no place of publication for the 1933 book, so no place is given.
· Don and Kuban regions, Soviet Union (now Russia) · Europe
The Bolshevik repression of the Cossacks ends
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
Between 1919 and 1933 the Bolsheviks pursued a policy of De-Cossackization, aimed mainly at the Cossacks of the Don and Kuban, destroying their elite and forcing the rest to comply. It began in March 1919 as a response to a Cossack insurgency.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 for the end. The infobox gives the span as 1919 to 1933.
Aalto won a design competition for the sanatorium in 1929, and the building was finished in 1933. Critics in Finland and abroad were quick to praise it.
The Nazis suppress the anarcho-syndicalist union FAUD
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
The Free Workers' Union of Germany, formed on 15 September 1919 from two earlier union groups, played a role in the revolutionary years from 1918 to 1923 and then lost strength. The regime suppressed it in 1933.
Blohm & Voss set up the aircraft maker Hamburger Flugzeugbau
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The company was established in 1933, mainly in Hamburg's Finkenwerder quarter, at a time when the shipbuilders Blohm & Voss lacked work and were in financial trouble.
· Stalino, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Donetsk, Ukraine) · Europe
Stalino airport is founded
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The airport in Stalino, now Donetsk, was founded in 1933. A later airport on the site, named for the composer Sergei Prokofiev, went up in the 1940s and was reconstructed in 1973.
Notes
The body dates the founding of the Stalino airport to 1933, while the lead says the airport as it later stood was built in the 1940s.
· Boston, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom · Europe
Boston United Football Club is founded
SportSome details uncertain
The club succeeded a short-lived side, Boston Town, and joined the Midland League. Grimsby Reserves won its first game, played at home on 26 August 1933.
Notes
The kit section names the wound-up Boston Football Club as the source of the first kit; the lead names Boston Town as predecessor.
Bing, the Nuremberg toy firm founded in 1863 by brothers Ignaz and Adolf Bing, finally closed down in 1933. Model trains and live steam engines were what people remembered it for.
A new building is constructed for the Interdom school in Ivanovo
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Interdom, a special school for foreigners in Ivanovo, got a new building in 1933. The school had started at Vaskino village near Podolsk, in premises finished in 1929.
Notes
Year only, for the new building. Wikidata lists 1 May 1933.
Neues Volk was a lavishly illustrated monthly published by the Nazi Party's racial policy office for a broad public. Copies reached doctors' waiting rooms, libraries and schools.
FIAPF, the international body of film producers, dates from 1933
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Based in Brussels, it brings together 36 producers' associations from 30 countries. It accredits numerous international film festivals, including leading ones.
Romania's main football cup has been played every year since 1933-34, and any club on the national federation's register may enter. Ripensia Timișoara won the first one, with Universitatea Cluj runners-up.
Notes
Year only; the first competition was the 1933-34 season.
Belgium was admitted to the international basketball federation FIBA in 1933. Its men's team had played internationally since 1928, starting with a game in Brussels on 6 May.
Notes
Wikidata dates the team to 1933, but the article describes the team as playing since 1928 and gives 1933 as the year of joining FIBA.
Magritte paints a 1933 version of The Human Condition
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The Belgian surrealist painted four works with this title. The National Gallery of Art in Washington owns the 1933 version, and one from 1935 is in a collection in Geneva.
Notes
Year only. The article says one of the four paintings was completed in 1933, and its data box also lists later versions from 1935 and 1945.
In 1933 Alfréd Haar defined an invariant way of measuring the volume of sets in a locally compact topological group. That makes it possible to define integrals for functions on such groups.
The Maxim Gorky Literature Institute is founded in Moscow
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Maxim Gorky, the writer and activist behind socialist realism as a method, prompted the founding of the institute in 1933. It is a university-level institution on Tverskoy Boulevard.
Das Deutsche Mädel, the Nazi girls' magazine, is launched
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The monthly magazine, the official publication of the League of German Girls, ran from 1933 to 1942. It carried Nazi propaganda promoting hiking, nursing the wounded, factory work and preparation for motherhood.
Mads Clausen founds the company that became Danfoss
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The engineer started it in 1933 under the name Dansk Køleautomatik- og Apparatfabrik, making products that included an automatic valve. It took the name Danfoss in 1946.
Notes
Year only. The founding town is not given; Nordborg is the present headquarters.
Béla Gáspár develops the Gasparcolor film process in Berlin
TechnologySome details uncertain
The Hungarian chemist's colour system used three subtractive colours on one strip of film, which made it one of the earliest of its kind. It was used chiefly for animation by Oskar Fischinger, Len Lye and George Pal.
Notes
Year only: the data box gives 1933 as the founding year of the company, and the lead says the system was developed in Berlin in 1933.
The French rugby union club dates from 1933, when US Perpignan and Arlequins Perpignanais merged. One of the two clubs, US Perpignan, was itself the result of a 1919 merger.
Notes
Year only. Wikidata lists 5 May 1933, but the article gives only the year.
The stick grenade, developed in 1933, could be used for offence or defence and was meant to replace the improved First World War design RG-14/30. A simpler RG-42 later replaced it.
Notes
Year only: the design date comes from the data box and lead, and the data box also gives 1933 as the start of production.
The Copa de España, now the Copa del Rey, was first held in 1933, with early editions limited to teams from the Madrid and Barcelona provinces. Rayo Club Madrid won the first final over Madrid CF.
Notes
Year only: the data box gives 1933 as the founding and first season, and the body says the cup was first played in 1933.
For its first twenty years the ice hockey club played at home on an outdoor rink, then moved in 1953 into the Bolzano Exhibition Hall, where artificial ice could be made.
The USSR takes up the metre-tonne-second system of measurement
ScienceSome details uncertain
This metric system, built around bigger units for industry, was devised in France, where it was the legal system from 1919 to 1961. The Soviet Union used it from 1933 to 1955.
Notes
Year only. The 1933 date is for adoption in the Soviet Union, not the system's invention.
The social science journal Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik ends
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
The German journal appeared from 1888 to 1933, first edited by Edgar Jaffe, Werner Sombart and Max Weber. When the Nazis took over, the journal's final editor, Emil Lederer, and half its staff had to emigrate.
Renault took over the aircraft company Caudron in 1933, and from then on Caudron was a Renault subsidiary. The French Air Ministry, keen to consolidate the aircraft industry, pushed for the deal.
Die Freundschaft, a German gay magazine, is forced to stop by the Nazis
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
Published in Germany since 1919, the magazine had radically altered its format in 1928 to avoid censorship. In 1933 the Nazi authorities compelled it to stop.
Roosevelt launches the first stage of the New Deal
Politics & diplomacySome details uncertain
In his first hundred days as US president, Franklin D. Roosevelt began relief, recovery and banking reforms to answer the Great Depression. Among the results were the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Civilian Conservation Corps and lasting federal deposit insurance.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box places the New Deal in the 1930s, and its introduction dates the first stage to Roosevelt's first hundred days in 1933, so the year is used. The introduction says Roosevelt introduced the phrase while its body credits his adviser Stuart Chase with coining it. The wider New Deal ran much later.
James Whale directed this loose adaptation of H. G. Wells's 1897 novel, with Claude Rains as a scientist whose invisibility experiment sends him mad. It was a big financial success.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 31 October 1933, which the body describes as a screening at one cinema in Greeley, Colorado; the body also gives premieres in Chicago on 10 November and in New York and Los Angeles on 17 November. Wikidata, French Wikipedia and German Wikipedia give 13 November 1933, so only the year is stored.
30 Rockefeller Plaza, the RCA Building, is completed
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Raymond Hood's 66-story Art Deco skyscraper, centrepiece of Rockefeller Center, was finished in 1933. Its first tenant moved in on 22 April, though an argument about a mural by Diego Rivera held up the formal opening.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933; the lead dates the first tenant's arrival to 22 April 1933.
· Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States · North America
Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry opens
ScienceSome details uncertain
The doors first opened to the public in 1933, at the time of the Century of Progress Exposition. The building was the Palace of Fine Arts of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, and the museum was endowed by Julius Rosenwald of Sears, Roebuck.
Notes
The body says public opening came in three phases from 1933 to 1940, so only the year 1933 is stored.
· Muroc Dry Lake, California, United States · North America
The Muroc bombing range is established
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
In August 1932 Hap Arnold started acquiring land at Muroc Dry Lake to serve as a bombing range well clear of populated areas, and the Muroc Bombing and Gunnery Range began in 1933. It was renamed in 1950 for the test pilot Glen Edwards.
Notes
The lists of earlier names and commands give September 1933 for the range; the opening line places the establishment in the 1930s. Wikidata's description gives 1935 as the founding year.
· Fort Peck, Montana, United States · North America
Construction of Fort Peck Dam begins in Montana
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Building of the dam on the Missouri River, near Glasgow in northeast Montana, started in 1933. The workforce was largest in July 1936, and the dam opened in 1940.
Notes
Year only: 1933 is the start of construction, and the article's body and data box give 1940 for completion.
David Lawrence launched United States News in 1933 as a newspaper, once his earlier paper, the United States Daily, which had run since 1926, shut down. It turned into a magazine in 1940 and merged with World Report in 1948 to form U.S. News & World Report.
Notes
The company called U.S. News & World Report dates itself to the 1948 merger; the 1933 date refers to its predecessor newspaper.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
The Marmon Motor Car Company is succeeded by Marmon-Herrington
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Indianapolis luxury car maker, founded by Howard Carpenter Marmon, was active from 1902 to 1933. The company is credited with the rear-view mirror and with an early V16 engine.
Notes
Year only. English Wikipedia's data box gives the fate as renamed, with Marmon-Herrington as the successor, and the body says Marmon-Herrington succeeded it in 1933.
· Harlem, New York City, United States · North America
Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler write Stormy Weather
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The torch song was published by Mills Music in 1933, and Ethel Waters first sang it at Harlem's Cotton Club that year, then recorded it. The biggest hit version came from Leo Reisman's orchestra with Arlen singing.
Notes
Year only. The lead says the Comedian Harmonists released their German cover, titled Ohne Dich, in September 1933.
· Black Mountain, North Carolina, United States · North America
Black Mountain College is founded in North Carolina
Art & literatureSome details uncertain
John Andrew Rice and Theodore Dreier launched the college in 1933 with other founders, several of whom had been let go by Rollins College over a refused loyalty pledge. It put art at the centre of a liberal arts education, following John Dewey.
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States · North America
30th Street Station opens in Philadelphia
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
Pennsylvania Station-30th Street began service in 1933 as the Pennsylvania Railroad's main terminal in Philadelphia, succeeding Broad Street Station, which dated from 1881. Building work had started in 1927.
· Rockefeller Center, New York City, United States · North America
The first official Rockefeller Center Christmas tree is lit
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The Christmas tree at Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan counts 1933 as its first official year, after an informal workers' tree in 1931. Today a public ceremony lights it each year.
Notes
Year only. The yearly table also lists a 1931 tree decorated with handmade garland and cranberries.
· Hollywood, California, United States · North America
Twentieth Century Pictures is founded in Hollywood
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Joseph Schenck and Darryl F. Zanuck set up Twentieth Century Pictures in 1933, after Zanuck left Warner Bros. in April over a salary dispute. Its first release, The Bowery, came on 7 October 1933.
Notes
Year only. The data box gives 26 June 1933. The history section has Zanuck announcing the planned company on 18 April 1933 and says studio activity was to start from 1 June 1933, so the founding day is uncertain.
The twenty-dollar gold coin, designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens at Theodore Roosevelt's urging, was minted from 1907 to 1933. In December 1933 Americans were ordered to turn in gold coins and certificates in exchange for paper money.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933. The article says the first 1933 coins were struck on 2 March 1933.
Although 445,500 Saint-Gaudens double eagles were struck in 1933, none were officially circulated, because Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102 had withdrawn gold. All but two were ordered melted down.
· Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States · North America
Collins Radio Company is founded in Cedar Rapids
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Collins started the company in Iowa in 1933. Rockwell International took the troubled firm over in 1973, and in 2001 its avionics division became a separate business, Rockwell Collins.
Notes
Year only. The data box founding year of 2001 refers to the later spin-off company.
The Nicaraguan Football Federation organises the league, which forms the top tier of football in the country. Alas won the first championship, in 1933.
The journal began in 1933 after another journal's editors refused theoretical papers; the American Institute of Physics is its publisher. Harold Urey edited it from 1933 to 1941.
This Brazilian football contest, for teams from around São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, started in 1933 and continued through 1966, then returned in 1993 and again from 1997 to 2002.
Notes
Year only. The data box says 1933, re-established in 1993. The champions list shows Palestra Itália winning in 1933.
· Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan) · Asia
The Kazakh famine, Asharshylyq, ends
DisastersSome details uncertain
From late 1930 to 1933, famine struck the Kazakh republic of the Soviet Union, a result of collectivisation that seized herds and upset the nomads' migrations. Between 1.3 million and 2.3 million people are thought to have died, most of them ethnic Kazakhs.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1933 for the end. English Wikipedia's data box gives a range of 1.5 to 2.3 million deaths, which differs from the introduction's 1.3 to 2.3 million, so the introduction's wording is used.
Japan founds the secret biological warfare unit known as Unit 731
War & conflictSome details uncertain
The Imperial Japanese Army set up Unit 731 in 1933, under General Shiro Ishii, to research biological and chemical weapons. Its staff infected prisoners and performed lethal experiments, mostly on Chinese civilians.
Notes
The article gives the unit's years of activity as 1933 to 1945. The unit later operated from its main facility at Pingfang; because that may differ from where it began, no place is given.
· Kashgar, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
Battle of Kashgar in the Kumul Rebellion
War & conflictSome details uncertain
In 1933 General Ma Zhancang secretly agreed terms with Ma Shaowu, Kashgar's daotai, and so Chinese Muslim troops entered the Han garrison, and together they fought off Uighur and Kirghiz attackers. On 26 September a Turkic force under Tawfiq Bay attacked the new city and was repelled after heavy fighting.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives the start only as '? 1933', ending in September 1933; the latest dated action in the body is 26 September 1933.
· Ürümqi, Xinjiang, Republic of China (now China) · Asia
The First Battle of Ürümqi is fought
War & conflictSome details uncertain
During spring 1933 Jin Shuren's provincial troops in Xinjiang met the New 36th Division in battle, after Nanjing had privately encouraged Ma Zhongying to attack Jin. About 6,000 soldiers died.
Ranganathan publishes the first edition of Colon Classification
ScienceSome details uncertain
The library classification system devised by Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan first appeared in 1933, and six more editions followed. It describes subjects through facets such as personality, matter, energy, space and time.
The 1933 British expedition fails to reach the summit of Everest
ExplorationSome details uncertain
Having left England by ship on 20 January 1933, the party approached through Tibet, which the 13th Dalai Lama permitted only for British climbers. It did not reach the top.
Notes
Year only. The main party sailed from England on 20 January 1933; the climbing attempts came later that year.
In 1933 a worker on a railway project at Harbin, then in Manchukuo, is said to have found a nearly complete ancient human skull on the Songhua River bank. Scientists named it Homo longi in 2021.
Notes
The discovery rests on the account of the man who held the skull before it reached scientists, and the exact find site is only given as likely within the vicinity of Harbin. Wikidata gives only the year 1933.
Baku Airport started operations in 1933, and a first flight from it to Moscow, over the Caucasus, took place the same year. It was once named after the suburb of Bina and is now Heydar Aliyev International Airport.
Notes
Wikidata and English Wikipedia's data box give only the year 1933.
· Ruijin, Jiangxi, Chinese Soviet Republic (now China) · Asia
The Communist Party school founded at Ruijin
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
The party founded the school at Ruijin in Jiangxi during 1933, under the title Marx School of Communism. As the Central Party School, it today educates Chinese Communist Party cadres, in Beijing's Haidian district.
Notes
Year only, from the data box and the history section.
When it was built in 1933 the stadium was a gift to Delhi from the Maharaja of Bhavnagar, and it was first named the Irwin Amphitheatre. The first Asian Games, in 1951, were held there.
Columbia Records releases the Taiwanese song Bāng Chhun-hong
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
Teng Yu-hsien composed the Taiwanese Hokkien song, with words by Lee Lin-chiu, and it was first performed by a group of female singers. The title can be translated as Longing for the Spring Breeze.
Qurtulush Yolida is written as an anthem for East Turkestan
Stage, music & filmSome details uncertain
The song was written in 1933 by Mehmet Ali Tevfik. Its title translates as On the Path to Salvation, and the breakaway First East Turkestan Republic adopted it as its national anthem.
Shymkent airport begins carrying passengers and freight
ArchitectureSome details uncertain
The airport at Shymkent started handling traffic in 1933, having grown from an agricultural airbase built the year before. Today it serves international flights and is SCAT Airlines' main base.
Hindustan Unilever's predecessor, Lever Brothers India, is formed
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
Lever Brothers India Limited was the forerunner firm for the years 1933 to 1956. Its constituent groups merged in 1956 as Hindustan Lever Limited, which became Hindustan Unilever in June 2007.
Notes
The data box founding year of 1933 conflicts with the lead, which says 1931. The year 1933 matches the start of Lever Brothers India Limited, one of several predecessor firms listed in the data box. Year only.
The National Central Library is founded in Nanjing
Everyday lifeSome details uncertain
Chiang Fu-Tsung was the first director when the library started in Nanjing in 1933. In 1938 the collection went to Chongqing, and in 1949 to Taipei, where it is now Taiwan's national library.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box and history timeline give 1933 for the founding in Nanjing and 1949 for the move to Taipei.
The oil company now called Saudi Aramco began in 1933 as California-Arabian Standard Oil, a subsidiary of Standard Oil of California set up to use a concession from the Saudi government. It is now the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, based in Dhahran, and it runs the Ghawar Field.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 29 May 1933 as the founding, but French Wikipedia gives that day as the signing of the concession agreement with Standard Oil of California, so only the year is stored. Wikidata gives the year 1933 and also 13 November 1988 as a date for the company.
The church on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee was built in 1933 and includes pieces of a church from the fourth century. It commemorates Jesus restoring Peter as the leading Apostle and is said to stand on the spot.
Notes
Year only: the data box and the history section both give 1933.
Israel Military Industries, later IMI Systems, dates its founding to 1933
Economy & tradeSome details uncertain
The Israeli arms maker, also known as Ta'as, supplied the Israel Defense Forces above all with weapons, ammunition and military technology. Elbit Systems bought it in November 2018.
Small bus cooperatives around Tel Aviv combined in 1933 to form the company. It is now the biggest transit bus operator in Israel, with intercity routes to most cities, towns and kibbutzim.
The Palestine National Olympic Committee is formed
SportSome details uncertain
The committee was formally created in 1933, and in May 1934 the International Olympic Committee gave it recognition. It never competed, and Israel's Olympic committee was recognised in 1952.
Notes
Year only. The article treats this body as the earliest form of today's Olympic Committee of Israel.
Until 1933 the forest was a royal hunting ground of Burundi's kings. From then until 1980 it carried the label Congo-Nile Ridge Forest Reserve, a classification that began under Belgian rule.
Notes
Wikidata gives 12 December 1933 for the park; only the year 1933 is stored for the change from royal hunting ground to forest reserve.
By a British order-in-council in 1933, Australia gained control of the land between the 45th and 160th meridians east, apart from Adélie Land. Australia legislated later that year to take possession.
Notes
Wikidata gives 13 June 1933 for the establishment. The article dates the transfer to 1933 and says the Australian Act followed later that year.
Founded in 1933 at Albert Einstein's request as the International Relief Association, it first helped people fleeing Nazi Germany, and its German parent body moved its headquarters to Paris. It took its present name, the International Rescue Committee, in 1942.
Notes
English Wikipedia's data box gives 24 July 1933, while its history section says the International Relief Association began in Germany in 1931 and that its American section was formed in 1933; the introduction gives 1933, so only the year is stored.
One email when the Everywhere Then app is ready, and nothing else. Your address is optional, used only for that, and you can ask for it to be deleted at any time. Privacy